Rozna ulica 20, 6230 Postojna, Slovenia

e-mail: [email protected]; www.rec-bms.com

BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Master – Slave configuration

Features:

- robust and small design

- Master + max 15 Slave combination (max 240 cells)
- single cell voltage measurement (0.1 – 5.0 V, resolution 1 mV)
- single cell - under/over voltage protection
- single cell internal resistance measurement
- SOC and SOH calculation
- over temperature protection (up to 8 temperature sensors per Slave)
- under temperature charging protection
- passive cell balancing up to 0.9 A per cell with LED indication
- shunt current measurement (resolution 19.5 mA @ ± 500 A)
- 3 galvanically isolated user defined multi-purpose digital inputs/outputs
- 4 programmable relays (normally open and normally closed option)
- 12 V galvanically isolated supply (10.5 – 15 V)
- galvanically isolated RS-485 and CAN communication protocol
- error LED + buzzer indicator
- internal battery powered real time-clock (RTC)
- PC user interface for changing the settings and data-logging (optional accessory)
- LCD touch display for monitoring (optional accessory)
- hibernate switch
- one-year warranty

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General description of the BMS

Battery management system (BMS) is a device that monitors and controls each cell in the battery pack by measuring
its parameters. The capacity of the battery pack differs from one battery cell to another and this increases with
number of charging/discharging cycles. The Li-ion polymer batteries are fully charged at typical cell voltage 4.16 -
4.20 V. Due to the different capacity this voltage is not reached at the same time for all cells in the stack. The lower
the capacity the sooner this voltage is reached. When charging series connected batteries with single charger, the
voltage on some cells might be higher than maximum allowed charging voltage at the end of charging. Overcharging
the cell additionally lowers its capacity and number of charging cycles. The BMS equalizes cells’ voltage by diverting
some of the charging current from higher voltage cells – passive balancing. The device temperature is measured to
protect the circuit from over-heating due to the passive balancing. Battery pack temperature is monitored by Dallas
DS18B20 digital temperature sensor/s. Maximum 8 sensors may be used. The BMS parameters are listed in table
below.

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Default Parameter table:

Table 1: Default parameter table.

Parameter Value Unit
Chemistry 5 (LiMnO2, NMC) n.a.
balance start voltage 4.0 V
balance end voltage 4.15 V
maximum diverted current per cell up to 0.9 (4.3 Ohm) A
cell over voltage switch-off 4.18 V
cell over voltage switch-off hysteresis per cell 0.03 V
charger end of charge switch-off pack 4.15 V
charger end of charge switch-off hysteresis per cell 0.1 V
cell under voltage protection (CLOW) 3.35 V
cell under voltage protection switch-off 3.25 V
under voltage protection switch-off hysteresis per cell 0.1 V
Max cell difference 0.15 V
BMS over temperature switch-off 55 °C
BMS over temperature switch-off hysteresis 5 °C
cell over temperature switch-off 55 °C
under temperature charging disable -5 °C
Slave 1 100A/50mV voltage to current coefficient 0.01953125 A/V
maximum charging/discharging current per inverter device 100/100 A
charging/discharging coefficients 0.6/1.5 C
Number of inverter devices 1 n.a.
Slave Unit absolute maximum package voltage 68 V
Master Unit power supply voltage 10-15 V
max DC current Relay 1-4 at 100 V DC 0.4 A
max DC current Relay 1-4 at 12 V DC 2 A
max AC current Relay 1-4 at 230 V AC 2 A
optocoupler 1, 2, 4 output max voltage 62 V
optocoupler 2, 4 output max current 15 mA
Slave Unit stand-by power supply < 90 mW
Slave Unit disable power supply <1 mW
Slave Unit cell balance fuse rating (SMD) 2 A
Master Unit stand-by power supply @ 12 V 300 mW
Master Unit disable power supply 0 mW
internal relay fuse (Master Unit) 2 slow A
cell voltage and temp. measurement refresh rate 2 s
current measurement refresh rate 1 s
Slave Unit dimensions (w × l × h) 190 x 104 x 39 mm
Master Unit dimensions (w × l × h) 190 x 104 x 39 mm
weight 0.650 kg

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System Overview

Figure 1: System overview.

Slave Unit

Figure 2: Slave Unit function overview.

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Slave Unit Connection Table

Table 2: Slave Unit connection table.

Pins Connection Description
Temp. pins
1 DALLAS 18B20 temp. sensor pins +5 V
2 DALLAS 18B20 temp. sensor pins GND
3 DALLAS 18B20 temp. sensor pins 1-wire digital signal
Current. Pins*
1 Shunt Kelvin sens negative Shunt negative
2 Shield GND
3 Shunt Kelvin sens positive Shunt negative

Cells pins
1 Cell 1 ground Analog signal
2 Cell 1 positive Analog signal
3 Cell 2 positive Analog signal
4 Cell 3 positive Analog signal
5 Cell 4 positive Analog signal
6 Cell 5 positive Analog signal
7 Cell 6 positive Analog signal
8 Cell 7 positive Analog signal
9 Cell 8 positive Analog signal
10 Cell 9 positive Analog signal
11 Cell 10 positive Analog signal
12 Cell 11 positive Analog signal
13 Cell 12 positive Analog signal
14 Cell 13 positive Analog signal
15 Cell 14 positive Analog signal
16 Cell 15 positive Analog signal
17 Cell 16 positive Analog signal

I/O pins
1 - -
2 - -
3 - -
4 - -
5 - -
*Slave with address 1 only. Connect as close to battery as possible. Do not put the fuse between.

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Setting number of cells and the RS-485 address

Number of cells connected to the Slave Unit is selected via CELL DIP Switch pins at the back of the Unit. Binary
addressing is used to enable setting up to 16 cells with 4 DIP Switches.

Figure 3: Address and cell selection DIP Switches.

Figure 4: Number of cell selection description.

Slave Unit address is selected via Address DIP Switch pins (BMS) at the back of the Unit. Binary addressing is used
to enable setting up to 15 addresses with 4 DIP Switches. ! If multiple Slave Units are used distinguished addresses
should be set to avoid data collision on the RS-485 communication bus!

Figure 5: Slave Unit address selection description.

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Slave Unit Cell Connector

Connect each cell to the Slave Unit cell connector plug. Use silicon wires with cross section of 0.5-1 mm2. ! Before
inserting the cell connector check voltages and polarities with voltmeter of each connection!

Figure 6: Battery pack cell connection.

Slave Unit is always supplied from the 16-th cell connection. ! When less than 16 cells are used in the battery pack,
an additional wire with Pack + voltage should be connected to the cell 16 connector!

If multiple Slave Units are used in series, care should be taken how to connect each. Two separate wires should be
wired to the same cell: first wire for the lower Slave Unit as the end-cell voltage potential, and second wire as GND
potential for the higher Slave Unit. See Fig. 7 ! Do not bypass the higher cell!

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Figure 7: Multiple Slave Units for series cell connection.

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Slave Unit Connection Instructions

Connect the Slave Unit to the system by the following order described in Fig. 8. It is important to disable all the BMS
functions by turning enable switch OFF before plugging any connectors. All cells should be connected second to
last and simultaneously. When all the system components are plugged in, the enable switch can be turned ON and
the Slave Unit starts the test procedure.

Figure 8: BMS connection order.

When disconnecting the Slave Unit from the battery pack, the procedure should be followed in reverse order.

Slave Unit Test Procedure

When the Slave Unit is turned ON it commences the test procedure. Red error LED turns on to signal the system’s
test procedure. The procedure starts by testing Slave Unit balancing switches. The test completes in 5 seconds, red
LED turns off and the Slave Unit starts working in normal mode if there is no error and at least one temperature
sensor is detected. Slave Unit goes to idle mode to conserve power consumption and waits for the Master Unit
instructions.

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Slave Unit LED Indication

While the Slave Unit measures the cell voltage, current, cell temperature and BMS temperature Power LED (green)
is turned on at each Slave module simultaneously. Error LED (red) is turned on in case of system error.

Master Unit

Figure 9: Master Unit function overview.

Table 3: Digital I/O 1.

Pin Connection DESCRIPTION
1 Optocoupler 2 emitter Not programmed
2 Optocoupler 1 emitter Not programmed
Optocoupler 1 open
3 Not programmed
collector
Optocoupler 2 open
4 Not programmed
collector

Table 4: Digital I/O 2.

Pin Connection DESCRIPTION
1 Optocoupler 4 emitter Not programmed
2 - -
3 - -
Optocoupler 4 open
4 Not programmed
collector

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Table 5: Analog current measurement connections.

Pin Connection DESCRIPTION
1 No connection Not programmed
2 No connection Not programmed
3 No connection Not programmed
4 No connection Not programmed
Table 6: Analog voltage measurement connections.

Pin Connection DESCRIPTION

1 - -
2 Vin 1 - Not programmed
3 Vin 1 + Not programmed
4 - -

Table 7: Relay Outputs.

Pin RELAY Connection Polarity Protection
1 Charger enable relay NO
2 RELAY_1 Charger enable relay Signal Fuse 2A Slow
3 - NC
4 Battery pack HV - relay NO
5 RELAY_2 Battery pack HV - relay Signal Fuse 2A Slow
6 - NC
7 pre-charge relay 4 s NO
8 RELAY_3 pre-charge relay 4 s Signal Fuse 2A Slow
9 - NC
10 Battery pack HV + relay NO
11 RELAY_4 Battery pack HV + relay Signal Fuse 2A Slow
12 - NC

Power Supply

Connect the power supply at the back side of the Master Unit. Supply voltage is limited to 10.5 – 15 V DC by internal
protection circuit. Power consumption differs according to the switched on relays or I/O. If no relay is turned on,
the BMS Master Unit consumes about 300 mW of power @ 12 V. Power supply entry is isolated from the rest of
the circuit by internal isolative DC-DC converter.

Figure 10: Master Unit back plate power supply pins.

Table 8: Master Unit power supply connections.

Pin Connection Protection
1 GND
Under-voltage/overvoltage +
2 + 12 DC (10.5 – 15 V)
over-current protection

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Master Unit Analog Voltage Inputs (no-function)

Master Unit has an analog voltage input that is able to measure up to maximum 530 V DC. Input voltages are
subtracted and translated to circuit ground. Input impedance toward the internal ground is 1 MOhm at both poles.
Signal is filtered by low-pass filter ( -3dB @ 0.6 Hz).

Battery Pack SOC Determination

SOC is determined by integrating the charge in-to or out of the battery pack. Different Li-ion chemistries may be
selected:

Table 9: Programmed Chemistry types.

Number Type
1 Li-Po High power
2 Li-Po High capacity
3 Winston/Thunder-Sky/GWL
4 A123
5 NMC

Temperature and power correction coefficient are taken into consideration at the SOC calculation. Li-Po chemistry
algorithms have an additional voltage to SOC regulation loop inside the algorithm. Actual cell capacity is
recalculated by the number of the charging cycles as pointed out in the manufacturer’s datasheet.

SOC is reset to 100% at the end of charging and Power LED turns ON until charger hysteresis is present. When the
BMS senses that the whole capacity was emptied from the battery pack a cycle is added. This means that ten 10 %
discharges would also result in one battery cycle.

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System Error Indication

System errors are indicated with red error LED by the number of ON blinks, followed by a longer OFF state. Red LED
switch-off indicator turns on in case of:

Table 10: System error description.

Number of
ERROR BMS TO-DO
ON blinks
BMS will try to balance down the
problematic cell/cells to safe voltage level
Single or multiple cell
(2 s error hysteresis cell over voltage
voltage is too high
1 switch-off hysteresis).  Wait until the BMS does its job.
(cell over voltage
switch-off).
Main contactors is disconnected,
charging is disabled.
BMS will try to charge the battery (2 s
Single or multiple cell
error hysteresis + cell under voltage
voltage is too low
hysteresis is applied).
2 (cell under voltage  Plug in the charger.
protection switch-
Main contactors are disconnected.
off).
Charging is enabled.
Cell voltages differs
more than allowed
3 Main contactors are connected.
(cells differ more
than set).
Cells temperature or cell inter-connecting
Cell temperature is cable temperature in the battery pack
too high is/are too high (2 s error hysteresis + cell  Examine the battery pack if this
4
(over temperature over temperature hysteresis is applied). occurs frequently.
switch-off).
All contactors are disconnected.
Due to extensive cell balancing the BMS
temperature rose over upper limit (2 s
BMS temperature is
error hysteresis + 5 °C temperature
too high (BMS over  Wait until the BMS cools down.
5 hysteresis).
temperature switch-
off).
Main contactors are connected. Charging
is enabled.

Number of cells at the back of the Slave

Number of cells, Unit was changed from the default
 Set the proper number of cells,
6 address is not set manufacturer settings.
address.
properly.
All contactors are disconnected.

If cells are charged at temperatures lower

than operating temperature range, cells
The temperature is are aging much faster than they normally
 Wait until the battery’s
too low for charging would, so charging is disabled. (2 °C
7 temperature rises to usable
(under temperature temperature hysteresis).
range.
charging disable).
Main contactors are connected, Charging
is disabled.

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 Turn-off the Master and Slaves

Units by enable switch and try to
re-plug the temperature sensor
Temperature sensor is un-plugged or not
connector. Turn Slave Unit back
Temperature sensor working properly.
8 ON and restart the Master Unit. If
error.
the BMS still signals error 8,
All contactors are disconnected.
contact the service. The
temperature sensors should be
replaced.
 Turn OFF Master and all Slave
Units. Turn ON Slave Units and
Master Unit.
 Check the Master –Slave
Communication Main contactors are disconnected. connection cable + remote
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error. All outputs are disconnected ON/OFF cable
 Check the Slave Unit voltage (is it
below set threshold voltage)
 If the error repeats, contact the
service.

Single or multiple cell voltage is close to  Restart the Slave and Master
zero or out of range, indicating short Unit.
Cell in short circuit or
circuit, blown balance fuse or measuring  Check the cells connection to the
10 BMS measurement
failure. BMS Slave Units.
error.
 If the same error starts to signal
All contactors are disconnected. again contact the service.

If the main contactors should be opened

and current is not zero or positive the
BMS signals error 11. When the error is
Main contactors are
detected, the BMS tries to un-shorten the
11 in short circuit.  Restart the Master Unit.
main contactors by turning it ON and OFF
for three times.

All contactors are disconnected.

 Turn-off the BMS by enable
Current sensor is disconnected or not switch and try to re-plug the
Error measuring
working properly. current sensor connector. Turn
12 current.
BMS back ON. If the BMS still
All contactors are disconnected. signals error 12, contact the
service.

Wrong cell chemistry  Use PC interface to set proper

13 All contactors are disconnected.
selected. cell chemistry.

14 Reserved - -

 Restart the Slave and Master

Unit.
Balancing transistor Main contactors are connected. Charging  Check the cells connection to the
15
failure is enabled. BMS Slave Units.
 If the same error starts to signal
again contact the service.

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 Restart the Slave and Master

Unit.
TWI internal
 Check the cells connection to the
16 communication error All contactors are disconnected.
BMS Slave Units.
(Slave/Master)
 If the same error starts to signal
again contact the service.

RS-485 Communication Protocol

Figure 11: RS-485 DB9 male connector front view.

Table 11: RS-485 DB-9 connections.

Pin Designator
1 -
2 A + termination
3 B + termination
4 AGND
5 -
6 -
7 -
8 -
9 +5 V

BMS Unit is programmed as a Slave Unit and responds only when asked. Galvanically isolated RS-485 (EN 61558-1,
EN 61558-2) serves for logging and changing BMS parameters. Dedicated PC software BMS Master Control or
another RS-485 device may be used for the communication.
Messages are comprised as follows:

STX, DA, SA, N, INSTRUCTION- 4 bytes,16-bit CRC, ETX

 STX start transmition <0x55> (always)
 DA - destination address <0x01> to <0x10> (set as 6)
 SA - sender address <0x00> (always 0)
 N – number of sent bytes
 INSTRUCTION 4 bytes for example.: 'L','C','D','1','?', - (combined from 4 ASCII characters, followed by ‘?’,
if we would like to receive the current parameter value or ‘ ’,’xx.xx’ value if we want to set a new value
 16-bit CRC, for the whole message except STX in ETX
 ETX- end transmition <0xAA> (always)

Dataflow:
 Bit rate: 56k
 Data bits: 8
 Stop bits: 1
 Parity: None
 Mode: Asynchronous, Little endian format

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Table 12: RS-485 instructions description.

INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION BMS ANSWER
'*','I','D','N','?' Identification Answer “REC - BATERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”
Returns 28 in the first message and then 7 float
values
LCD1 [0] = min cell voltage,
LCD1 [1] = max cell voltage,
LCD1 [2] = current,
'L','C','D','1','?' Main data LCD1 [3] = max temperature,
LCD1 [4] = pack voltage,
LCD1 [5] = SOC (state of charge) interval 0-1 ->
1=100% and
LCD1 [6] = SOH (state of health) interval 0-1 ->
1=100%
Returns 8 in the first message and then 8 unsigned
char values
LCD3 [0] = min cell BMS address,
LCD3 [1] = min cell number,
LCD3 [2] = max cell BMS address,
'L','C','D','3','?' Main data 2
LCD3 [3] = max cell number,
LCD3 [4] = max temp. sens. BMS address,
LCD3 [5] = max temp. sens. number,
LCD3 [6] = Ah MSB,
LCD3 [7] = Ah LSB
BMS first responds with how many BMS units are
'C','E','L','L','?' Cell voltages connected, then it sends the values of the cells in
float format
BMS first responds with how many BMS units are
'P','T','E','M','?' Cell temperatures connected then it sends the values of the
temperature sensors in float format
BMS first responds with how many BMS units are
'R','I','N','T','?' Cells internal DC resistance
connected then it sends the values in float format
BMS first responds with value 1, then it sends the
'B','T','E','M','?' BMS temperature values of the BMS temperature sensor in float
format
Responds with 4 in the first message and then
sends 4 bytes as follows
ERRO [0] = 0 – no error, 1 – error
'E','R','R','O','?' Error ERRO [1] = BMS unit
ERRO [2] = error number (1-15) in
ERRO [3] = number of the cell, temp. sensor where
the error occurred
'B','V','O','L', '?'/
Cell END balancing Returns float voltage [V]
'B','V','O','L', ' ','xxx'
'C','M','A','X','?'/
Max allowed cell voltage Returns float voltage [V]
'C','M','A','X',' ','xxx'
'M','A','X','H', '?'/ Max allowed cell voltage
Returns float voltage [V]
'M','A','X','H', ' ','xxx' hysteresis
'C','M','I','N', '?'/
Min allowed cell voltage Returns float voltage [V]
'C','M','I','N', ' ','xxx'
'M','I','N','H', '?'/ Min allowed cell voltage
Returns float voltage [V]
'M','I','N','H', ' ','xxx' hysteresis
'T','M','A','X', '?'/ Maximum allowed cell
Returns float temperature [°C]
'T','M','A','X', ' ','xxx' temperature
'T','M','I','N', '?'/ Minimum allowed temperature
Returns float temperature [°C]
'T','M','I','N', ' ','xxx' for charging

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'B','M','I','N', '?'/
Balancing START voltage Returns float voltage [V]
'B','M','I','N', ' ','xxx'
'C','H','A','R', '?'/
End of charging voltage per cell Returns float voltage [V]
'C','H','A','R', ' ','xxx'
'C','H','I','S', '?'/ End of charging voltage
Returns float voltage [V]
'C','H','I','S', ' ','xxx' hysteresis per cell
'I','O','F','F','?'/ Current measurement zero
Returns float current [A]
'I','O','F','F',' ','xxx' offset
'T','B','A','L','?'/
Max allowed BMS temperature Returns float temperature [°C]
'T','B','A','L',' ','xxx'
'B','M','T','H','?'/ Max allowed BMS temperature
Returns float temperature [°C]
'B','M','T','H',' ','xxx' hysteresis
'V','M','A','X','?'/ Number of exceeded values of
Returns integer value
'V','M','A','X',' ','xxx' CMAX
'V','M','I','N','?'/ Number of exceeded values of
Returns integer value
'V','M','I','N',' ','xxx' CMIN
'T','H','I','S','?'/ Number of exceeded values of
Returns integer value
'T','H','I','S',' ','xxx' TMAX
'C','Y','C','L','?'/
Number of battery pack cycles Returns integer value
'C','Y','C','L',' ','xxx'
'C','A','P','A','?'/
Battery pack capacity Returns float capacity [Ah]
'C','A','P','A',' ','xxx'
'I','O','J','A','?'/
Voltage to current coefficient Returns float value
'I','O','J','A',' ','xxx'
'R','A','Z','L','?'/
Package cell difference Returns float voltage [V]
'R','A','Z','L',' ','xxx'
'C','H','E','M', '?'/
Li-ion chemistry Returns unsigned char value
'C','H','E','M', ' ','xxx'
'P','A','R','V', '?'/ Number of inverter/charger
Returns unsigned char value
'P','A','R','V',' ','xxx' devices
'S','O','C','H', '?'/
Charger SOC hysteresis Returns float value 0.0-1.0
'S','O','C','H',' ','xxx'
'S','O','C','S', '?'/
SOC manual reset Returns float value 0.0-1.0
'S','O','C','S',' ','xxx'
'F','U','S','E', '?'/ First use byte for Error Log Returns float value 0,1. Set it to 0 and restart the
'F','U','S','E',' ','xxx' reset Master BMS for Error Log delete
Returns error log data (FIFO
register of the last 12 errors).
By sending the same instruction Returns “xx,zz; hh:mm:ss;dd.mm.yyyy”
'E','R','R','L', '?'/ the data pointer shifts from the xx-error number
last error entry to the first error zz-number of the cell/temp sensor
entry, then it starts all over
again
'C','L','O',’W','?'/
Relay under voltage switch off Returns float voltage [V]
'C','L','O','W',' ','xxx'
'C','H','A',’C','?'/
Charging coefficient (0-3C) Returns float value 0-3.0 (default 0.6)
'C','H','A','C',' ','xxx'
'D','C','H',’C','?'/
Discharging coefficient (0-3C) Returns float value 0-3.0 (default 1.5)
'D','C','H','C',' ','xxx'
'M','A','X','C', '?'/ Max allowed charge current per
Returns float current [A]
'M','A','X','C', ' ','xxx' inverter device
'M','A','X','D', '?'/ Max allowed discharge current
Returns float current [A]
'M','A','X','D', ' ','xxx' per inverter device

Parameter accepted and changed value is responded with 'OK' answer.

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Example: proper byte message for 'LCD1?' instruction for BMS address 1 is:
<0x55><0x01><0x00><0x05><0x4C><0x43><0x44><0x31><0x3F><0x46><0xD0><0xAA>
RS-485 message are executed when the microprocessor is not in interrupt routine so a timeout of 350 ms should
be set for the answer to arrive. If the timeout occurs, the message should be sent again.

CAN Communication Protocol

Figure 12: CAN DB9 connector front view.

Bit-rate: 250 kbs

11-bit identifier: 0x031, 0x032, 0x033 and 0x034
Default settings TX only
8 byte message structure

Terminate the CAN line by shorting PIN 1 and 2 and prevent BMS reset!

Table 13: CAN DB9 connector pin designator.

Pin Designator
1 TERMINATION
2 CANL + TERMINATION
3 GND
4
5 -
6 GND
7 CANH
8 -
9

Table 14: CAN message structure description for ID=0x031

Byte Description Type
1 State of charge [%] Unsigned char 0-200 LSB = 0.5 % SOC
2 Battery pack voltage high byte
Unsigned integer 0-65535, LSB = 20 mV
3 Battery pack voltage low byte
4 Battery pack current high byte
Signed integer −32768 to 32767 LSB = 50 mA
5 Battery pack current low byte
6 Battery pack max temperature Signed char -127 to 127 LSB = 1° C
7 State of health [%] Unsigned char 0-200 LSB = 0.5 % SOC
8 Error number Unsigned char 0-17

Table 15: CAN message structure description for ID=0x032.

Byte Description Type
1 Slave module number with error Unsigned char 0-15
Slave module with error element
2 Unsigned char 0-16
number
0 – disconnected, 1-pre-charge, 2 -
3 Contactor status Unsigned char
connected
4 Low cell voltage high byte
Unsigned integer 0-65535, LSB = 1 mV
5 Low cell voltage low byte
6 High cell voltage high byte Unsigned integer 0-65535, LSB = 1 mV

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7 High cell voltage low byte

8 Battery pack min temperature Signed char -127 to 127 LSB = 1° C

Table 16: CAN message structure description for ID=0x033.

Byte Description Type
1 Low cell position - Slave Unsigned char 0-15
2 Low cell position on the Slave Unsigned char 0-16
3 High cell position - Slave Unsigned char 0-15
4 High cell position on the Slave Unsigned char 0-16
5 Max temperature position - Slave Unsigned char 0-15
Max temperature position on the
6 Unsigned char 0-4
Slave
7 Min temperature position - Slave Unsigned char 0-15
8 Min temp position on the Slave Unsigned char 0-4

Table 17: CAN message structure description for ID=0x034.

Byte Description Type Property
1 Charge voltage high byte
Unsigned integer LSB = 0.1 V
2 Charge voltage low byte
3 Max charging current high byte
Signed integer LSB = 0.1 A
4 Max charging current low byte
5 Max charging current high byte
Signed integer LSB = 0.1 A
6 Max charging current low byte
7 Discharge voltage high byte
Unsigned integer LSB = 0.1 V
8 Discharge voltage low byte

CAN message is sent every 500 ms. If the BMS is not connected to any other device using the CAN interface, it is
required to short pins 1 and 2 for proper signal line termination. Otherwise the BMS will enter a self-restarting
loop. BMS will calculate a max charge current and max discharge current from the maximum cell and minimum cell
voltage and cells temperatures. BMS will not communicate to the charger.

Battery Pack’s Charging Algorithm

The communication between the REC BMS and the system is established through the CAN bus. All the parameters
that control the charging/discharging behavior are calculated by the BMS and transmitted in every measurement
cycle.
The charging current is controlled by the Maximum charging current parameter. It’s calculated as
Charging Coefficient('C','H','A',’C') x Battery capacity. The parameter has an upper limit which is defined as
Maximum Charging Current per Device ('M','A','X',’C') x Number of Devices ('P',’A','R',’V').
When any cell reaches the voltage interval between Balance Voltages Start and Balance Voltage End, the charging
current starts to ramp down to 1.1 A x Number of Devices until the last cell rises to the End of Charge Voltage. At
that point the Maximum charging voltage is set to Number of cells x (End of Charge Voltage per cell - end of charge
hysteresis per cell) and the charger is disabled also via the BMS I/O interface. End of Charge, SOC hysteresis and
End of charging cell voltage hysteresis prevent unwanted switching. SOC is calibrated to 100 % and Power LED lights
ON 100 %. Charger turn-off can also be caused by some of the systems errors (See System Errors indication chapter).
SOC is calibrated to 96 % at the 0.502 x value between Balance Voltages Start and Balance Voltage End.

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Battery Pack’s Discharging Algorithm

Calculated maximum discharging current is sent to the system by CAN communication in every measurement cycle.
When the BMS starts/recovers from the error or from Discharging SOC hysteresis, maximum allowed discharging
current is set. It is calculated as discharging coefficient ('D','C','H',’C') x Battery capacity. If this value is higher than
maximum discharging current per device ('M','A','X',’D') x number of devices ('P','A','R',’V'), maximum discharging
current is decreased to this value. When the lowest open circuit voltage cell is discharged bellow the set threshold
'C','L','O',’W', the maximum discharging current starts to decrease down to 0.05 C (5 % of Capacity in A). After
decreasing down, maximum allowed discharging current is set to 0 A. SOC is reset to 3 % and Discharging SOC
hysteresis is set to 5 %. If the cell discharges bellow Minimum Cell voltage ('C','M','I','N'), BMS signals Error 2 and
SOC is reset to 2 %. If the Charger/inverter is connected to the grid maximum allowed discharge current is drawn
from the grid. Otherwise 100 % load current is drawn from the battery until maximum allowed discharging current
is set to 0 A.

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Slave Unit Dimensions

BMS Slave Unit can be supplied without the enclosure if an application is weight or space limited. The dimensions
of the BMS without the enclosure are 160 mm x 100 mm x 27 mm. A sufficient contact surface for balancing resistors
should be provided. The PCB has four 3.2 mm mounting holes. The enclosure is made of black anodized aluminum.

Figure 13: BMS Slave Unit dimensions.

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BMS Master Unit Dimensions

Figure 14: BMS Master Unit dimensions.

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