Labels

• A garment label is more than just a piece of fabric.

• Labels communicate to the customer what types of materials have been used in
Unit – 4 making the garment.
• They communicate how to care for the garment and other special instrucƟons
about it.
• They communicate the size of the garment. They communicate the name of the
manufacturer.
• They communicate the brand. Different manufacturers use their own special type
of labels to create their own disƟnct idenƟty.

Types of Labels Size Label: Size label indicates the size of the garments. Size labels are
Main Label: The main label contains the Brand name or indicated as S, M, L, XL, where S for small, M for medium, L for large,
and XL for extra large.
Brand logo of the buyer such as H&M, American Eagle,
NauƟca, etc. The brand name is an important factor for
any product. Because the customers are targeted the
Brand during buying any product. A Brand name is a
mental saƟsfacƟon about the product from the Price Label: The price label indicates the price of the garments.
customer’s point of view.

Care label: is another important types of the label for the ComposiƟon Label: The composiƟon label indicates the fabricaƟon and
garments. It assists the customers to know how the composiƟon percentage of any garments. That means it indicates which
fabricaƟon (CoƩon Sub denim, CoƩon Regular denim, etc.) and
product should care. It indicates different types of care composiƟon percentage (95% CoƩon 5% Spandex, 100% CoƩon, etc.)
instrucƟon about the garments such as Washing, have followed during its manufacturing.
Bleaching, Drying, Laundering, and Ironing, if it can be
maintained in a directed way, then the garments will
achieve higher durability and garments shade will be
perfect for its highest period of Ɵme.

Flag Label: The flag label is a very small label that contains Linings
Brands name or Brands logo of the buyer. It is aƩached to • Linings are generally a funcƟonal part of a
the side seam of the boƩom parts of the clothing. garment, an accessory.
Heat transfer label: • They are available as warp knits but they are
Heat press the logo or design onto specialized transfer predominately woven are made
paper, syntheƟc film, or plasƟc film to create heat transfer from polyester, polyamide, viscose for use
labels, which are used as clothing’s primary labels. Apply where a slippery material is required and
them to the materials of the clothing aŌer peeling off the from coƩon and wool mixtures where
film. decoraƟon or warm handle required.
Metal label: • Lining material can be used for small parts –
Metal labels are tags and accessories made of metal that pockets and for complete garments, either
can have brand logos engraved on them for use with fully bagged out. It can be used in coat,
garments, headgear, or bags. There are many different jacket and raincoats, body and sleeve, for
kinds of metal labels, including aluminum, stainless steel, ladies items such as blouse, frock etc.
silver, copper, brass, and zinc alloy labels.
 Interlining
ObjecƟves of lining
Interlining is one kind of accessories that is used between the two layers of fabric in a
• 5￦3'/4:'/4￦:.+￦9.'6+￦5,￦-'83+4:9￴ garment. To keep the different component or part of apparel in a desired shape, a kind
• 5￦/3685<+￦.'4-￦'4*￦)53,58:￦(?￦'225=/4-￦/:￦:5￦92/*+￦5<+8￦5:.+8 of fabric is used between the two ply of fabric by sewing or fusing is called interlining.
-'83+4:9￴ FuncƟons of Interlining:
• 5￦'**￦/49;2':/54￴
1.To support the garment.
• 5￦)5<+8￦:.+￦/49/*+￦5,￦'￦-'83+4:￦5,￦)5362/)':+*￦)549:8;):/54￦: 2.To control the shape of the garment.
3'1+￦/:￦4+':￴
3.To control the area of the apparel.
• .+?￦'8+￦9+2+):+*￦:5￦3':).￦:.+￦-'83+4:9￴ 4.To reinforce the components of the garment.
• 5￦'**￦:.+￦*+9/-4￦5,￦-'83+4:9￴ 5.To make the apparel beauƟful, strong and aƩracƟve.
6.To ensure the anƟcipated look, quality and effect of the fabric.
7.To improve garment performance.

Difference between lining & Interlining Wadding

Lining Interlining
• Wadding fabric is a term that is commonly used in the
It is used inside of garments or garment
It is used between two layers of fabric. texƟle industry. It is a type of material that is used to
components.
add volume, warmth, and texture to a variety of
It is aƩached by sewing or applying heat and different products.
It is aƩached by sewing.
pressure.
• Wadding fabric is oŌen used in clothing, bedding, and
SomeƟmes finishing is necessary to improve its upholstery, and it can be made from a range of
Finishing is not necessary. properƟes. E.g., shrink resist finish or crease different materials including coƩon, wool, and
resist finish.
polyester.
No coaƟng is used. CoaƟng is used. • There are a number of benefits to using wadding
fabric in a variety of different products:
It is used in coat, rain coat, over coat, pocket It is mainly used in collar, cuff, and front of
flap, kids garments, jacket etc. jacket, waist band, and front part of coat. • Provides insulaƟon and warmth
• Adds volume and texture
It is two types: Sewn interlining and Fusible
No classificaƟon.
interlining. • Improves the drape of fabrics
• Can be used for padding and cushioning
It is used to support, reinforce and control
It is used to increase the comfort of garment.
areas of garments and to retain actual shape. • Can be recycled and reused

Lace
• Lace is an open work fabric consisƟng of a network of
yarns formed into intricate designs. Lace may be hand
or machine made, and intricate paƩerns can be
produced by either technique. Both narrow and wide
lace fabrics are available. The edges of the fabric may
be straight or curved.
• Linen thread is usually used for real lace and also
expensive laces, but coƩon, rayon, nylon, silk or other
yarns are now used for various qualiƟes and types and
also for machine lace.
• Laces are used in apparels and home furnishing
 Braided Fabric ElasƟc
• Braided fabric is a type of fabric that results from the • ElasƟc band is divided into different categories according to weaving
interlacing of mulƟple strands of yarn, forming a sturdy, woven elasƟc, kniƫng elasƟc, woven elasƟc band.
flexible, and durable fabric. Braiding refers to the • By the elasƟc woven coƩon or chemical fiber as the warp and weŌ,
mechanical intertwining of at least three yarns to ensure with a rubber silk (silk or spandex latex) according to certain rules
no two threads are wrapped around one another. Braiding interwoven.
involves intertwining individual strands to create various
paƩerns and textures. • Woven elasƟc texture more closely.
• The materials used to produce these fabrics encompass • Nylon/rubber elasƟc has a soŌ luster and is used on swimwear and
natural fibers like coƩon, wool, silk, and linen and lingerie.
syntheƟc materials like nylon and polyester.
• End uses of Braided Fabrics- • It is machine washable, but should not be dried in medium heat.
• AutomoƟve Products: airbag straps, seat belts, brake • CoƩon/rubber elasƟc does shrink, but not a lot. It should be dry
lines, drive shaŌs. cleaned. It is ideal for wash and wear fabrics and can be dried in
• Clothing and Accessories: Belts, shoelaces, jewellery, medium to high tempt. It is perfect for the natural fibre lover.
suspenders, and straw bags • KniƩed elasƟc is soŌ, strong and appropriate for most apparel items
• Industrial Products: Electrical wires, cables, conveyor because its light weight.
belts, ropes, and hoses. • Woven elasƟc is very strong and usually thicker than other elasƟcs.
• Sports Equipment: Archery strings, fishing lines, and Its used on heavy weight fabrics, including home decoraƟng fabric,
tennis strings. car covers, bags etc.

Hook and Loop fastening Shoulder Pad

• A Swiss inventor made this product & offered the
Trade name VELCRO, comes from the French • Shoulder pads are a type of fabric-covered
word VELOUR (velvet) & crochet. padding used in men's and women's clothing
to give the wearer the illusion of having
• Consists of 2 nylon tapes, one having a surface of broader and less sloping shoulders.
loops & the other having surface of hooks. When
pressed together, two tapes adhere & cannot be • Shoulder pads are essenƟally a form of
opened by side way turn easily open by upward wadding inserted into a garment that alters
the natural shape of the shoulder line.
turns.
• They can give the illusion of a much broader
• This trimming is used instead of buƩons or shoulder, a square shoulder or a rounded,
zippers. soŌer shoulder.
• It is available in the market in roll form. Most • The fashion industry has uƟlized shoulder
common width 5/8” to 3/4”. pads to enhance the silhoueƩe of many
• Used in shoes, belts, money bags, bags, suitcase, types of clothes
sportswear, children, medical texƟles etc. • It is also used in sports wear .
• Mostly used in the garments of paralyzed
persons’.

Eyelets Zip Fasteners

• The zipper is a popular device which acts as a
• An eyelet is a metal, rubber, or plasƟc ring with fastener for temporarily joining two edges of the
flanges used to strengthen or reinforce holes fabric. A device used for fastening clothing. It comes
punched in thin fabrics. under garment accessory.
• It is a smaller counterpart of a grommet that is bigger • ConsisƟng of two toothed tracks or spiral metal or
plasƟc coils, each bordering one of two edges to be
in size and used for more heavy duty materials joined, and a piece that either interlocks or
separates them when pulled.
• Eyelets can be used to strengthen a hole or protect
something from the hole's jagged edges. • It is used in clothing (e.g., jackets and jeans), luggage
and other bags, sporƟng goods, camping gear (e.g.
• Fabrics, sheet metal, and other thin fibrous materials tents and sleeping bags), and other items.
are frequently uƟlized in these devices. • Types of Zipper-
• Thinner texƟles are prone to breaking without Metal zipper
eyelets, but an eyelet helps avoid abrasion and other Molded zipper
damage. Coil zipper
• It used in belts, Jackets, Dresses, shoes etc. Invisible zipper
 BuƩons According to Ligne Number
• BuƩons are an essenƟal accessory which is normally
used in all types of garments. Therefore buƩon can • Ligne no. is the measuring unit of the
be said to the main accessories of garments. buƩon and indicates the diameter of
the buƩon.
• In garments the main purpose of the buƩons is
mainly funcƟonal and decoraƟve. FuncƟonal purpose We know that,
refers to open and close garments with security and • Ligne = 0.025 inch or 0.635mm.
others purpose used for garment decoraƟon. No BuƩon size Used
01 12 L Used in buƩon-down shirts.
• In apparel industry buƩons are normally classified 02 16 L Used in
according to the size, materials, and holes. By this spread collar shirt and for shirts mostly.
03 18 L Used in shirts mostly.
ways, buƩons are as follows- 04 24 L Most
common for pant.
1.According to Ligne Number 05 24 L SomeƟmes used buƩon.
2.According to Material Used 06 26 L DecoraƟve
and others use

3.According to No. of Hole 07 28 L DecoraƟve and others use

08 32 L DecoraƟve
and others uses
09 36 L DecoraƟve and others uses

According to Material Used

i) PlasƟc buƩon: Made of polyester, polyamide,
polyacrylonitrile etc, cheap, not glossy and widely
According to No. of Holes
used in shirts.
ii) Metal buƩon: Used in normally denim pants,
trousers etc. 1. 2 hole buƩon.
iii) Wooden buƩon: Used for decoraƟve purposes. 2. 4 hole buƩon.
iv) Horn buƩon: Made up of horns of animals. Used in 3. Shank buƩon.
shirts, pants.
ArƟficial horns are also used which is made of nylon, 4. Snap buƩon.
plasƟc, and addiƟves. 5. DecoraƟve buƩon.
v) Chalk buƩon: Used to make plasƟc glossy. Used in
shirts.
vi) Printed buƩon: Used in decoraƟve purposes
vii) Fabric buƩon: Used in dresses , made up of fabric .

Trims & Accessories Key differences between trimmings and accessories

• The materials which are attached to the body ￷￴8/33/4-9￦'8+￦8+'*/2?￦'::').+*￦=/:.￦5;8￦)25:./4-￦685*;):9￦(;:￦
of garments by sewing are termed as '))+9958/+9￦'8+￦45:￦8+'*/2?￦'::').+*￦=/:.￦5;8￦)25:./4-￦685*;):9￴
trimmings. One point should be noted in the
case of trimmings, all the trimmings are used ￸￴8/33/4-9￦.'<+￦(5:.￦,;4):/54'2￦'4*￦454￳,;4):/54'2￦6856+8:/+9￦(;
for functional purposes.
'))+9958/+9￦.'<+￦542?￦454￳,;4):/54'2￦6856+8:/+9￴
• Another one non-technical explanation is that
trimmings are the ultimate materials that are ￴/:.5;:￦:8/33/4-9￦=+￦)'4:￦:./41￦'(5;:￦5;8￦)25:./4-￦685*;):9￦(;
attached to the garments while using by the =/:.5;:￦'))+9958/+9￦=+￦)'4￦-5￦:.85;-.￦/:￴
end-user.
• The materials which are not attached to the ￴8/33/4-9￦'8+￦;9+*￦:5￦)5362+:+￦5;8￦)25:./4-￦685*;):9￦'4*￦'))+9
body of clothing by sewing, only used for '8+￦;9+*￦:5￦Ᵽ4/9.￦'4*￦6')1￦5;8￦)25:./4-￦685*;):9￴
garments finishing and packing (decorative
purposes) are termed as accessories. The ￴;::54￲￦@/66+8￲￦8/<+:￲￦2/4/4-￲￦2')+￦+:)￴￦'8+￦953+￦+>'362+9￦5,￦:8/33
main difference between trimming and '4*￦652?('-￲￦9',+:?￦6/4￲￦(+2:9￲￦9)5:).￦:'6+￲￦)'8:54￦+:)￴￦'8+￦953+￦
accessories is, trimmings are used for
functional purposes, and accessories are +>'362+9￦5,￦'))+9958/+9￴
used for decorative purposes.
 Different types of trimmings items are Different types of accessories are menƟoned in
menƟoned in the following:
the following:
1.Sewing Thread,
2.Button, 1.Collar stand, 1.Gum Tape,
3.Rivet, 2.Carton, 2.Price Ɵcket,
4.Interlining, 3.Carton sƟcker, 3.Polybag,
5.Lining, 4.Safety sƟcker, 4.Safety Pin,
6.Metal Badge, 5.Hanger, 5.Tag pin,
7.Elastic, 6.Drawcord/ String, 6.Brass Pin,
8.Zipper, 7.Backboard, 7.Buckle,
9.Shoulder Pad, 8.Neck board, 8.Tissue paper,
10.All types of Labels such as main label, care label, size label, etc. 9.Collar stays, 9.Size strip,
11.Hook and Loop, 10.BuƩerfly, 10.Hand tag,
12.Twill Tape, 11.Patch, 11.Photo inlay,
13.Velcro Tape 12.PlasƟc Clip. 12.Both Side Tape,
14.Lace.

SelecƟon of Fabrics 3. Assess the Width

• Fabrics usually come in two or three different widths – 60 inches (150cm) or 45 inches (112.5cm) being most
• We know that the material is a criƟcal component of a garment, therefore it is important to common, and the width of your fabric will determine how much you will need to buy.
select the right fabric very early.
4. Double Check the Color
• TexƟles are made from many materials like, wool, silk, coƩon, flax, jute, bamboo, asbestos, • OŌen the lighƟng in a store can make a color look different to how it looks in natural light, so always take the
glass fibre, nylon, polyester, acrylic, and rayon. fabric into natural light (or near a window) prior to purchasing.
• It is important to know where we are geƫng the fabric from, India and China, Vietnam are the 5. Test the Stretch
main sources of fabric.
• Pull the fabric between your fingers to test the stretch. Most fabrics will have an element of stretch,
6 factors to look for while selecƟng material for a garment- parƟcularly when pulled on the cross (diagonal against the grain), and this will be useful to understand. Few
1.Sustainable Fabric brands prefer to choose fabrics with not much stretch, as these have more natural wear and fall, but it will all
come down to what you are making.
Eco-fashion clothes: are made using organic raw materials, such as CoƩon, Linen, Hemp,
Bamboo, Lyocell, Alpaca wool, Organic Wool, and Silk. Clothing made from recycled fabric or 6. Child Safety
recycled plasƟc helps to divert fabric and plasƟc waste away from the landfills by giving them • The first and foremost consideraƟon when selecƟng fabric for kid is that – it is soŌ and non-irritaƟng. We do
another use. not want the fabric to be clingy or slippery or thick – the fabric has to be breathable. The fabric also has to
withstand many rounds of washing and also wear and tear from play and tumble, unless it is an occasion wear
2.Check the Drape
• Another important aspect aŌer choosing the right fabric is to prewashing the fabric. You get to remove most of
• Once you’re shopping for the fabric itself, always unroll the fabric a few yards and see how it the chemicals which are most probably sprayed on factory made fabric, this way, at least get an illusion of it.
hangs. The hang or ‘drape’ of the fabric will be a key element in terms of how the garment
looks on.

• 3. Line:
Principle of Fiƫng This refers to the alignment of the structural lines of the body side seams of the garment should hang like a
plumb line to the center of the body. It should always be perpendicular to the floor.
• The garment fiƫng techniques refer to how well a garment confirms to the three dimensional human body
figure. Good garment fit is crucial to ones the human body at most for its saƟsfacƟon. • Darts and seams such as shoulder seams should visually appear to the verƟcal lines that follow the human
• An evaluaƟon of the garment fit is based on five classical elements. These are as follows: body porƟon are intended to fit. Other seam lines should be gradually curving lines like Necklines, Waistlines,
Hiplines and arm whole porƟon.
1. Grain
• 4. Balance
2. Set
3. Line • The right side and the leŌ side of the garment porƟons are to the appeared evenly balanced or symmetrical
while viewed the three dimensional view such as front, rear, side porƟons. Poor posture like stooping figure,
4. Balance Hunch back figure will create the back length is considerably lesser than the front length while observing in
5. Ease side view porƟon.
1. Grain: • Balance relates to grain in the garment. A garment is out of balance when it is cut off grain, causing it to hang
To obtain a proper and good fit of the garment must be cut on the right grains. An on grain garment hangs unevenly.
evenly and appears symmetrical. If the garment is off grain, it will not hang straight.
The garment and seam lines may twist or hang crooked because the fabric on each part of the garment • 5. Ease:
behaves differently. DeviaƟon in the grain line is a result of poor and wrong cuƫng or securing or even due to It refers to the amount of roominess in a specified garment. There are two kinds of ease
a poor posture of the wearer.
• 1. Fiƫng ease, 2. Design ease.
2. Set:
It refers to a very smooth fit without any undesirable wrinkles. Wrinkles caused by poor set cannot be ironed • A garment must contain adequate ease beyond the actual measurements of the wearer to allow room for
out, but result from the way the garment fit the wearer. Set wrinkles usually occur because the garment is too ordinary human body —-ment like walking, Siƫng, riding and even breathing.
large or too small for the wearer and the garment hangs or sags when worn by the customer.
• Ease in this context is called Fiƫng ease. Design ease is the extra style like fullness added to the fiƫng ease. All
the garments have fiƫng ease but design ease is opƟonal as it is added purely for the sake of appearance and
giving the garment its style.