Self Induction:-

Self induction is defined as a process by virtue of which a coil opposes the change in current flowing through it,
i.e.,

Every coil opposes the change in current flowing through it due to its property called self induction. i.e.,

i.e., Magnetic flux passing through a coil is directly proportional to the current flowing in it,

i
  Li

Where, L is a constant of proportionality and is called self inductance or coefficient of self induction of the coil.

It is fixed for a given coil under constant physical conditions.

For a coil,

L
i

Self inductance of a coil is defined as ratio of magnetic flux passing through the coil to current flowing in it.

It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is henry (H).

wb
1H 
A
i.e., If   wb & i  1A, then L  1H
Self inductance of a coil is called one henry, if magnetic flux of one Weber passes through it on having a current
of one ampere in it.
According to Faraday’s second law, induced emf across the coil at an instant is,

1
 d
e
dt
d
e   (Li)
dt
di
e  L
dt

For a given time interval t in which current in coil changes from i1 to i2 , average value of induced emf across the
coil is,

 i i 
eav  L  2 1 
 t 

di
If  1As 1 , then, e  L, i.e.,
dt

Self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to emf induced across it when current flowing in it changes at unit
rate.

Self inductance of a long solenoid:-

Consider a long solenoid of length l , cross section a having number of turns N, let L be its self inductance, then
magnetic flux passing through the solenoid when current in it is I,

  LI    (i)

If B be the magnetic field set up within the solenoid, then, according to Ampere’s law,

N
B  0   I    (ii ) directed along the axis of the solenoid
 l 
2
Now, magnetic flux passing through the solenoid,

  N ( Ba)
 N 
  N  0 Ia 
 l 
 N Ia2
 0    (iii )
l

From equations (i) and (iii), self inductance of the solenoid,

0 N 2 a
L    (iv)
t
If we fill a medium of relative permeability r in the core of solenoid, then its self inductance becomes,

 N 2a 0  r N 2 a
L/    r L
l l
Self inductance of a solenoid depends;
(i) Nature of medium in its core.
(ii) Number of turns in it.
(iii) Cross sectional area of the coil or solenoid.
(iv) Length of the solenoid.

Various units of inductance:-

(i) henry (H)
wb
(ii)
A
J
(iii)
A2

3
 Vs
(iv)
A
(v) s

Energy stored in an inductor:-

When we change current in a coil or an inductor, magnetic flux passing through it changes and an emf gets
induced across it, which always opposes the change in current in it.
i.e.,

Current in an inductor doesn’t change on its own, i.e, some external work is always done to change the current
in an inductor against induced emf, which then gets stored in that inductor in the form of change in its electrical
energy.

Consider an inductor of inductance L having no current in it initially. i.e., at t = 0, I = 0. When a source of p.d is
applied across two ends of the inductor, current starts flowing in it, let I be the current in inductor at a instant t,
Then, induced emf across the inductor at this instant is,
d
e  L
dt
And, work done against induced emf on the inductor at this instant,

 dI 
dW  V I dt  L I dI V  L 
 dt 

And, total work done against induced emf in changing current in the inductor from 0 to I is,

W   dW

4
 I
W   L IdI
0
I
I
I2 
W  L  I dI  L  
0  2 0
1
W  LI2
2
Energy stored in the inductor of inductance L, when current flowing in it is I,

1 2
U W  Li
2

Mutual Inductance:-
Mutual induction is defined as property of two coils by virtue of which one coil opposes the change in current
flowing through the other coil, i.e.,

One coil opposes the change in current flowing through its neighbouring coil due to their property called mutual
induction. i.e.,

Magnetic flux passing through second coil is directly proportional to the current flowing in first coil,

5
 2  i1
2  Mi1
Where, M is a constant of proportionality and is called mutual inductance or coefficient of mutual induction of the
two coils.
It is fixed for a given pair of coils under constant physical conditions.

For a given pair of coils,

2
M
i1
Mutual inductance is defined as ratio of magnetic flux passing through second coil to the current flowing in first
coil.

It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is henry (H).

wb
1H 
A
i.e., if 2  wb & i1  1A , then M = 1H

Mutual inductance of two coils is called one henry, if magnetic flux of one weber passes through second coil on
having a current of one ampere in first coil.

According to Faraday’s second law, induced emf across the second coil at an instant is,
d 2
e2  
dt
d
e2    Mi1 
dt
di
e2   M 1
dt

For a given time interval t in which current in first coil changes from i1i to i1 f , average value of induced emf

across the second coil for this duration of time t is,

6
  i i 
e2 av   M  1 f 1i 
 t 
di
if 1  1As 1 , then e2   M , i.e.,
dt

Mutual inductance of two coils is numerically equal to emf induced across the second coil when current flowing
in first coil changes at unit rate.

Mutual inductance of two long solenoids:-

Consider two long coaxial solenoids P and Q, each of length l , having number of turns N1 & N2 respectively.
The solenoid Q is wound over the solenoid P so that they both have same axis. Let ‘a’ be cross sectional area of
inner solenoid (P) and if M be mutual inductance of the two solenoids, then, magnetic flux passing through the
solenoid Q when current in the inner solenoid P is i1

2  Mi1    (1)

If B1 be the magnetic field set up with in the inner solenoid, then according to Ampere’s Law,
N1
B1  0 i1    (2) Directed along the axis of the solenoid
l

Now, magnetic flux passing through the outer solenoid,

7
 2  N 2 ( B1a)
 N1 
2  N 2  0i1a 
 l 
 N N ia
2  0 1 2 1    (3)
l
Now from equations (1) and (3), mutual inductance of the two solenoids,
0 N1 N 2 a
M    (4)
l
If two solenoids are not of same lengths, then, their mutual inductance will not be same for both the solenoids.

In this case, length of that coil will be there in above expression through which current is being passed.

Questions For Practice: -

34. What is the self-inductance of a coil, in which magnetic flux of 40 milliweber is produced when 2A current
flows through it?

Ans. 2 x 10–2 Wb.

35. A 200 turn coil of self –inductance 20mH carries a current of 4mA. Find the magnetic flux linked with each
turn of the coil.

Ans. 4 x 10–7Wb.

8
36. If a rate of change of current of 2As–1 induces an emf of 10mV in a solenoid, what is the self-inductance of
the solenoid ?

Ans. 5mH.

37. An air-cored solenoid with length 30 cm, area of cross-section 25cm2 and number of turns 500, carries a
current of 2.5A. The current is suddenly switched off in a brief time of 10–3 s. How much is the average back emf
induced across the ends of the open switch in the circuit ?

Ans. 6.542V

38. When a current of 3A flows through a primary coil, a magnetic flux of 30 milliweber is linked with the
secondary coil. What is the mutual inductance between the pair of coils ?

Ans. 10mH

39. An emf of 0.5V is developed in the secondary coil, when current in primary coil changes from 5.0A to 2.0 A
in 300 millisecond. Calculate the mutual inductance of the two coils ?

Ans. 0.05H

40. Over a solenoid of 50 cm length and 2 cm radius and having 500 turns, is wound another wire of 50 turns
near the centre. Calculate the (i) mutual inductance of the two coils (ii) induced emf in the second coil when the
current in the primary changes from 0 to 5A in 0.02 s.

Ans. 78.96 H , -19.74mV

41. A solenoid of length 50 cm with 20 turns per cm and area of cross-section 40 cm2 completely surrounds
another co-axial solenoid of the same length, area of cross-section 25 cm2 with 25 turns per cm. Calculate the
mutual-inductance of the system.

Ans. 7.85mH

42. (a) A torodial solenoid with an air-core has an average radius of 15 cm, area of cross-section 12 cm2 and
1200 turns. Obtain the self-inductance of the torrid. Ignore field variation across the cross-section of the toroid.

9
(b) A second coil of 300 turns is wound closely on the toroid above. If the current in the primary coil is increased
from zero to 2.0 A in 0.05s, obtain the induced emf in the second coil.

Ans. 2.3mH., 0.023V

43. Magnetic flux of 5 microweber is linked with a coil, when a current of 1mA flows through it. What is the self-
inductance of the coil ?

Ans. 5mH

44. The self inductance of an inductor coil having 100 turns is 20mH. Calculate the magnetic flux through the
cross-section of the coil corresponding to t a current of 4mA. Also find the total flux.

Ans. 8 x 10–7Wb, 8 x 10–5 Wb

45. Will an induced emf develop in a conductor, when moved in a direction parallel to the magnetic field ?

46. Does the change in magnetic flux induce emf or current ?

47. Induced emf is also called back emf. Why ?

48. A wire kept along east-west direction is allowed to fall freely. Will an emf be induced across the ends of the
wire?

49. A vertical metallic pole falls down through the plane of the magnetic meridian. Will any emf be produced
between its ends ? Give reason for your answer.

50. The electric current flowing in a wire in the direction B to A is decreasing . What is the direction of induced
current in the metallic loops kept above the wire as shown in fig.

51. Give the direction in which the induced current flows in the wire loop, when the magnet moves towards it as
shown in fig.

10
52. A copper ring is suspended by a thread in a vertical plane. One end of a bar magnet is brought horizontally
towards the ring. How will the position of the ring be affected?

53. As shown in fig, a conducting rod AB moves parallel to X-axis in a uniform magnetic field, pointing in the
positive Z-direction. The end A of the rod gets positively charged. Is this statement true? Give reason.

53. Fig. shows a horizontal solenoid connected to a battery and a switch. A copper ring is placed on a
frictionless track, the axis of the ring being along the axis of the solenoid. What happens to the ring as the switch
is closed ?

54. If the resistance of the circuit shown in fig (a) be decreased, what will be the direction of current induced in
the circuit shown in fig.

11
55. What is the magnitude of the induced current in the circular loop KLMN, of radius ‘r’ if the straight wire PQ
carries a steady current of magnitude ‘I’ ampere?

56. Fig shows two positions of a loop PQR in a perpendicular uniform magnetic field. In which position of the coil
is there an induced emf ?

57. In the given fig., A and B are identical magnets. Magnet A is moved away from the coil with a given speed.
Magnet B is moved towards the coil with the same speed. What is the induced emf in the coil ?

58. A magnet is moved in the direction indicated by an arrow between two coils AB and CD as shown in the fig.
Suggest the direction of current in each coil.
12
59. The current I in a wire passing normally through the centre of a conducting loop is increasing at a constant
rate. Will any current be induced in the loop?

60. The planes of two circular conductors are perpendicular to each other, as shown in fig. If the current in
conductor B is changed, will any current be induced in conductor A ?

61. Twelve wire3s of equal lengths are connected in the form of a skeleton-cube which is moving with a velocity
 
v in the direction of a magnetic field B . Find the emf in each arm of the cube.

62. Why do birds fly off a high tension wire when the current in switched on ?

63. A piece of metal and a piece of non-metallic stone are dropped from the same height near the surface of the
earth. Which will reach the ground earlier ?

64. How does the self-inductance of a coil change when an iron rod is introduced in it ?

13
65. A solenoid with an iron core and a bulb are connected to a d.c. source. How does the brightness of the bulb
change when the iron core is removed from the solenoid ?

66. If the self-inductance of an air core inductor increases from 0.01 mH to 10mH on introducing an iron core
into it, what is the relative permeability of the core used ?

67. Three identical closed coils A, B and C are placed with their planes parallel to one another. Coils A and C
carry currents, as shown in fig. Coils B and C are fixed in position and coil A is moved towards B with uniform
motion. Is there any current induced in B ? If yes, mark its direction.

68. In fig. , a coil ‘B’ is connected to low voltage bulb L and placed parallel to another coil ‘A’ as shown. Explain
the following observations :

(a) Bulb lights, and

(b) Bulb gets dimmer if the coil ‘B’ is moved upwards

69. A coil A is connected to a voltmeter A and the other coil B to an alternating current source D.

14
If a large copper sheet C, is placed between the two coils, how does the induced emf in the coil A change due to
current in the coil B ?

70. A cylindrical bar magnet is kept along the axis of a circular coil and near it as shown in the diagram. Will
there by any induced emf at the terminals of the coil, when the magnet is rotated (a) about its own axis, and (b)
about an axis perpendicular to the length of the magnet ?

71. Predict the direction of induced current in resistance R in fig. (a) and (b). Give reason for your answer.

72. Fig. shows an inductor L and a resistor R connected in parallel to a battery through a switch. The resistance
of R is same as that of the coil that makes L. Two identical bulbs are put in each arm of the circuit.

15
(i) which of the bulbs lights up bright when S is closed ?

(ii) will the two bulbs be equally bright after some time ?

73. State Lenz’s law. Two identical loops, one of copper and another of aluminium are rotated with the same
speed in the same magnetic field. In which case (i) the induced emf (ii) the induced current, will be more and
why ?

74. Twelve wires of equal length are connected from a skeleton cube which moves with a velocity ‘ v ’

perpendicular to the magnetic field B . What will be the induced emf in each arm of the cube ?

75.How does the self inductance of an air core coil change, when (i) the number of turns in the coil is decreased,
(ii) an iron rod is introduced in the coil ?

A copper coil L wound on a soft iron core and a lamp B are connected to a battery E through a tapping key K.
When the key is closed, the lamp glows dimly. But when the key is suddenly opened, the lamp flashes for an
instant to much greater brightness. Explain.

76. A rectangular coil of N turns and area of cross-section A, is held in a time-varrying magnetic field given by B
= B0 sin t , with the plane of the coil normal to the magnetic field. Deduce and expression for the emf induced in
the coil.

77. A circular brass loop of radius a and resistance R is placed with its plane perpendicular to a magnetic field
which varies with time as B = B0 sin t . Obtain the expression for the induced current in the loop.

78. Name the SI unit of magnetic flux and show that it equals volt-sec. Give three possible ways of producing an
induced emf in a coil giving an example in each case. A copper loop and an aluminium loop, identical in shape
and six, are removed from identical magnetic fields, from identical initial positions, in equal time intervals.
Compare the induced emfs and currents produced in the two loops.

16
 
79. (a) A rectangular conductor, LMNO, is placed in a uniform magnetic field B , directed perpendicular to the
plane of the conductor (as shown in the fig). Obtain an expression, for the emf induced in the arm MBN, when
the arm is moved towards the left with a speed v .

80. A rectangular coil P is moved from a point A to another point B with uniform velocity ‘ v ’ through a region of a
uniform magnetic field acting normally inwards as shown in the figure. Show graphically (i) the variation of
magnetic flux associated with the coil with time, (ii) variation of induced emf across points X and Y of the coil
with time.

Explain the nature of variation in magnetic flux as represented by the graph in first case.

81. An induced emf has no direction of its own. Comment.

82. How does the mutual inductance of a pair of coils change when :

(i) the distance between the coils is increased ?

(ii) the number of turns in each coil is decreased ?

(iii) a thin iron sheet is placed between the two coils, other factors remaining the same ?

Justify your answer in each case.

17
83. In which of the cases shown in fig. will the mutual inductance of two coils be (i) maximum and (ii) minimum if
the number of turns remains the same in each case ?

84. Give the direction in which the induced current flows in the coil mounted on an insulating stand when a bar
magnet is quickly moved along the axis of the coil from one side to the other as shown in fig.

85. In fig. given below, a bar magnet moving towards the right or left induces an emf in the coils
(1) and (2). Find, giving reason, the directions of the induced currents through the resistors AB and CD when
the magnet is moving (a) towards the right and (b) towards the left.

86. Fig. shows a bar magnet M falling under gravity through an air cored coil C. Plot a graph showing variation of
induced emf (  ) with tiem (t). What does the area enclosed by the   t curve depict ?

18
87. Fig. shows two identical rectangular loops (1) and (2) placed on a table along with a straight long current
carrying conductor between them.

(i) What will be the directions of the induced currents in the loops when they are pulled away from the conductor
with same velocity v ?

(ii) Will the emfs induced in the two loops be equal ?

Justify your answer.

88. Name and define the unit used for measuring the coefficient of mutual inductance. State the relation of this
unit with the units of magnetic flux and electric current.

19
 A.C. generator or A.C. dynamo:-

It is a device used to convert mechanical energy into alternating electrical energy.

Principle:

It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction that states when a closed coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic
field about an axis in the plane of magnetic field  to field direction, magnetic flux linked with the coil changes, and
this induces an emf across the coil and a current also flows in the coil.

The graph between ‘e’ and time ‘t’ is a sine curve. Such an emf is called sinusoidal emf and corresponding
current is called alternating current. Magnitude changes and direction reverses periodically with time. i.e., an emf
is induced in a coil when the coil is rotated in an external magnetic field. This forms the principle of dynamo or a
generator.

CONSTRUCTION:

20
 1. Field Magnet – It is a permanent magnet of horseshoe type in case of small dynamos, however
in case of large dynamo it is a powerful electromagnet. It produces a strong magnetic field
between the pole pieces.
2. Armature – It is a coil with large number of insulated copper turns; would over a core of soft iron
cylinder. The core is laminated to avoid eddy current losses/ The soft iron core concentrates the
magnetic lines of forces. The armature is free to rotate in a magnetic field such that its axis is
always  to magnetic field.
3. Slip Rings – the two ends of the armature coil are connected to two coaxial brass rings S1 and S2
called slip rings. They are rigidly fixed to the same shaft that is used to rotate the coil. The rings
are insulated from each other as well as from the shaft. As the armature coil rotates the slip rings
also rotate about the same axis of rotation.
4. Brushes – Two graphite or flexible metallic rods called brushes are gently pressed against the
two slip rings. These brushes B1 and B2 maintain a sliding contact with rotating slip rings S1 and
S2 respectively. It is through these brushes that the current induced in the armature coil is fed to
the external circuit.
WORKING

As the armature coil rotates, magnetic flux linked with it changes and an emf gets induced across the coil due to
which induced current flows through it. Let initially, coil ABCD be in horizontal position and is rotated in
clockwise direction. Side AB moves upwards and CD moves downwards. According to Fleming’s right hand rule,
induced current flows from A to B to C to D i.e. from B2 to B1 in external circuit.

In the next half rotation of the coil, DC moves upwards and BA moves downwards. Current now flows from D to
C to B to A and in external circuit it flows from B1 to B2. Thus direction of current is getting reserved in external
circuit after every half cycle. Thus, so produced current by the generator is alternating in nature.

Consider an ac dynamo having coil of N turns, each of cross-sectional area ‘A’ rotating between two poles of a
magnet, i.e., in a uniform magnetic field of intensity B with a constant angular velocity ‘  ’.

 
Let the coil is initially be  to the magnetic field i.e., at t = O, blw B and A  00

Then, magnetic flux passing through the coil at any instant ‘t’

21
  

  N B. A 
   NBA cos 

 
Where,   t   b/w B and A at instant 't'.

Now, according to Faraday’s second law, induced emf across the coil of dynamo at instant ‘t’ is,

d
e
dt
d
 e    NBA cos t 
dt
d
 e   NBA  cos t 
dt

 e  NBA sin t

 e  e0 sin t

This induced emf changes continuously with time and reverses periodically, i.e., it is an alternating emf and
therefore, dynamo is called AC dynamo.

TRANSFORMER

Transformer is an electrical device that converts an a.c signal of high current at low voltage into low current at
high voltage and vice versa. If a transformer increases the voltage and reduces current, then, it is called a step
up transformer and if it decreases voltage and increases current, it is called a step down transfer.

PRINCIPLE:

It works on the principle of mutual induction i.e. when a changing current is passed in one coil, an induced emf is
induced across the neighbouring coil.

CONSTRUCTION

22
A transformer consists of two coils called primary (P) and secondary (S) coils; these coils are made up of
insulted copper wire on a laminated soft iron core to minimise energy loss due to eddy currents. Ac signal which
is to be transformed is applied across primary coil of transformer and transformed output is obtained across
secondary coil of the transformer. As we pass current in primary coil, magnetic field is setup within the primary
coil which gets equally transmitted within the soft iron core due to high permeability of soft iron.

WORKING

When an a.c. source is connected across primary coil, changing current starts flowing through the primary coil,
magnetic flux associated with primary changes and since secondary coil is also would over the same soft iron
core, flux linked with secondary coil also changes. As magnetic flux with each turn of primary equals to that
linked with each turn of secondary coil, hence, an alternating emf of exactly same frequency is induced across
the secondary coil.

Let NP and NS be number of turns in primary and secondary coils of transformer respectively and magnetic flux
linked with each turn of primary and secondary be ‘  ’ at an instant, then, magnetic flux passing through two

coils at that instant are; P  N P and S  NS

And, induced emf across two coils at this instant are;

d
ep   N p    (i )
dt

d
es   N S    (ii )
dt
23
Dividing (i) & (ii)

es N s
   k    (iii )
ep N p

k = constant for a given transformer and is called transformation ratio.

If η be efficiency of the tranformer, then, we have;

output power PS
 
input power Pp

 Ps   Pp

 es is   e p i p

es i
   p    (iv)
ep is

Now from equations (iii) and (iv), for a given transformer we have;

es N s i
  p  k
ep N p is

For an ideal transformer   1 , i.e., there is no power loss.

Input power = output power

STEP UP TRANSFORMER

In a step up transformer

24
 i) k>1
ii) NS > NP
iii) es > ep
iv) ip > is
Since current is more in primary, thick copper wire is used to form secondary coil.

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

In a step down transformer

i) k<1
ii) Ns < Np
iii) es < ep
iv) ip < is
Since current is more in secondary, thicker copper wire is used to form primary coil.

ENERGY LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER

Practically rate of energy obtained in the secondary coil is slightly less than rate at which energy is given to
primary coil of transformer. This is because of energy loss in transformer due to following reasons;.

i) Copper Loss : Some energy is lost in the form of heat due to heating up of the copper wires in
primary and secondary windings. This power loss (i2R) can be minimized using thick copper wires of
low resistance.

ii) Eddy Current Losses : Changing magnetic flux induces eddy current in the iron core of
transformer, that leads to loss of energy in the form of heat. This loss can be reduced by using a
laminated soft iron core.

25
 iii) Hysteresis Loss : A.C. carries the iron core through cycles of magnetization and demagnetization.
Thus, work is done in the process against its property called hysteresis, which gets lost as heat. This
loss can be minimized by using that material having a narrow hysteresis loop as core in transformers.

iv) Flux Leakage or Magnetic Loss : Magnetic flux linked with primary may not pass through the
secondary in totality. i.e., some field lines passing through primary (flux) may leak into air.

v) Humming Loss : As a transformer works, its core lengthens and shortens during each cycle of a.c.
voltage. This gives rise to humming sound, which also results in loss of energy.

USES:–

i) Transformers are extensively used in electrical devices like electric bells, radio, TV, telephone etc.
ii) It’s most important used is in the transmission of electrical energy from generating stations to
consumers.
iii) They also used in electrical welding.

LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL POWER :-

The most important application of transformers is transmission of electrical power from a power station to far
away areas where it is actually used with a low line power loss. Because long distance power transmission at
low voltage and high current is neither efficient nor economical.

At low voltage and high current, we face following disadvantages;

i) Long transmitting cable has appreciable resistance (R), thus a large amount of heat i2RT is produced
during transmission.
ii) A large potential drop (i R) occurs along the line wire. Thus the voltage at the receiving end would be
much smaller than that at the generating station.
iii) To carry large currents and keep the resistance of transmitting cables low, thick wires have to be
used. This increases the cost of installation.

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Because of the above disadvantages, we prefer long distance transmission of electric power at high voltage and
low current using a suitable step up transformer at power station. e.g. Let’s assume a typical power station
generates electric power at 6600V and this voltage is stepped up to 1,32,000V for transmission. Transmission
lines from different power stations are made to meet a common regional pool called grid, this power is
transmitted to cities at 33,000V and stepped down to 6600V at substations. Finally, it is stepped down to 220V at
consumers end.

Questions on Transformer and AC dynamo:

89. The primary coil of an ideal step-up transformer has 100 turns and the transformation ratio is also 100. The
input voltage and the power are 220 V and 1100 W respectively. Calculate :

(i) number of turns in the secondary

(ii) the current in the primary

(iii) voltage across the secondary

(iv) the current in the secondary

(v) power in the secondary.

Ans. 10,000, 5A, 22,000V, 0.05A, 1100W

90. In an ideal transformer, number of turns in the primary and secondary are 200 and 1000 respectively. If the
power input to the primary is 10kW at 200 V, calculate (i) output voltage and (ii) current in primary.

Ans. 1000V, 50A

91. The output voltage of an ideal transformer, connected to a 240 V a.c. mains is 24V. When this transformer is
used to light a bulb with rating 24 V, 24W, calculate the current in the primary coil of the circuit.

Ans. 0.1A

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92. A transformer of 100% efficiency has 200 turns in the primary and 40,000 turns in the secondary. It is
connected to a 220 V a.c. mains and the secondary feeds to a 100k  resistance. Calculate the output potential
difference per turn and the power delivered to the load.

Ans. 44,000V, 1.1V, 19.36 kW

93. Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a transformer, which steps down 200V to 20V to operate a
device of resistance 20  . Assume the efficiency of the transformer to be 80%.

Ans. 0.125A

94. (i) The primary of a transformer has 400 turns while the secondary has 2000 turns. If the power output from
the secondary at 1100V is 12.1 kW, calculate the primary voltage. (ii) if the resistance of the primary is 0.2 
and that of the secondary is 2.0  and the efficiency of the transformer is 90%, calculate the heat losses in the
primary and the secondary coils.

Ans. 220V,746.61W, 242W.

95. A transformer has 300 primary turns and 2400 secondary turns. If the primary supply voltage is 230 V, what
is the secondary voltage ?

Ans. 1.84kV

96. A transformer has 200 primary turns and 150 secondary turns. If the operating voltage for the load
connected to the secondary is measured to be 300V, what is the voltage supplied to the primary ?

Ans. 400V

97. The primary of transformer has 200 turns and the secondary has 1000 turns. If the power output from the
secondary at 1000V is 9kW, calculate (i) the primary voltage and (ii) the heat loss in the primary coil if the
resistance of primary is 0.2  and the efficiency of the transformer is 90%.

Ans. 200V, 500W

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98. A town situated 20 km away from a power plant generating power at 440 V, requires 600 kW of electric
power at 220V. The resistance of the two wire line carrying power is 0.4  per km. The town gets power from
the line through a 3000 – 220 V step down transformer at a substation in the town.

(i) Find the line power losses in the form of heat.

(ii) How much power must the plant supply, assuming there is negligible power loss due to leakage?

Ans. 640kW, 1240kW

99. Kamla peddles a stationary bicycle whose pedals are attached to a 100 turns coil of area 0.10 m2. The coil
rotates at half a revolution per second in a uniform magnetic field of 0.01 T perpendicular to the axis of rotation
of the coil. What is the maximum voltage generated in the coil?

Ans. 0.314 V

100. An a.c. generator consists of coil of 100 turns and cross-sec tional area of 3m2, rotating at a constant
angular speed of 60 radians/sec in a uniform magnetic field of 0.04T. The resistance of the coil is 500 ohm.
Calculate (i) maximum current drawn from the generator and (ii) maximum power dissipation in the coil.

Ans. 1.44A, 518.4W

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