B.
According to extension
1. Singular – idea that represents a concept or a collective of conceptual
elements applicable only to one individual, e.g., The manager, The Prophet, The
Pope.
2. Universal – idea that represents a concept applicable individually, universally
or distributive to the individuals of a kind or class, e.g., lady, girl, boy.
3. Transcendental – idea that represents a nature analogously that is applicable
distributive to the individuals of different kinds or classes. A transcendental
surpasses the species and genera of things. It is wider than a universal. It has no
uniform pattern and has various kinds of realizations in things. Being, essence,
motion, action are transcendental concepts.
4. Particular – ideas that represent only a part of the extension of a universal (or
transcendental) concept, whether in an indefinite, or in a definite manner.
5. Collective – idea that represents a group of individuals as a set, not as
individuals.
C. According to quality
1. Positive – it is an idea that represents a thing in accordance to what it is or
what it has, e.g., life, plants, being, man, rational.
2. Negative – it is an idea that represents a thing in accordance to what it is not,
or to its privation, e.g., irregular, irreverent, irreparable, poor, non-being.
C. According to the manner of meaning –
1. Univocal or homologous – idea that represents a nature or a formal reason
that may be found in individuals in exactly the same sense and meaning in at least
two occurrences.
2. Equivocal – idea that is used with several meanings in at least two
occurrences.
3. Analogous – idea that represents a nature, or a formal reason found in several
individuals in a sense that it is the same only in a proportional manner. There are
similarities as well as differences in the meaning.
D. According to Perfection
1. Precise – idea that represents the conceptual elements of an object in an
exact manner, e.g., spectacles are a pair of optical lens for correcting and aiding
defective vision.
2. Imprecise – idea that represents an object in accord to common or general
elements, e.g., eyeglasses are a pair of glasses worn in front of the eyes.
3. Clear – idea that represents the conceptual reason of an object in a distinct
manner. Clear ideas may be imprecise, e.g., A circle is a closed curved line.
4. Obscure – idea that represents the conceptual reason of an object in an
indistinct manner.
5. Adequate – idea that represents the nature of an object through conceptual
reasons that perfectly correspond to it, e.g., Animals are sentient living organisms.
6. Inadequate – idea that represents the nature of an object through conceptual
reasons that do not correspond to it perfectly.
E. According to origin, or formation
1. Immediate or intuitive – the idea is deduced or abstracted from the direct
exploration or observation of things.
2. Mediate or abstracted – the idea is deduced or abstracted, not from the direct
exploration of things, but from other concepts.
3. Explicit – the idea that represents the conceptual element of a thing.
4. Implicit – the idea or conceptual reasons are constituted and perceived in
another formal element. It may be implicit as a metaphysical, presupposition, or
degree, as essential component or essential element, essential constituent, a
necessary attribute.
5. Objective or real – ideas that are deduced directly from things of the
existential world which is a world of reality.
6. Ideal or mental – idea that exists only in the mind as objects understood bu it.
7. Subjective or arbitrary – idea which is a fabrication or fiction of the mind.
F. According to their relation
1. Unconnected – ideas are so related that the privation or presence of one in a
subject neither implies nor excludes the presence of the other in the same subject.
There is simply no connection whatsoever.
2. Connected – ideas that are so related that the privation or presence of one of
them in a subject implies or excludes the presence of the other in the same subject,
and vice versa.
a. Including ideas
1. convertible – this is also symmetric, commutative, reciprocal,
interchangeable, or identical ideas. It constitutes the same comprehension and
extension such as in a concept and its definition, a species, and a specific property.
2. non-convertible – this non-reciprocal data is so related that the one includes
the other in its comprehension but is not included in it such as in genius and
species.
b. Excluding ideas – these are relative, incompatible, or disparate
1. Relative ideas or correlatives – are mutually exclusive and so related that
neither of them could be understood without reference to the other. It implies a
reference or comparison, to a standard.
2. Strictly opposed ideas or incompatible concepts
a. Contradictory – one of which represents an affirmative conceptual reason,
and the other its negation. Between them no intermediate or alternative is possible.
b. Contrary – ideas that represents conceptual reason which are opposed to
each other as extremes in a certain class.
c. Privative – the word is deduced from the Latin word privo, meaning
, “I deprive.” Privative ideas, one of which represents a quality or perfection, and
the other its privation. It is not mere absence. It represents a defect
