English Grammar
1. Parts of Speech
Parts of speech are the
categories into which
words are classified
based on their function
in a sentence. There are
eight main parts of
speech:
1.1 Noun
A noun is a word that
names a person,
place, thing, or idea.
Types of Nouns:
Proper Noun (e.g., India, Shakespeare)
Common Noun (e.g., city, book)
Collective Noun (e.g., team, flock)
Abstract Noun (e.g., love, honesty)
Countable and Uncountable Nouns (e.g.,
apple, water)
1.2 Pronoun
A pronoun replaces a noun to avoid repetition.
Types of Pronouns:
Personal (he, she, it)
Reflexive (myself, yourself)
Demonstrative (this, that)
Interrogative (who, what)
Indefinite (some, any)
Relative (who, which)
1.3 Verb A verb expresses an action or a
state of being.
Types of Verbs:
Action Verbs (run, eat)
Linking Verbs (is, seem)
Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, do)
Modal Verbs (can, must, should)
1.4 Adjective
An adjective describes or modifies a noun or
pronoun.
Types:
Descriptive (beautiful, tall)
Quantitative (some, many)
Demonstrative (this, those)
Possessive (my, our)
Interrogative (which, what)
Comparative and Superlative (bigger,
biggest)
1.5 Adverb
An adverb modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Types:
Manner (quickly, silently)
Place (here, there)
Time (now, soon)
Frequency (often, never)
Degree (very, too)
1.6 Preposition
A preposition shows the relationship between a noun
(or pronoun) and another word.
Examples: in, on, at, under, between, over
1.7 Conjunction
A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses.
Types:
Coordinating (and, but, or)
Subordinating (because, although)
Correlative (either...or, neither...nor)
1.8 Interjection
An interjection expresses sudden emotions.
Examples: Oh!, Wow!, Alas!
2. Verbs
Verbs indicate action or a
state of being.
Finite Verbs: Change
form based on the
subject (e.g., He goes,
They go).
Non-finite Verbs: Do
not change form based on the subject (e.g.,
Going, Gone, To go).
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs:
o Transitive (requires an object, e.g., She wrote
a letter.)
o Intransitive (does not require an object, e.g.,
He sleeps.)
Auxiliary Verbs: Help main verbs form tenses,
questions, and negatives (e.g., is, have, do).
Modal Verbs: Express possibility, necessity,
permission (e.g., can, should, must).
3. Narration (Direct & Indirect
Speech)
Narration refers to the way speech is reported.
Direct Speech: The exact words of the speaker
(e.g., He said, "I am happy.")
Indirect Speech: A reported version of the
speech (e.g., He said that he was happy.)
Rules for Changing Direct to Indirect
Speech
1. Tense Change:
a. Present → Past ("I am" → He said he was)
b. Past → Past Perfect ("I went" → He said he
had gone)
2. Pronoun Change: First-person pronouns
change based on the subject.
3. Time & Place Change:
a. Now → Then
b. Today → That day
c.Here → There
4. Joining of
Sentences
Joining sentences helps create complex and
compound structures.
Using Coordinating Conjunctions:
o "He studied hard, and he passed the exam."
Using Subordinating Conjunctions:
o "He studied hard because he wanted to
pass."
Using Relative Pronouns:
o "The man who helped me was kind."
Using Participles:
o "Studying hard, he passed the exam."
5. Splitting of Sentences
Splitting helps simplify complex and compound
sentences.
Example:
o Complex Sentence:
"Although he was tired,
he continued working."
o Split Sentences: "He
was tired. However, he
continued working."
Example:
o Compound Sentence:
"She is intelligent, but
she is lazy."
o Split Sentences: "She
is intelligent. She is lazy."
6. Degrees of
Comparison
Adjectives and adverbs can
express different degrees of
comparison.
Positive Degree: No
comparison (e.g., She is
tall.)
Comparative Degree: Compares two
things (e.g., She is taller than me.)
Superlative Degree: Compares more than
two things (e.g., She is the tallest in the
class.)
Rules for Forming Comparisons
Short adjectives: Add -er for comparative
and -est for superlative (e.g., tall → taller →
tallest).
Long adjectives: Use "more" for
comparative and "most" for superlative
(e.g., beautiful → more beautiful → most
beautiful).
Irregular Forms:
o Good → Better → Best
o Bad → Worse → Worst
Conclusion
Mastering English grammar requires understanding
different aspects such as parts of speech, verb forms,
sentence structures, narration, and degrees of
comparison. By applying these rules correctly, one
can improve communication and writing skills.
