Good morning

Grade 9
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a sheet of paper.

1. What do you call the physical attributes, surface shapes

and features of a particular area?

A. altitude C. seismograph
B. latitude D. topography
Use the table to answer question number 2.

A scientist recorded the following data for different areas:

Areas Mountain Range Bodies of Water
A Present Present
B Absent Present
C Absent Present
D Absent Absent

2. What is the coldest area?

A. A C. C
B. B D. D
3. How do oceans affect the climate of an area?
A. The solar radiation is absorbed by ocean.
B. Ocean currents act much like a conveyor belt.
C. The ocean helps to distribute heat around the globe.
D. All of the above.
4. Which are the basis of classifying the types of climate of
an area?
A. air pollution, wind, and temperature
B. precipitation, temperature, and wind
C. topography, wind, and water cycle
D. water cycle, wind, and precipitation
5. When moist winds approach a mountain, these often drop rain as
winds rise over the mountain and come down on the other side. As
the air comes down the leeward side, it warms, expands, and
reduces the possibility of precipitation. How does this phenomenon
affect the leeward side of the mountain?
A. The leeward side of the mountain is cooler and wet.
B. The leeward side of the mountain is cooler and drier.
C. The leeward side of the mountain is warmer and wet.
D. The leeward side of the mountain is warmer and drier.
6. During summer, many people visit Baguio because of the cold
weather. What do you think makes Baguio cold?
A. latitude C. topography
B. B. altitude D. distance from the ocean
7. Why do places at the same latitude but different altitudes have different
climate?
A. Different altitudes receive different amounts of precipitation
B. Different altitudes receive different amounts of heat
C. Places with higher altitudes have lower temperature
D. Places with higher altitudes have higher temperature
8. Which of the following BEST describes climate?
A. The weather that occurs in the atmosphere within a day.
B. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a long
period of time.
C. The pattern of weather that occurs in a region over a short
period of time.
D. The disturbance in the atmosphere that happens in a long
period of time.
9. Why do mountain climbers bring thick jackets when they
go up the mountain?
A. The temperature increases as the altitude increases.
B. The temperature decreases as the altitude
increases.
C. The altitude increases as the temperature increases.
D. The altitude decreases as the temperature
increases.
10. A diagram illustrating the movement of an air mass over a mountain is
shown. How does the air in A differ from the air in B?

A. The air at A is drier than at B.

B. The air at A is colder than at B.
C. The air at A is moving faster than at B.
D. The air at A is more polluted than at B.
11. How does the windward side differ from the leeward
side of a high land?
A. The windward receives more precipitation than the
leeward.
B. The windward side receives more heat than the
leeward side.
C. The leeward side has more vegetation than the
windward side.
D. The leeward side receives more precipitation than
the windward side.
12-15. Write:
A – if the statement describes climate.
B – if the statement describes weather.
C – is the statement describes both climate and weather.
D – if the statement is neither supports climate nor weather.

12. It is the day-to-day or short-term condition of the changes in the

atmosphere.
13. It is the averaged weather condition of any place over 30 years.
14. It is affected by temperature, pressure, humidity, cloudiness, wind,
precipitation, rain, flooding, and ice storms.
15. It is long-term observations of the atmospheric phenomena such as
humidity, temperature, the sunshine, wind.
ANSWERS
1.D 6. B 11. A
2.A 7. B 12. B
3.D 8. B 13. A
4.B 9. B 14. B
5.D 10. B 15. A
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
a) Describe how different factors affect climate
b) Draw the direction of wind during day time and
night time in a coastal area
c) Show awareness to the worldwide issue regarding
climate change
What is Weather?
What is Climate?
 WEATHER & CLIMATE
Changes in the atmospheric condition over a brief
period of time such as a day or a week are weather. These
changes are part of a larger pattern of atmospheric
conditions called climate. Climate is the general pattern of
the weather that occurs for a region over a number of years.
Climate determines what type of houses people build in a
particular region, the plants and animals that inhabit in a
location, and even the livelihood of the people and
community.
What are the factors that
affects climate?
Latitude is the main factor affecting
global climate. The further we go
from the equator; the temperature
drops and the cooler it gets. This is
because we know that earth is
curved which means that the sun’s
energy is more concentrated at the
equator. This means earth gets hotter
at equator and places near equator.
Temperature decreases with
increasing altitude at an
average rate of 6.5°C for every
1000m increase in altitude, as
the atmosphere receives less
heat through terrestrial
radiation. For this reason, we
know that the mountains are
always cooler compared to
lower places.
The lower layers of atmosphere are
denser, have water vapor and dust
particles that absorb heat, which is
not prevalent in the higher altitude.
At higher altitudes, the air is less
dense and air molecules are spread
out and less likely to collide.
Therefore, a higher location in the
mountains has lower average
temperatures than one at the base
of the mountains.
Instructions: Study the Table below and answer the following questions.
Table 1. Different Cities in the Philippines and Their Annual Average Temperature
Name of Elevation above Sea Annual average temperature
Place level(m) (˚ C)
Bacolod 10 27.5
Baguio 1400 16.0
Laoag 20 27.3
Manila 10 27.7
Tacloban 20 29.4
Tagaytay 640 22.7
Zamboanga 30 27.6
1. Which place is the coldest?
2. Which place is the hottest?
3. Based on the data, what is the relationship
between altitude and temperature of a place?
 Prevailing winds are wind directions over a particular
location on Earth due to uneven heating from the sun and the
rotation of earth on its axis. As the air rises, it cools,
decreases its pressure, and loses water vapor forming a low-
pressure area at the equator. The rising air at the equator
does not flow directly to the poles because the Earth rotates
on its axis causing an air build up at 30˚ north or south
latitudes.
Belts of High Pressure
Circulation Cells:
Hadley cell – the air
moving toward the
equator
Mid-latitude cell or
Ferrel cell – created
when the air between
30˚ and 60˚ latitudes
meets the air from the
poles
Polar cell – formed
between 60˚ and 90˚
latitude
 Intertropical
convergence zone

• The area where

the three
circulation cells
come together
• The trade winds
from the
northern and
southern
hemisphere
converge
the continuous and directional movement of ocean created
by the wind friction, water density, earth’s rotation, solar
energy, and gravity variation in different parts of the
ocean. The direction of water movement is either horizontal
or vertical. The ocean current systems flow clockwise in the
northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern
hemisphere in circular patterns.
The ocean currents transport warm water and precipitation
from the equator to the poles and cold water from the poles
back to the equator. These regulate the global climate, and
uneven distribution of heat reaching earth’s surface.
1. What are the different ocean current that carry
warm water? Give at least three examples.
2. What are the different ocean current that carry
cold water? Give at least three examples.
3. How do the Kamchatka Current and Kuroshio
Current affect the northeastern part and southern
part of Japan?
4. How do ocean currents affect climate?
 The topography of earth's surface is one of the factors
that affects weather system and climate. The difference in
elevation and mountain ranges determine the distribution of
precipitation on earth. The bodies of water shape the
climates and create the high- and low-pressure systems that
cause weather events. The mountainous areas tend to have
extreme weather because it acts as a barrier to air
movements and moisture.
Source: Thebiologyprimer, Rain Shadow Effect caused by Orographic Lift.png, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rain_Shadow_Effect_caused_by_Orogra
phic_Lift.png. Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
 The windward side of the mountain faces the wind and
receives warm, and moist air. As the wind hits the mountain,
the air is forced to move upward along the slope of the
mountain and begins to cool due to decrease in atmospheric
pressure. The cooling of air results in the formation of clouds
and precipitation. Because of this, the windward side of the
mountain is cooler and rich in vegetation.
Source: Thebiologyprimer, Rain Shadow Effect caused by Orographic Lift.png, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rain_Shadow_Effect_caused_by_Orogra
phic_Lift.png. Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication
 The leeward side of the mountain is the opposite side
of the windward. The air that goes down the leeward
slope has lost its moisture on the windward side resulting
to warm air and low relative humidity. As the dry air
descends the leeward slope, it expands and reduces the
possibility of precipitation forming a rain shadow effect.
This side of the mountain is the driest place.
“There’s one issue that will define the contours of this century more
dramatically than any other, and this is the urgent threat of a
changing climate”
Is climate change real? Is
climate change man-made
or is it just a natural
occurrence?
➢
➢
➢
➢
 The greenhouse effect is the natural warming process of the
Earth that results when gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the
earth that would otherwise escape into space.
➢ 30 percent of the solar energy that reaches our world is reflected
back to space
➢ approximately 70 percent passes through the atmosphere to the
earth’s surface, where it is absorbed by the land, oceans, and
atmosphere, and heats the planet. This heat is then radiated back
up in the form of invisible infrared radiation. While some of this
infrared radiation continues on into space, the vast majority—
indeed, some 90 percent—gets absorbed by atmospheric gases,
known as greenhouse gases, and redirected back toward the earth,
causing further warming.
 GREENHOUSE GASES
✓ Carbon dioxide – volcanic eruption, burning of
fossil fuels, deforestation
✓ Methane – released from landfills and rice farm,
manure of livestock animals, natural gas (70%-
90%)
✓ nitrous oxide – released during commercial and
organic production and use, burning fossil fuels
✓ Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)-industrial origin)
✓ water vapor
 methane is methane is produced methane is
by anaerobic produced from
recovered from organism in the deep
coal mining the manures of
levels of landfills
ruminants
 GLOBAL WARMING
➢ Burning fossil fuels is one of the man-made
causes of global warming resulting to pollution.
When fossil fuel is burned it gives off carbon
dioxide. CARBON EMISSION
➢ Global warming can bring sea level to rise due to
the melting of ice caps and glaciers.
Consequently, people may experience severe
weather disturbances like strong typhoons,
heavier rainfalls, and climate change.
➢ Normally, sunlight enters the earth’s
atmosphere, absorbed and then reradiated by
back into space. However, because of the
greenhouse effect where the earth’s
atmosphere is accumulating additional
greenhouse gases and trapping the earth’s
infrared radiation from leaving into space raises
the earth’s temperature and causes climate
change.
➢ A long-term change in the average weather
patterns
1. What are the impacts of climate change?
2. Share your experiences on the effects of
climate change, especially during typhoon or
flood.