By: elel and eya <3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 1

NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS DEGENERATIVE DISEASE MOTOR NEURON DISORDERS

https://simplenursing.com/neurological-disorders-nclex-pract https://quizlet.com/626562420/nursing-management-of-the-client-with-degenerative
-neurological-disorders-flash-cards/
ice-questions-review/
Huntington:
https://quizlet.com/582533825/alshuntingtons-nclex-questions-flash-cards/
 By: elel and eya <3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 2

AUTOIMMUNE NEUROLOGIC DISORDER

DISORDER DEFINITION CLINICAL MANIFESTATION ASSESSMENT/DIAGNOSTIC MANAGEMENT Nursing management

GUILLAIN-BARRE -​ Immune system attacks myelin -​ Ascending symmetrical Assessment: [No cure but aid in recovery] ●​ Airway priority! (ABC’s)
SYNDROME sheath = no electrical impulse muscle weakness ●​ Paresthesias of feet to administered within 2 weeks: ●​ Eye management
-​ Georges Guillain = no action potential -​ Lower extremity weakness hand = tetraplegia ➔​ Plasmapheresis ○​ Ointment, drops
-​ Jean Barre - rapid onset; w/ in weeks -​ Absent deep tendon ●​ Hyporeflexia and ◆​ Filters blood to remove ○​ Keep moist
reflexes weakness = Quadriplegia antibodies attacking ●​ Dysphagia
-​ Demyelinating disease TYPES: ●​ Neuromuscular respiratory myelin sheath. ○​ Assess swallowing
of the peripheral 1.​ Acute inflammatory demyelinating Respiratory Failure Early failure ➔​ Immunoglobulin Therapy abilities after ensuring
nervous system polyradiculoneuropathy signs: ​ ●​ Cranial nerve deficit ◆​ Stops antibodies that safety
(neurons, cranial -​ Paresthesia starts from feet then -​ Inability to cough (II-VII-IX-X) are damaging nerves ○​ Risk for aspiration
nerves, spinal cord) ascends (symmetrical) -​ Inability to lift head and ●​ Ptosis, diplopia, facial ➔​ Continuous ECG ○​ Nx: NGT for feeding
2.​ Miller fisher syndrome
-​ Affects anyone eyebrows ​ weakness, dysarthria ■​ [note residuals]
-​ triad of symptoms: paralysis all
(gender, race, age) -​ Shallow respiration ●​ Sensory dysfunction Medication: ○​ Risk for pneumonia
-​ ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of
eye muscles) -​ Dyspnea and hypoxia ●​ Does not affect -​ Anticholinergic ○​ Impaired communication
-​ Also known as -​ ataxia (lack of coordination), ​ cognition and LOC (Atropine) ●​ Monitor bowel sounds
polyradiculoneuritis -​ areflexia (absence of reflexes), Peripheral Nervous System -​ Anticoagulant Impaired sphincter
3.​ Acute motor axonal neuropathy -​ Somatic: controls If severe, autonomic nervous -​ Compression socks ○​ Nx: catheter
-​ Causes: EBV, Herpes ●​ rapid motor nerve degeneration, voluntary functions system can be affected aeb: ●​ Immobility complications:
Virus, HIV/AIDS, leading to severe muscle -​ Autonomic: controls -​ Monitor vitals (note if hypo Collaboration: ○​ Blood clots (DVT,

⬇️
Campylobacter jejuni weakness involuntary functions or hyper ) -​ Physical therapist for Pulmonary emboli)
-​ Constipation due to rehabilitation in muscle ○​ Pressure ulcers
gastric motility recovery ○​ Nx: ROM, Turning

Diagnostics: Spinal tap (lumbar puncture) | CSF analysis elevated protein content upto 700 mg/dl | Evoke potential study (Nerve conduction studies) | Electromyography

SPINAL TAP: Before: Empty Bladder | During: Position- Lateral recumbent with knees up to abdomen and chin to chest | After: Supine and encourage hydration to replace CSF loss

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS ●​ Immune system attacks myelin -​ MS- Muscle spasm & Balance exercise with rest Medication: depends on s/s 1.​ Promotion of ADL’s

-​ Autoimmune condition
sheaths
○​ Leads to inflammation and
Stiffness
s/s depends on location:
AVOID THE 4 Ss= Trigger
Flare-Ups ○​ ⬇️
●​ Beta interferon
relapses and
2.​ Keep room cool
3.​ Rx: Prednisone
-​ Demyelinating disease
of central nervous
system (brain & spinal
○​ ⬇️
scarring
nerve signal transmission
●​ a relapsing-remitting pattern
●​ Cerebellar
○​ Tremors, dysarthria,
ataxia, cognitive
❖​ S - Stress (exercise,
surgery, pregnancy)
inflammation
○​ S/E: Risk for infection
❖​ S - Sun & extreme heat ●​ Corticosteroids
a.​ Assess visual acuity
(cataract)
4.​ Rx: Azathioprine
cord) ●​ Sensory and motor problems issue ❖​ S- Smoking ○​ For relapse of s/s a.​ Monitor WBC
●​ Relapsing-remitting multiple ●​ Optic ❖​ S- Sickness or sepsis ○​ Methylprednisolone, b.​ Normal S/E: Gingival
 By: elel and eya <3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 3
-​ Cause: Female (20-40 sclerosis (RRMS): ○​ Blurry vision, (infection) prednisone hyperplasia (Gums)
yrs old), infection, vit D ○​ s/s come and go blindness in one eye, ●​ Anticholinergic c.​No live vaccines
deficiency ●​ Sensory problems diplopia, nystagmus, Diagnostics: ○​ For overactive bladder d.​Avoid crowds
○​ Lhermitte’s sign: electric dark spots, pain ●​ MRI [3-4mm sclerotic brain [prevents contractions] e.​No pregnancy
- Descending paralysis shock sensation when when moving eye plaques] ○​ oxybutynin f.​Report signs of
moving head or neck ●​ Elimination: ●​ CT scan ●​ Cholinergic: helps empty infection and bleeding
Early s/s of MS: ○​ Romberg’s sign: unaware of ○​ Overactive bladder ●​ Lumbar spinal puncture: bladder by contracting 5.​ Passive exercise only
-​ vision issues, tingling body position when eyes are ■​ nocturia ○​ assess for oligoclonal ●​ CNS stimulant for fatigue 6.​ Encourage assistive device
numbness, weakness, closed [swaying when ○​ Retaining urine bands (if +) means ○​ Amantidine 7.​ Hydration and high fiber
dizziness, balance standing with eyes closed] ■​ risk for UTI and inflammation in CNS ○​ Modafinil a.​ 1-2L of water
issues, bladder renal stones ●​ Evoked potential studies: ●​ Baclofen for spasm b.​ Stool softeners
problems, cognitive Uhtoff’s sign: symptoms get worse ○​ Bowel: sens e-signals to CNS and (muscle relaxants)
issue…issues due to heat or physical exercise constipation/diarrhea evaluate response ○​ diazepam Collaboration:
speaking, weakness, or incontinence ○​ Normal: 60-70mv ●​ Beta-blocker for tremors 1.​ Physical therapist
spasms Affects emotion and cognition: ○​ Propranolol 2.​ Speech-Language
fatigue, depressed, mood swings, ○​ isoniazid Pathologist
can’t concentrate

Note: No cure, just for the symptoms. Irreversible | Demyelination: loss of myelin sheath | EXACERBATIONS: new s/s appear and old ones worsen | REMISSIONS: s/s decrease or disappear |
RELAPSES: assoc. w/ periods of emotional and physical stress | Depression | FOR TYPES: Refer to pings note

DISORDER DEFINITION CLINICAL MANIFESTATION ASSESSMENT/DIAGNOSTIC COMPLICATION Nursing management

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS In Neuromuscular junction Hallmark: muscle weakness ●​ Edrophonium (Tensilon test) Myasthenic Crisis: 1.​ If myasthenic crisis,
-​ Acetylcholine can’t bind to becomes worse with activity esp. ○​ s/s temporarily improve -​ Sudden onset of acute intubate. Monitor for
Mys = muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors With repetitive activity, but as it prevents respiratory distress and respiratory failure
Asthenia = weakness (NaChRs) = no muscle improves after resting: breakdown of ACh inability to swallow or 2.​ Maintain suction and
Weak in neck, face, & extremities speak
Gravis = grave contraction = weakness ○​ To differentiate MC and emergency equipment
Eyelid drooping (PTOSIS) -​ Result from: progression
Appearance: mask-like- no expression CC 3.​ Assess muscle status
of disease, emotional
Worse than MS Causes: Keeps choking/gag (dysphagia) ○​ If pt is with CC s/s will upset, wrong dosage in 4.​ Instruct the client to avoid
No energy, fatigue all day worsen, administer medications, trauma stress, infection, fatigue,
Autoimmune disorders 1.​ B cells makes antibodies that Extraocular muscle (strabismus) atropine Cholinergic Crisis and over-the counter
that affect voluntary
muscle. Results in ⬇️
impaired transmission of
attacks the receptors of ACh
a.​ Type II Hypersensitivity:
cytotoxic injury
Slurred speech
Short breath
●​ MRI
●​ Serum analysis for ACh
receptor
-​ Overmedication with
cholinergic or
anticholinesterase drugs
medications.
5.​ Encourage smaller meals,
easy to chew food
nerve impulses in 2.​ Thymus stores antibodies that Rx: NO CURE! ●​ Electromyography -​ (+) muscle weakness, 6.​ Thicken liquids for swallowing
myoneural junction = no attacks NaChRs due to tumor ●​ Anticholinesterase: respiratory depression, GI 7.​ Pt usually feels better on
contractions. 3.​ Acetylcholinesterase: an pyridostigmine [relieve symptoms, sweating, the morning then gradually
enzyme that breaks down ACh hypersalivation, and becomes fatigue
only]
bradycardia, pupil throughout (do hard tasks in
Affects: women: 20-30’s a.​ [Rx is focused on stopping ●​ Thymectomy/ corticosteroid
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Men: 60-70’s the breakdown of ACh] ●​ Plasmapheresis w/ IVG constriction the morning)​

DISORDER DEFINITION CLINICAL MANIFESTATION ASSESSMENT/DIAGNOSTIC Management Nursing management

TRIGEMINAL -​ chronic pain disorder that ●​ sudden, excruciating, ●​ Assess for pain and SURGERY Medication:
NEURALGIA involves sudden attacks of sharp, pain, similar to an triggering factors for ❖​ Microvascular ●​ Anticonvulsant agents,
severe facial pain. electric shock pain Decompression of the (carbamazepine)
Aka “tic douloureux” -​ affects the trigeminal nerve, ●​ pain is unilateral Trigeminal Nerve ○​ is taken with
(5th cranial nerve) ○​ involves the lower face ➢​ relieve the contact between meals
Common age: 50-60’s -​ which provides ○​ from the corner of the the cerebral vessel and the ○​ Monitor for
feeling and nerve mouth to the jaw trigeminal nerve root entry. toxicity
signaling to parts of ❖​ Radiofrequency
the head and face. ●​ TRIGGER:chewing, Thermal Coagulation
brushing the teeth, ➢​ produces a thermal lesion
on the trigeminal nerve
shaving, or even just
❖​ Percutaneous Balloon
smiling
Microcompression
●​ ONSET:pain occurs in
➢​ disrupts large myelinated
paroxysmal attacks that fibers in all three branches
generally last from a few of the trigeminal nerve.
seconds up to 2 minutes ➢​ The balloon compresses
the nerve root for 1 minute
to provide decompression

BELL’S PALSY -​ causes sudden weakness in “BELLS P” 1. Eye Care ●​ Corneal ulcers Corticosteroid therapy
the muscles on one side of ●​ Cover eye with a ●​ Blindness (prednisone) may be
the face ●​ Blink reflect abnormal protective shield at night. ●​ Impaired nutrition initiated to reduce
-​ MAIN CAUSE: inflammation ●​ Earache/Eye rolls up ●​ Apply eye ointment to inflammation
●​ Lower corner of mouth & keep eyelids closed during
affecting the body's immune
eyelid sleep.
system. ●​ Loss of taste & brow Analgesic Agents
●​ Close the paralyzed eyelid
-​ Cranial nerve VII, or the movements manually before going to To control facial pain
facial nerve, is the nerve ●​ Sudden Onset sleep.
involved in Bell palsy. ●​ Wear wraparound
sunglasses or goggles to
decrease normal
evaporation from the eye.
2. Diet & Nutrition
●​ chew on the unaffected
side of his mouth.
●​ Soft foods.
●​ Eliminate hot fluids and
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foods.
●​ Give frequent mouth
care, being particularly
careful to remove
residues of food that
collects between the
cheeks and gums.

PERIPHERAL -​ distal nerves of the hands ●​ Numbness or reduced ●​ sensory alterations that Medications: ●​ Skin biopsy
NEUROPATHIES and feet are damaged and ability to feel pain or are often progressive, ●​ Anti-seizure ●​ MRI scan
unable to transmit messages temperature changes. including sensory loss, medications ●​ Blood scan
- CAUSE: GBS, correctly ●​ Tingling or burning feeling. numbness, pain, or ○​ pregabalin, ●​ Physical examination
rheumatoid arthritis, -​ (peripheral nerves are ●​ Sharp pains or cramps. burning sensations in a gabapentin and ●​ electromyography
hepatitis B and C, tumors, DAMAGED) ●​ Muscle weakness. “stocking and glove” tegretol.
hypothyroidism ●​ Extreme sensitivity to touch distribution of the ○​ It block the
— for some people, even a extremities transmission of pain
bedsheet's weight can be signals.
painful. ●​ Antidepressants
●​ Serious foot problems, ○​ decrease pain in
such as ulcers, infections, peripheral neuropathy
and bone and joint
damage.
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Ping’s: for MS! RR: acute attacks with full recovery | PP: without plateaus or remission | SP: initial
RR - valuable rate + occasional relapse and minor lapses | PR: with or without recovery
By: elel and eya <3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 7
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

DISORDER DEFINITION CLINICAL MANIFESTATION ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT NURSING MGT

COGNITIVE| DEMENTIA: group of symptoms, not a specific disease | DELIRIUM: short term impairment | ALZHEMER: decline of function long term

ALZHEIMER'S ●​ Incurable, where plaque Apraxia Medication: (DR. G) Fall safety

DISEASES build up occurs in neuronal ●​ Unable to perform motor Cholinesterase inhibitor ●​ Remove “ throw rugs
synapses of the brain activities when asked -​ inhibits the enzymes that & clutter” from floor
-​ C9 Dementia ○​ Beta-amyloid ●​ Ex: cant use toothbrush or degrade ACh. ●​ Grab bars- installed in
-​ Progressive, plaques fork -​ Eg: Donepezil & Memantine showers & tubs
irreversible, Aphasia ●​ Night light “well lit
degenerative brain ●​ Stage 1: PRECLINICAL ●​ Cant understand speech Rivastigmine halls
disorder ○​ no impairment or create speech to -​ A transdermal patch that Location & locked
-​ Gradual onset but ○​ Changes in brain but no communicate delivers Down
Loss of ability to: cognition-enhancing
causes increasing symptoms Agnosia -​ Problem solve ●​ “Safe return bracelet”
decline of function ●​ Stage 2: MILD COGNITIVE ●​ Can't recognize objects, medication through the skin on wrist
-​ Communicate instead of the bloodstream.
-​ 5th leading cause ○​ Forgetfulness & short people, or interpret -​ Recall memories ●​ Lock doors:
of death among term memory loss senses -​ Perform ADL ○​ Stairwell Doors- Fall
adults 65 years ●​ Stage 3: MODERATE Amnesia Galantamine Risk
-​ Care of self -​ cholinesterase inhibitor
above ○​ Long term memory loss ●​ Memory loss ○​ Keyed Deadbolt
-​ Women are more ●​ Stage 4: SERVERE Anomia -​ comes in extended-release doors leading to
Sundowner’s Syndrome: form instead of
likely to develop ○​ Bedridden ●​ Inability to recall name of as the day gets closer to outside
objects immediate-release form. ●​ Lock Hazards: Toxic
evening the patient’s
●​ May make-up words to confusion increases with chemicals, gas, sharp
call the object DIAGNOSTICS: objects
intense periods of agitation ➔​ Genetic testing & CBC
and hallucinations ●​ Medications Locked
Watch for: wandering ◆​ Apolipoprotein E or out of reach- do
lose the ability to recognize (ApoE-4) not put in pill
Sundowner’s syndrome ➔​ Biomarkers test: CSF
places and people along with triggers: dispenser
keeping time. ➔​ Cognitive assessment Living Areas
-​ Exhaustion ➔​ CT, MRI, PET scans
-​ Wear a medical -​ Sickness ❖​ Allow for free
identification bracelet or All are looking for beta-amyloid movement
-​ Low lighting
GPS (through watch) -​ Medications ❖​ Place frequently used
-​ Display signs that provide ____________________________ items within easy
-​ caffeine EXTRA NURSING MGT:
cues to the patient: label reach
●​ Avoid open-ended
the rooms of the house on Hallucinations of the sense: questions, yes or no ❖​ Pictures or symbols
their doors and place keep calm and be questions instead ➢​ Bathrooms
reminders or warning understanding ➢​ Label hot vs cold
signs water
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DISORDER DEFINITION CLINICAL MANIFESTATION ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT NURSING MGT

PARKINSON'S ●​ the body produces low or ●​ Progressively slow -​ Encourage exercise Medications: ●​ low heel shoes and
DISEASE has stopped dopamine movements (Passive ROM), 1. Benztropine myslate avoid rubber soles
production. ●​ Rigidity or freezing breaking swear to 2. Ropinirole “Requip”: ●​ For balance: move
-​ 4th most ●​ It is not about the body while walking release dopamine stimulates dopamine receptors slowly when changing
neurodegenerative attacking itself like that of ●​ Shuffling gait -​ Foods rich in -​ helps with improving position
disease MS or MG. ●​ Balance problems Antioxidants (green movement ●​ Education on how to
●​ .The dopaminergic neurons ●​ Tremors improves with tea & veggies) 3. Carbidopa/Levodopa deal with freezing
in the brain called movement Pill-rolling: ●​ adds more dopamine to the episodes:
substantia nigra have ○​ Pill rolling is brain ○​ Try to change
started to die. tremors of the ●​ Takes 3 wks to decrease direction of
○​ This part controls hands and fingers symp. movement
movements. ○​ looks like the ●​ Normal if body fluids turn to ○​ DON’T push
patient is rolling a a dark color through the
pill between ●​ after long term usage the freeze up.
fingers and hands. drug may wear off before ○​ Consciously
●​ Expressionless face next dose and cause signs lift the legs
●​ Stiffness of extremities and symptoms (as in
(arms DON’T swing ○​ Entacapone “Comtan”: marching)
with gait)…. Akinesia: a COMT can be with each
○​ Shuffling of gait prescribed to help step or
(extremities can decrease this from pretend they
freeze while happening are walking
walking) -​ NO TO: over an
○​ Cogwheel -​ ↑ amounts of food w/ Vit object.
rigidity: when B6: decreases ○​ Use cane or
moving the effectiveness walker with a
patient’s arms -​ w/ MAO inhibitors = laser
passively toward hypertensive crisis!! ●​ Diet: Avoid taking
the body they jerk -​ ↑ protein foods like antiparkinson’s
or push back cheese, milk, meat etc medication
slightly (Carbidopa/Levodopa
○​ Bradykinesia: ) with a high protein
movements are meal
slow, difficulty ●​ Prevent constipation:
swallowing drink plenty of fluids 2
(drooling), Face L per day
mask-like:
expressionless
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DISORDER DEFINITION CLINICAL MANIFESTATION ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT NURSING MGT

HUNTINGTON'S ❖​ Transmitted as an autosomal characterized by: ➔​ Neurological exams ●​ Antipsychotics. to control DIET:
CHOREA DISEASE genetic disorder: -​ uncontrolled ◆​ Assess: motor, agitation, anxiety, and ❖​ Choose soft,
-​ Inherited chromosome #4 movements sensory, psychiatric psychosis. easy-to-chew and
disease of the ❖​ Glutamine in Nucleus + C#4 -​ loss of intellectual ➔​ Neuropsychological ●​ Antidepressants for easy-to-swallow foods
nervous system contain Huntington abilities, which are testing depression and anxiety (aim for the
resulting in ❖​ caused by extra repeats of often accompanied by ➔​ Brain imaging and disorders. consistency of
involuntary the behavioral changes. function tests ●​ Anti-anxiety medications porridge).
choreiform cytosine-adenine-guanine -​ Depression, memory ➔​ Genetic counseling such as benzodiazepines ❖​ AVOID MILK:
-​ Chorea = dance (CAG) amino acid group in loss, emotional lability (e.g., Valium) to treat produces milk
the huntingtin gene and impulsiveness severe anxiety episodes.
Juvenile Huntingtons: ❖​ associated with decreased -​ Facial grimaces, ●​ Anticonvulsants to prevent
-​ Behavioral serotonin and GABA. protrusion of the seizures.
changes ❖​ GABA: ↓ GABA causes ↑ tongue, jerky
-​ Frequent falls dopamine and presents as movements of the
or clumsiness chorea, which is defined by arms and legs
-​ Seizures excessive and abnormal -​ Gait disturbances,
involuntary movements. patient at risk for falls
❖​ Serotonin: affect memory and -​
learning abilities.
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By: elel and eya <3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 11
MOTOR NEURON DISORDER

DISORDER DEFINITION CLINICAL MANIFESTATION ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT NURSING MGT

Amyotrophic Lateral ●​ A nervous system disease Common: ➔​ Electromyography ➢​ Symptomatic and ●​ Provide intellectual
Sclerosis that affects brain and spinal ●​ Fatigue | cramps ◆​ studies of affected rehabilitative stimulating activities,
cord ●​ Progressive muscle weakness muscles indicate ■​ To improve quality of life because the client typically
“Lou Gehrig’s Disease” ●​ Gets worse over time! | twitching reduction in the number ➢​ Baclofen (Lioresal) | experiences no cognitive
●​ Incoordination deficits and retains mental
after the baseball ●​ The leading theory held by of functioning motor Diazepam (Valium) |
abilities.
player diagnosed with it researchers is that units Dantrolene Sodium ●​ Provide client and family
over-excitation of nerve cells Cranial Nerves ➔​ MRI (Dantrium)
●​ Difficulty talking, swallowing, teaching and measures to
-​ Risk factor: by the neurotransmitter ◆​ may show high signal ■​ Management of spasticity enhance body image.
breathing
-​ Autoimmune glutamate leads to cell injury ●​ Muscle weakness, soft palate intensity in the ➢​ Enteral feeding ●​ Maximize functional
-​ Free radical and neuronal degeneration. and upper esophageal corticospinal tracts ■​ If pt is presented with abilities and Prevent
damage weakness difficulty in swallowing complications of immobility
-​ Oxidative stress ●​ Weakness on the tongue ➢​ Mechanical ●​ Prevent respiratory
-​ smoking ●​ s/s depends on the location of ➢​ no specific therapy! ventilation complications
the affected neuron Interventions is ■​ Use: negative-pressure if ●​ Promote measures to
Bulbar Muscles
maintain adequate airway
●​ Difficulty in speaking and focused on alveolar hypoventilation
●​ Promote measures to
swallowing management of develops enhance gas exchange,
●​ Compromised respiratory symptoms and ➢​ Patients are such as oxygen therapy
function function of body encouraged to and ventilator assistance.
●​ Articulation and speech effects complete an advance ●​ Promote measures to
directive or “living will” prevent respiratory
to preserve their infection
autonomy in decision
making.

Degenerative Disk -​ Degeneration of the lumbar ●​ Neck and back pain ●​ CT scan or MRI ➔​ Physical Therapy ●​ HOT AND COLD
Disease disk is when your spinal discs ●​ Numbness or tingling in ●​ Nerve function: use of a ➔​ Medications: NSAIDS, THERAPY:
Intervertebral disk wear down. extremities reflex hammer to check steroid injections, ○​ Alternate ice packs
degeneration -​ Spinal disks are rubbery ●​ Pain worse when sitting, reaction. (+) if no reaction ➔​ radiofrequency and heat pad

Causes: Age(40 ⬆️
),
obesity, sex (women),
cushions between
vertebrae (bones in your
spinal column)
your bending, or lifting
●​ Weakness and atrophy or
muscle
= damaged/compressed
nerve
neurotomy: use of electric
currents to burn sensory
nerves and prevent pain
every 10-15mins
●​ Encourage passive
exercise
smoking -​ Loss of elasticity, flexibility, signals from reaching brain ○​ Stretching, yoga,
and ability to absorb shock. passive ROM
Dry out: disks have a Surgical Management:
soft core that contains ●​ Adult scoliosis, where the ●​ Diskectomy: remove part
mostly water. In adult, spine curves. of spinal disk to relieve
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water decreases = disk ●​ Herniated disk, also called pressure in nerves
gets thinner a bulged, slipped or ruptured ●​ Foraminotomy: remove
disk. tissue and bone to
●​ Spinal stenosis, when the expand opening of nerve
spaces around your spine roots
narrow. ●​ Laminectomy: take out a
●​ Spondylolisthesis, when small portion of bone from
vertebrae move in and out of lower spine (lamina)
place ●​ Spinal fusion: connects
two or more vertebrae to
improve stability

Herniation of a -​ Between the vertebrae are ➔​ Herniated lumbar disk -​ MRI, CT, X-Ray ●​ Rest -​ Assist in using
cervical intervertebral spongy cushions called ◆​ Sciatic nerve pain -​ Myelogram: injection of ●​ OTC pain relievers proper lifting
disk cervical disks. It stabilize the ➔​ Herniated cervical disk dye to reveal narrowing of ●​ Ice and cold therapy techniques
neck and allow it to turn ◆​ Pain near shoulder spinal canal (spinal ●​ Spinal injection -​ Encourage healthy
Causes: Age (30-50yo), smoothly from side to side blades that travels to stenosis) and location of ●​ Surgery: spinal diet
affects men twice as and bend forward to back arm and hand/finger herniated disk decompression surgery -​ Advise practicing
women, obesity, sitting -​ A herniated disk happens ◆​ Neck pain especially in -​ Electromyogram: placing to relieve pressure good posture
for long periods, lifting when the inner “jelly” the back and on sides of small needles in muscles -​ Avoid wearing
heavy objects substance pushes through neck to evaluate function of high-heeled shoes
the crack. The leaked ◆​ Pain increases during nerves
material may press on bending or turning
nearby spinal nerves. ◆​ Numbness and tingling
of arms
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Muscular Dystrophies Duchenne muscluar dystrophy (DMD). most common, affects ●​ Muscle weakness ●​ Neurological exam ●​ Physical and
heart and lungs as it progresses (atrophy) ●​ Creatine kinase blood test occupational therapy
Genetic (inherited) -​ Frequent falls, difficulty rising after lying or sitting, waddling ●​ Difficulty walking, ○​ Muscles release CK when ●​ Corticosteroids
conditions that affects gait, walking on toes, large calf muscles, delayed growth climbing stairs, or damaged = elevated (prednisone and
the functioning of running indicates muscle damage deflazacort) to delay
muscles. Becker (BMD). second most common, affects AMAB but AFAB ●​ Irregular walking gait ●​ Genetic tests muscle weakness and
have milder symptoms. (waddling and using toe ●​ Muscle biopsy improve lung function
A disorder of the in walking) ●​ Electromyography ●​ Mobility aids
skeletal muscle Myotonic. Inability to relax muscles after contractions. Individuals ●​ Stiff or loose joints ○​ Canes and walker
have long, thin faces, drooping eyelids, and swan-like necks. (depends on your type) ●​ Surgery to relieve
A(F/M)AB: assigned Also affects endocrine = thyroid disease & DM ●​ Spasticity tension in scoliosis
fe/male at birth ●​ Muscle pain ●​ Heart care
Emery-Dreifuss (EDMD): causes muscle weakness in your ●​ Fatigue ○​ Rx: ACE and beta
Due to: mutations in shoulders, upper arms and shins. ●​ Dysphagia blockers
genes ●​ Heart problems ●​ Speech therapy
Facioscapulohumeral (FSHMD): affects muscles in your face, ●​ Curved spine (scoliosis) ○​ For those with
shoulders and upper arms. Symptoms tend to appear before age ●​ Learning disorder difficulty
20. ●​ Intellectual disabilities swallowing
●​ Respiratory care
Limb-girdle (LGMD): affects the muscles in your upper arms, ○​ tracheostomy
upper legs, shoulders and hips. It affects people of all ages
FOR DMD:
Oculopharyngeal (OPMD): weakens muscles in your eyelids and ●​ Meds: eteplirsen
throat. Symptoms, such as droopy eyelids (ptosis) and difficulty and golodirsen
swallowing (dysphagia)
By: elel and eya <3 ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 14