1.

simulate electronic circuit

What is Circuit Simulation?

Circuit simulation is a process in which a model(or create something based on something else)
of an electronic circuit is created and analyzed using various software algorithms, which predict
and verify the behavior and performance of the circuit.
. Since fabrication of electronic circuits, especially integrated circuits (ICs), is expensive and
time-consuming, it is faster and more cost-effective to verify the behavior and performance of
the circuit using a circuit simulator before fabrication.
An algorithm is a procedure used for solving a problem or performing a computation

In computer programming terms, an algorithm is a set of well-defined instructions to solve a

particular problem.

1.1:Interpretation of circuit diagram

The action of explaining the meaning of Circuit diagram

A circuit diagram is a graphical representation of an electrical circuit.

A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of components, while a schematic diagram shows
the components and interconnections of the circuit using standardized symbolic representations

A schematic is a drawing of a circuit. A schematic represents circuit elements with symbols and
connections as lines.In a schematic diagram, lines are used to represent wires, and symbols are
used to represent components. The schematic diagram does not show the practical connection
between the components or their position. It contains only symbols and lines

Circuit symbol and physical component

Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams showing how a circuit is connected together. The
actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the circuit diagram.

Circuit layouts and schematic diagrams are a simple and effective way of showing pictorially the
electrical connections, components and operation of a particular electrical circuit or system.
Basic electrical and electronic graphical symbols called Schematic Symbols are commonly used
within circuit diagrams, schematics to identify the position of individual components and
elements within a circuit.

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the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) have one set of symbols, while the IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) have an alternative set

Wire and connection symbols

Wire

Connects components and passes current easily from one part of a circuit to another.
Wires joined

A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted.
Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as
shown on the right.

Wires not joined

Power Supply Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

A single DC battery cell of 0.5V

Single Cell
Supplies electrical energy. The larger
line is positive (+).

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 A collection of single cells forming a
DC Battery Supply
DC battery supply

A constant DC voltage supply of a

DC Voltage Source
fixed value

A constant DC current supply of a

DC Current Source
fixed value

A dependent voltage source controlled

Controlled Voltage Source
by an external voltage or current

A dependent current source controlled

Controlled Current Source
by an external voltage or current

A sinusoidal voltage source or

AC Voltage Source
generator

Resistor Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

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 Fixed Resistor (IEEE Design)

A fixed value resistor whose resistive

value is indicated next to its schematic
symbol

Fixed Resistor (IEC Design)

Potentiometer (IEEE Design)

Three terminal variable resistance whose

resistive value is adjustable from zero to
its maximum value

Potentiometer (IEC Design)

Rheostat (IEEE Design)

Two terminal fully adjustable rheostat

whose resistive value varies from zero to
a maximum value

Rheostat (IEC Design)

Small variable resistors for mounting

Trimmer Resistor
onto pcb’s

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 Thermistor (IEEE Design)

Thermal resistor whose resistive value

changes with changes in surrounding
temperature

Thermistor (IEC Design)

Capacitor Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Fixed Value Capacitor

A fixed value parallel plate non-
polarised AC capacitor whose capacitive
value is indicated next to its schematic
symbol
Fixed Value Capacitor

A fixed value polarised DC capacitor

usually an electrolytic capacitor which
Polarized Capacitor
must be connected to the supply as
indicated

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 An adjustable capacitor whose
Variable Capacitor capacitance value can be varied by
means of adjustable plates

Inductor and Coil Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

An open inductor, coil or solenoid that

Open Inductor generates a magnetic field around itself
when energized

An inductor formed by winding the coil

Iron Core Inductor around a solid laminated iron core
indicated by solid lines

An inductor formed by winding the coil

Ferrite Core Inductor around a non-solid ferrite core indicated
by dashed lines

Switch and Contact Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

SPST Toggle Switch Single-pole single-throw toggle switch

used for making (ON) or breaking

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 (OFF) a circuits current

Single-pole double-throw changeover

switch used for changing the direction of
SPDT Changeover Switch
current flow from one terminal to
another

Normally open contacts pushbutton

Pushbutton Switch (N.O)
switch – push to close, release to open

Normally closed contacts pushbutton

Pushbutton Switch (N.C)
switch – push to open, release to close

Electromechanical relay with internal

SPST Relay Contacts
single-pole single-throw toggle contacts

Electromechanical relay with internal

SPDT Relay Contacts single-pole double-throw changeover
contacts

Electromechanical relay with internal

DPST Relay Contacts
double-pole single-throw toggle contacts

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 Electromechanical relay with internal
DPDT Relay Contacts double-pole double-throw changeover
contacts

PCB mounted DIP switch with 1-to-10

toggle switches either single-pole,
DIP Switch Assembly
double-pole, rotary or with a common
terminal

Semiconductor Diode Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Semiconductor pn-junction diode used

Semiconductor Diode for rectification and high current
applications

Zener diode used in its reverse voltage

Zener Diode breakdown region for voltage limiting
and regulation applications

Schottky diode consisting of an n-type

Schottky Diode semiconductor and metal electrode
junction for low voltage applications

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Transistor Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Characterised as being a lightly doped p-

type base region between two n-type
NPN Bipolar Transistor emitter and collector regions with the
arrow indicating direction of
conventional current flow out.

Characterised as being a lightly doped n-

type base region between two p-type
PNP Bipolar Transistor emitter and collector regions. Arrow
indicates direction of conventional
current flow in.

Two bipolar transistor npn or pnp

Darlington Pair Transistor connected in a series common collector
configuration to increase current gain

N-channel junction field effect transistor

having an n-type semiconductive
N-JFET Transistor channel between source and drain with
the arrow indicating direction of
conventional current flow

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 P-channel junction field effect transistor
having a p-type semiconductive channel
P-JFET Transistor between source and drain with the arrow
indicating direction of conventional
current flow

N-channel metal-oxide semiconductor

field effect transistor with an insulated
N-MOSFET Transistor
gate terminal which can be operated in
depletion or enhancement mode

P-channel metal-oxide semiconductor

field effect transistor with an insulated
P-MOSFET Transistor
gate terminal which can be operated in
depletion or enhancement mode

Photodevice Schematic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

A semiconductor diode which emits

Light Emitting Diode (LED) coloured light from its junction when
forward biased

A 7-segment display used common

7-segment Display cathode (CC) or common anode (CA)
for displaying single numbers and letters

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 A semiconductor device which allows
Photodiode current to flow when exposed to incident
light energy

P–N junction photovoltaic cell

Solar Cell transducer which converts light
intentsity directly into electrical energy

Light dependent resistor (LDR) which

Photoresistor changes its resistive value with changes
in light intensity

A filament lamp, indicator or other

Indicator Lamp or Light Bulb which emits visible light when a current
flows through it

An Opto-isolator or Optocoupler which

Opto-isolator or Optocoupler uses photo-sensitive devices to isolate
its input and output connections

Digital Logic Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

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 Logic gate with only one input and one
output and outputs a logic 1 (HIGH)
NOT Gate
when input is 0 (LOW) and outputs a 0
when input is 1 (Inverter)

Logic gate with two or more inputs

AND Gate which outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) when
ALL of its inputs are at logic 1 (HIGH)

Logic gate with two or more inputs that

outputs a logic 0 (LOW) when ALL of
NAND Gate
its inputs are HIGH at logic 1
(Equivalent to NOT + AND)

Logic gate with two or more inputs

which outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) when
OR Gate
ANY (or both) of its inputs are at logic
1 (HIGH)

Logic gate with two or more inputs that

outputs a logic 0 (LOW) when ANY (or
NOR Gate
both) of its inputs are HIGH at logic 1
(Equivalent to NOT + OR)

Exclusive-OR gate with two inputs that

XOR Gate outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) whenever its
two inputs are DIFFERENT

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 Exclusive-NOR gate with two inputs
that outputs a logic 1 (HIGH) whenever
XNOR Gate
its two inputs are the SAME (NOT +
XOR)

Set-Reset Flip-flop is a bistable device

SR Flip-Flop used to store one bit of data on its two
complementary outputs

JK (Jack Kilby) Flip-flop has the letter

JK Flip-Flop J for Set and the letter K for Reset
(Clear) with internal feedback

D (Delay or Data) Flip-flop is a single

D-type Flip-Flop input flip-flop which toggles between
its two complementary outputs

Data latch stores one data bit on its

single input when EN enable pin is
Data Latch LOW and outputs the data bit
transparently when the EN enable pin is
HIGH

A Multiplexer passes the data on one of

4-to-1 Multiplexer
its inputs pins to a single output line

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 A Demultiplexer passes the data on its
1-to-4 Demultiplexer single input pin to one of several output
lines

Schematic Symbols for Inductors

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

A fixed value air-core inductor, coil,

solenoid or choke which uses either a
self-supporting form or a solid or hollow
Air-core Inductor
ceramic, plastic, or some other form of
non-magnetic material as its inner core
for high frequency applications

A fixed value solid iron-core inductor

formed by winding the coil around a
solid laminated iron core, indicated by
Iron-core Inductor
the symbols two solid lines, to
concentrate the magnetic field generated
around itself when energised

A fixed value inductor formed by

winding the coil around a non-solid
Ferrite Core Inductor compressed powdered ferrite core or
bead indicated by the symbols two
dashed lines

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 An inductor coil with either one or more
fixed value connections called, taps,
Tapped Inductor
along its length for impedance matching
and tank circuits

An adjustable or continuously adjustable

inductor whose self inductance value
Adjustable Inductor can be varied from some minimum
value to a maxiumum value when
adjusted

Schematic Transformer Symbols

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Single-phase air-core voltage

transformer with two inductive coils
Air-core Transformer wrapped closely together around a solid
or hollow plastic non-magnetic core for
radio frequency applications

Single-phase iron-core voltage

transformer (VT) formed by winding the
two coils around a solid laminated iron
core, indicated by the symbols two solid
Iron-core Transformer
lines, for the transfer of electrical energy
from one winding to the other changing
an AC voltage from high to low or low
to high

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 Single-phase power transformer (PT)
shown as two interconnecting circles for
Power Transformer the transmission and distrubution of
electrical power from high to low or low
to high

Single-phase transformer formed by

winding the two coils around a non-solid
compressed ferrite core to decrease eddy
Ferrite-core Transformer
current losses, hum and increase the
magnetising flux. Used mainly in
toroidal transformers

Single-phase step-down isolation

transformer which converts a higher
primary winding voltage into a lower
Step-down Transformer
secondary winding voltage by an
amount determined by the turns ratios of
the transformer

Single-phase step-up isolation

transformer which converts a lower
primary winding voltage into a higher
Step-up Transformer
secondary winding voltage by an
amount determined by the turns ratios of
the transformer

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 Inline dot orientation used to indicate
the 0o phase-shift between the primary
0o Phase Shift and secondary windings used to
correctly parallel connect transformers
together

Diagonal and opposite dot orientation

used to indicate the 180o phase-shift
180o Phase Shift between the primary and secondary
windings resulting in voltage and
current inversion

Single-phase center-tapped voltage

transformer with either primary,
secondary or both sides divided into two
Center-tapped Transformer windings allowing for multiple voltage
points. Primary center tap allows for
dual supplies, while secondary center
tap is useful in rectifier circuits

Single-phase Multi-tapped voltage

transformer either primary, secondary or
Multi-tapped Transformer
both allowing for multiple voltage
connection and take-off points

Multi-load Transformer Single-phase voltage transformer with

one or more magnetically coupled
secondary windings to supply individual
loads, or the secondary windings may be
connected in parallel for a greater

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 current, or in series for a higher voltage

Single-phase voltage transformer

consisting of two transformers on the
same core, with the primary and
Dual-winding Transformer secondary windings of each transformer
wound on the same magnetic core. For
use in both low and high voltage
supplies and psu applications

Single-phase step-down autotransformer

with one single coil for both the primary
and the secondary windings wrapped
Iron-core Autotransformer around a magnetic iron-core and one or
more fixed tapping points giving a
secondary voltage equal to or less than
the primary voltage

Single-phase step-up autotransformer

with one single coil for both the primary
and the secondary windings wrapped
Iron-core Autotransformer around a magnetic iron-core and one or
more fixed tapping points giving a
secondary voltage equal to or more than
the primary voltage

Variac Single-phase variable autotransformer

called a variac with one single tapping
point which can be adjusted to produce a
variable secondary voltage. Does not

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 provide isolation

Step-down current transformers (CT)

wound, toroidal or bar type which
Current Transformer provides electrical isolation between the
high-current carrying conductor and
metering device

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Semiconductor pn-junction diode which

passes curent when forward-biased, and
Semiconductor Diode blocks current flow when reverse-
biased. Commonly used in small-signal,
rectification or high current applications

Zener diode used in its reverse voltage

breakdown region for voltage limiting,
Zener Diode transient suppression and regulation
applications. Available in a range of
reverse breakdown voltage values

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 Schottky diode consisting of an n-type
semiconductor and metal electrode
junction producing a very low forward
Schottky Diode
voltage drop and power dissipation and
faster switching speed compared to a pn-
junction diode

A semiconductor diode which emits a

range of visible and non-visible
Light Emitting Diode (LED) coloured light from its pn-junction
depending on the materials and doping
used when forward biased

A semiconductor photosensor which

allows current to flow through itself in
Photodiode
the reverse direction when exposed to
incident light energy

Schematic Semiconductor Symbols for Bipolar Junction Transistors

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

Characterised as being a lightly doped p-

type base region between two n-type
NPN Bipolar Transistor emitter and collector regions with the
arrow indicating direction of
conventional current flow out

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 Characterised as being a lightly doped n-
type base region between two p-type
PNP Bipolar Transistor emitter and collector regions. Arrow
indicates direction of conventional
current flow in

Two bipolar transistor npn or pnp

connected in a series common collector
Darlington Pair Transistor configuration to increase overall current
gain. Available in PNP and Sziklai pair
configuration

NPN Phototransistor sealed in a

protective case with glass lens or
window for detecting external visible
Phototransistor
and near infrared light sources. Some
models have a base (B) lead available to
enable biasing and sensitivity control

Schematic Symbols for Field Effect Transistors

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

N-channel junction field effect transistor

having an n-type semiconductive
channel between the Source (S) and
N-JFET Transistor
Drain (D) terminals with the Gate (G)
arrow pointing inwards to indicate
direction of conventional current flow

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 P-channel junction field effect transistor
having a p-type semiconductive channel
between Source (S) and Drain (D)
P-JFET Transistor
terminals with the Gate (G) arrow
pointing outwards to indicate direction
of conventional current flow

Depletion N-channel Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor FET (nMOSFET) has a
Gate terminal insulated from the main
N-channel D-MOSFET Transistor
conductive channel and which
is normally-on and conducting when
VG = 0 volts

Depletion P-channel Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor FET (pMOSFET) has a
Gate terminal insulated from the main
P-channel D-MOSFET Transistor
conductive channel and which
is normally-on and conducting when
VG = 0 volts

Enhancement N-channel Metal-Oxide

Semiconductor FET (nMOSFET) has a
N-channel E-MOSFET Transistor Gate terminal insulated from the main
channel and which is normally-off and
closed when VG = 0 volts

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 Enhancement P-channel Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor FET (pMOSFET) has a
P-channel E-MOSFET Transistor Gate terminal insulated from the main
channel and which is normally-off and
closed when VG = 0 volts

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

(IGBT) is a cross between a BJT and
IGFET offering high input MOS
IGBT Transistor
characteristics and large bipolar output
current-carrying capability and low
saturation voltage

Schematic Semiconductor Symbols for Power Devices

Schematic
Symbol Identification Description of Symbol
Symbol

A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) or

Thyristor is a 3-terminal, four-layered
PNPN semiconductor unidirectional
device with its main terminals labelled
Silicon Controlled Rectifier Anode (A), Cathode (K) and Gate (G).
Once triggered ON it remains
conducting as long as current flows
through it and can operate at higher
voltages and currents

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 The TRIAC named from Triode for
Alternating Current is a 3-terminal
bidirectional device which can conduct
current in both directions. Its main
Triac
terminals are labelled MT2, MT1 and
Gate (G) and can be triggering into
conduction in either direction of the
sinusoidal waveform

The DIAC named from Diode for

Alternating Current is a 2-terminal
bidirectional semiconductor device
similar to a PNP transistor without a
base terminal characteristic of two
Diac
diodes back-to-back. Used together with
a Triac to conduct current in both
directions in AC phase-control,
dimming, speed-control and power-
control applications

The Unijunction Transistor (UJT) is a

semiconductor 3-terminal, single pn-
junction switching device with its main
terminals labelled Base-1 (B1), Base-2
Unijunction Transistor
(B2) and Emitter (E). Programmable
UJT’s use external resistors to set their
switching parameters and are common in
relaxation oscillators

Meters and Oscilloscope

Voltmeter
Measures voltage. The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference' but voltage is more
widely used.
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 Ammeter
Measures current.

Galvanometer
A very sensitive meter used to measure tiny currents, usually 1mA or less.

Ohmmeter
Measures resistance. Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.

Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is used to display the 'shape' of electrical signals - showing how they vary
with time. It can be used to measure voltage and time periods.

Audio and Radio symbols

Microphone
A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.

Earphone
A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

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 Loudspeaker
A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Piezo Transducer
A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Bell

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Buzzer

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound

Amplifier (general symbol)
An amplifier circuit with one input. Really this is a block diagram symbol because it
represents a circuit rather than just one component.

Aerial (Antenna)
A device to receive or transmit radio signals. It is also known as an antenna.

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 Output device symbols
Lamp (lighting)

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp
providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch bulb.
Lamp (indicator)

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is used for a lamp which
is an indicator, for example a warning light on a car dashboard.
Heater

A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.

Motor

A transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy (motion).

Lines representation

A straight line is used to represent a connecting wire between any two components of the
circuit. Which mean that a line in a circuit represents a wire

Junction and nodes

A point at which two or more elements are joints together is called node. While a point
where three or more branches meet together is called a junction.

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Elements – The term elements means "components and sources."

Symbols – Elements are represented in schematics by symbols.

Dots – Connections between lines can be indicated by dots.

Reference designator – When you place a component in a schematic you often give it a unique
name, known as a reference designator.

Branch – Branches are the connections between nodes. A branch is an element (resistor,
capacitor, source, etc.). The number of branches in a circuit is equal to the number of elements.

Reference Node – During circuit analysis we usually pick one of the nodes in the circuit to be
the reference node. Voltages at other nodes are measured relative to the reference node. Any
node can be the reference, but two common choices that simplify circuit analysis are,

 the negative terminal of the voltage or current source powering the circuit, or
 the node connected to the greatest number of branches.
Ground – The reference node is often referred to as ground. The concept of ground has three
important meanings.

A metal stake driven into the ground next to a home. The wire clamped to the stake curves up to
the right to provide the safety ground reference for the home's electrical system. Sometimes the
grounding wire is clamped to a water pipe where the pipe disappears into the Earth.

Ground is

 The reference point from which voltages are measured.

 The return path for electric current back to its source.

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  A direct physical connection to the Earth, which is important for safety.

The ground node gets its name from the third meaning. But the other two are equally important.

and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground.
.Types of circuit connection
There are three basic types of circuits: Series, Parallel, and Series-Parallel.

Individual electrical circuits normally combine one or more resistance or load devices. The
design of the automotive electrical circuit will determine which type of circuit is used but they all
require the same basic components to operate properly:
1. Power Source (Battery, Alternator, Generator, etc.) is needed to supply the flow of
electrons (electricity).
2. Protection Device (Fuse, Fusible Link, or Circuit Breaker) prevents damage to the circuit in
the event of a short.
3. Control Device (Switch, Relay, or Transistor) allows the user control to turn the circuit on
or off
4. Load Device (Lamp, Motor, Winding, Resistor, etc) .converts the electricity into work.
5. Conductor (a return path, wiring to Ground) provide an electrical path to and from the
power source.

Series Circuits
The components of a series circuit are connected end to end one after another to make a simple
loop for current to flow through the circuit. A Series Circuit has only one path to ground, all
loads are placed in series, so current must go through each component to get back to ground. If

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there is a break in the circuit (such as a blown light bulb) the whole circuit and any other bulbs
go out. If the path is broken, no current flows and no part of the circuit works. Christmas tree
lights are a good example; when one light goes out the entire string stops working.

Parallel Circuits

A parallel circuit has more than one path for current flow. The same voltage is applied across
each branch. If the load resistance in each branch is the same, the current in each branch will be
the same. If the load resistance in each branch is different, the current in each branch will be
different. The components of a parallel circuit are connected side by side so the current flow has
a choice of paths in the circuit. If one branch is broken, current will continue flowing to the other
branches.
In the parallel circuit below, two or more resistances (R1, R2, etc.) are connected in a circuit as
follows: one end of each resistance is connected to the positive side of the circuit, and one end is
connected to the negative side.

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A series-parallel circuit has some components in series and others in parallel. The power source
and control or protection devices are usually in series; the loads are usually in parallel. If the
series portion is broken, current stops flowing in the entire circuit. If a parallel branch is broken,
current continues flowing in the series portion and the remaining branches.
Interior dash lights are a good example of a resistance and lamps connected in a series-parallel
circuit. In this example, by adjusting the rheostat, you can increase or decrease the brilliance of
the lights.

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1.2:DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT SIMULATION SOFTWARE

 simulation software
Simulation is a mathematical way of emulating the behavior of a circuit. With simulation, you
can determine much of a circuit's performance prior to physically constructing the circuit or
using physical test instruments.

Electronic circuit simulation uses mathematical models to replicate the behavior of an actual
electronic device or circuit. Simulation software allows for modeling of circuit operation and is
an invaluable analysis tool. Due to its highly accurate modeling capability, many colleges and
universities use this type of software for the teaching of electronics technician and electronics
engineering programs. Electronics simulation software engages its users by integrating them into
the learning experience.
Simulating a circuit’s behavior before actually building it can greatly improve design efficiency
by making faulty designs known as such, and providing insight into the behavior of electronics
circuit designs.
Example of circuit simulation software

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NI MultiSim
EASYEDA
Autodesk Eagle
PSIM
Proteus
DipTrace

 Versions and Features.

NI MultiSim

This software is majorly used by education institutions for teaching and research of analog,
digital, and power electronic circuitry. It uses the original SPICE-based simulation software that
gives highly accurate results that are comparable to real-world testing.

PROS

 Simulation results are very accurate.

 High number of testing instruments.
 Over 35 virtual instruments
 Over 55,000 components
 Online simulation is available.

CONS

 The interface is difficult to navigate and looks outdated.

 Expensive.
 Many microcontrollers are missing.
 Only 4 virtual instruments are available for the cheaper option.

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Autodesk Eagle

Eagle stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. The software utilizes the
Ngspice tools to run its circuit simulations. Other than the simulation capabilities, this software
offers a PCB editor capable of designing up to 16 layers of PCB with board sizes up to 4m^2.

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This software is generally used by small electronic makers, hobbyists, and industry experts. The
layout is user-friendly since there exists a large community, resources, and tutorials on how to
use it.

PROS

 Free version with limited capabilities is available.

 Easy to use and lots of resources and tutorials.
 Capable of 3-D modeling.

CONS

 Does not have signal and power integrity solution.

 Creating custom component is challenging.
 Lacks components and the library navigation is difficult.
PSIM

This is a simulation software that specializes in the simulation of power electronics and motor
drives. The software is not limited to these functions since it can also simulate other electronic
circuitry. It has an embedded code generator as well as a thermal simulation to compute
switching and conduction losses of switching devices.

PROS

 Fast and accurate simulations.

 Capable of thermal simulation.
 Wide variety of models for power electronics.
 Have models for renewable energy systems and energy storage systems.

CONS

 Paid software
 Less testing equipment compared to other products.
Proteus

It is the best available paid circuit simulation software. It is feature packed with over 15 million
parts in its component library, as well as features like Raspberry Pi microcontrollers, group
length matching, differential pair routing, and remote front panel design for Arduino just to
mention a few.

This software is capable of handling design and simulations with ease due to its refined features
over the years.

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PROS

 More than 15 million components are present in library

 Availability of microcontrollers like Raspberry Pi, PIC, Arduino
 A great variety of analysis tools
 Easy to learn interface

CONS

The packages are extremely expensive.

No free version of the software is available.
DipTrace
DipTrace is a schematic and printed circuit board designing software that enables businesses to
create multi-layer boards and 3D designs. The platform includes a component editor, which
helps users define single and multi-part components via visual/electrical parameters. The
placement tool in DipTrace comes with drag-and-drop capabilities, which allow organizations to
add a variety of components by features, list and other custom attributes to specify the final
layout of the board. It offers a host of features such as interactive visuals, electrical rule check,
circuit-to-board-conversion, data import/export, 3D modelling and more. Additionally,
administrators can view a 3D view of the final board, zoom in/out and rotate images on the axis.

1.3:INSTALLATION OF CIRCUIT SIMULATION SOFTWARE

A: Download and Install NI Multisim

Environment

Software

 Multisim

Operating System

 Windows

This is a step-by-step guide on downloading and installing Multisim (both Educational and
Professional Editions). It also works as a reference for the download of an evaluation period as
the installer is the same.

Get the Multisim installer

1. Visit the download page of Multisim: Download Multisim.

2. Choose the version and edition desired.

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 3. Click the download button and the download of the software will begin.

4. The ni-cds-educational_xx_online_repackx.exe file will be downloaded for the Education

Edition. For Multisim Professional Edition, you will find a file named ni-cds-
professional_xx_online.exe. This is an application that manages the download process.

Begin the download and the installation

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 1. Go to the .exe file that was downloaded and launch it. To do this, double-click on it.
2. Accept the pop-out window. Then, NI Package Installer will launch.
3. A new window will show up with the NI License Agreement, proceed and accept it, then
click Next.

4. In case your computer has Windows Fast Startup enabled, proceed to Disable Windows
Fast Startup.

5. Follow the instructions of the NI Package Installer, you will see the installation progress
bar.
6. Once the installation is complete, reboot the computer.
7. The installation of Multisim is now complete, you can proceed and activate the product
with the different methods available. Visit Activate NI Software Products to find a guide
for activation.

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You can now launch Multisim by double-clicking the shortcut or from the start menu under
Program Files

B: Download and Install NI Multisim

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1.4:SET UP WORKSPACES ENVIRONMENT

 Navigate Simulation software IDE

Multsim is the schematic capture and simulation application of National Instruments Circuit
Design Suite, a suite of EDA (Electronics Design Automation) tools that assists you in
carrying out the major steps in the circuit design flow. Multisim is designed for schematic
entry, simulation, and feeding to downstage steps, such as PCB layout.
Multisim’s user interface consists of the following basic elements:

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Menus are where you find commands for all functions.
The Standard toolbar contains buttons for commonly-performed functions.
The Simulation toolbar contains buttons for starting, stopping , and other simulation functions.
The Instruments toolbar contains buttons for each instrument.
The Component toolbar contains buttons that let you select components from the Multisim
databases for placement in your schematic.
The Circuit Window (or workspace) is where you build your circuit designs.
The Design Toolbox lets you navigate through the different types of files in a project
(schematics, PCBs, reports), view a schematic’s hierarchy and show or hide different layers.
The Spreadsheet View allows fast advanced viewing and editing of parameters including
component details such as footprints, RefDes, attributes and design constraints. Users can
change parameters for some or all components in one step and perform a number of other
functions.

 Create New project

Click on Start

All Programs

National Instruments

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Circuit Design Suite 10.0

Multisim.

Multisim opens with a default new design file, named “Design1”which contains a default blank
schematic sheet, also called “Design1” that has been opened for editing.

To create a new schematic

 click on File
 New
 Schematic Capture.
To save the schematic click on File /Save As.

To open an existing file

 click on File
 Open in the toolbar
 Customize Project path
The Multisim installation puts specific files in specific locations. If necessary you can point
Multisim to a new location to find, for example, database files. You can also use this dialog
box to create and specify user settings files that contain individuals' preferences for all
options.
To set up file locations:
1. Choose Options/Global Preference. The Preferences dialog box appears.
2. Select the Paths tab and navigate to the appropriate locations for the different elements.

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Note The most important setting is the Circuit default path, as this is where all new files are
saved, unless you manually navigate to a new location when saving.
User button images path is where you store any user-created button graphics.
3. To use a different configuration file, navigate to the appropriate user settings file.
4. To create a new user configuration file, click New user configuration file from template.
You
are prompted to select the configuration file to use as a template, then to enter a name for
the new configuration file. Select an available language in the Language box.

 Customize user interface

The Multisim user interface is highly customizable. Separate customizations can be applied

whenever a different type of sheet becomes active. For example, the toolbars and docking

windows can be re-configured as you move from a circuit sheet to a description sheet.

Toolbars can be docked in various positions and orientations. The contents of the toolbars can

be customized. New toolbars can be created. The menu system is fully customizable,

including all pop-up menus for the various object types.

As well, the keyboard shortcut system is customizable. This allows for any keys or key

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combinations to be assigned to any command that can be placed in a menu or on a toolbar.

To customize the interface:

1. Select Options/Customize User Interface.

• “Commands tab” toolbars.

 _ To add a command to a menu or toolbar:

1. Drag it from the Commands list to the desired menu or toolbar. When a command is
selected in the Command list, its description is displayed in the Description field.
2. If you do not see the command that you require, click on another selection in the
Categories list to display more commands.
3. Click Close when customizations are complete.

 To remove a command from a menu or toolbar, right-click on it and select Delete from
the
pop-up that appears. The Customize dialog box must be open when you do this.

 To change the position of a command that is in a menu or toolbar, drag it to its new
location.
The Customize dialog box must be open when you do this.

• “Toolbars tab”

The Toolbars tab in the Customize dialog box is used to show or hide toolbars, and to add new
custom toolbars.

 To use the features in this tab:

1. To display a toolbar, switch on the checkbox beside the desired toolbar in the Toolbars list.
2. Switch off a checkbox to hide a toolbar.
Note You cannot switch off the Menu bar.

3. User the following buttons and checkbox as desired:

• Reset All — displays the Reset Toolbars dialog box, where you select whether to reset
the currently selected toolbars, or all toolbars. You are prompted to select the
configuration file you wish to use, for example, “default.ewcfg”.
• New — displays the Toolbar Name dialog box, where you enter the name for a new
toolbar. When you click OK, a new toolbar with the name that you entered is created.
Follow the steps in “1.6.1 Commands tab” on page 1-31 to add buttons to the toolbar.
• Rename — use to rename a toolbar that you have created yourself. You cannot rename
toolbars that are included in Multisim by default, for example, Components, Menu Bar.
• Delete — use to delete the selected toolbar. You cannot delete toolbars that are included
in Multisim by default, for example, Components, Menu Bar.
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• Show text labels — select this checkbox to show the text labels (for example, “Save”)
in the toolbar, along with the command’s icon.
4. Click Close when customizations are complete.

• “Keyboard tab”

The Keyboard tab is used to set up keyboard shortcuts.

 To set up keyboard shortcuts:

1. Choose a category from the Category drop-down list and the desired command from the
Commands drop-down list. If a shortcut is already assigned, it appears in the Current Keys
field.
2. Enter a new shortcut in the Press New Shortcut Key field.
3. Click Close when customizations are complete.

• “Menu tab”

The Menu tab is used to modify the various context-sensitive menus that appear when you
right-click from various locations in Multisim.

 To display the desired menu:

1. Select the desired menu set from the Select Context Menu drop-down list.
2. Right-click on the menu that appears and edit as desired.
3. Select the desired menu effects using the Menu animations drop-down list and the
Menu shadows checkbox.

• “Options tab”

The Options tab in the Customize dialog box is used to set up toolbar and menu options.

 To set up menu and toolbar options, switch the checkboxes on or off as desired.
• “Customization Pop-up Menus”

To customize the appearance of toolbar buttons and menu items, a pop-up menu is available
when the Customize dialog box is open.

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  To display the above pop-up:
1. Be sure you have the Customize dialog box open.
2. Right-click on either a menu item or toolbar and select the desired option.
3. When you select Button Appearance, the Button Appearance dialog box appears, where
you can change the appearance of the selected toolbutton.

1.5:SELECTION OF ELECTRONIC TOOLS COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT

 Component symbols
Placing Components
The first step in schematic capture is to place the appropriate components on your circuit
window. You typically do this via the component browser (that is, the Select a
Component dialog box). Refer to the figure below.

Parts are organized by database, group, and family (for example, Master

Database, Digital Group, TTL Family)

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Each button on the Components toolbar corresponds to a group of components with similar
functionality. Click one of these buttons to open the component browser and select the desired
component.

To place a component:

1. Click on the desired group in the Components toolbar, for example, Transistor. The Select a

Component dialog box appears with the selected component group displayed.

Alternatively, you can display the Select a Component dialog box by choosing

Place/Component and selecting the desired group from the Group drop-down list.

Or Right-click in the workspace and select Place Component from the pop-up that appears.

2. The default database that displays in the browser is the Master Database. If you wish to

select a component from either the Corporate Database or User Database, you must select

that database from the Database drop-down list before selecting a component. Once

changed, the database will remain as selected for subsequent part placements.

3. Click on the desired component family in the Family list.

4. Click on the desired component in the Component list.

Tip To make your scroll through the Component list faster, type the first few characters of the
component’s name in the Component field. As you type, matches are displayed in the top of the
Component list. If you make a mistake, you can use the BACKSPACE key to remove one
character at a time, or the DELETE key to remove all of the characters that you typed.

5. Select the desired model and model manufacturer in the Model manuf./ID area.

6. Selected the desired footprint in the Footprint manuf./Type list.

7. To confirm that this is the component you want to place, click OK. The browser closes and

the cursor on the circuit window changes to a ghost image of the component. This

indicates that the component is ready to be placed.

8. Move your cursor to the location where you want the component placed. The workspace
automatically scrolls if you move your cursor to its edges.

9. Click on the circuit window where you want the component placed. The component’s symbol
and labels appear, as well as a unique RefDes made up of a letter and number. The letter

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represents the type of component and the number is a sequential number that indicates the order
in which the components were originally placed. For example, the first digital component has the
RefDes “U1”, the next is “U2”, the first inductor has the RefDes “L1”, and so on.

Rotating/flipping a part during placement

To rotate or flip a part during placement:

1. Select a part

2. As you are dragging the “ghost” image of the part that you are placing, press one of the

following key combinations:

CTRL-R — rotates the component 90 degrees clockwise.

CTRL-SHIFT-R — rotates the component 90 degrees counter-clockwise.

ALT-X — flips the component horizontally.

ALT-Y — flips the component verticall

3. Rotate Components To rotate the components right click on the Resistor to flip the component
on 90 Clockwise (Ctrl +R) and 90 Counter Clockwise (Ctrl+Shift+R).

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  Equipment symbols
Multisim offers multiple ways to analyze the circuit using virtual instruments. Some of the basic
instruments needed for this lab are described below.

1) Multimeter

Use the Multimeter to measure AC or DC voltage or current, and resistance or decibel loss
between two nodes in a circuit. To use the Multimeter click on the Multimeter button in the
Instruments toolbar and click to place its icon on the workspace. Double-click on the icon to
open the instrument face, which is used to enter settings and view measurements.

Multimeter

To measure Voltage place multimeter in Parallel with the component (Resistor, Voltage etc). To
measure Current place the multimeter in series with the component.

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Measure Voltage

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Measure Current

2) Wattmeter

The wattmeter measures power. It is used to measure the magnitude of the active power, that is,
the product of the voltage difference and the current flowing through the current terminals in a
circuit.

Wattmeter

To use the instrument, click on the Wattmeter button in the Instruments toolbar and click to place
its icon on the workspace. The icon is used to wire the Wattmeter to the circuit. Double-click on
the icon to open the instrument face, which is used to enter settings and view measurements.
Reference Figure 15 for more details.

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Wattmeter Connection

3) Agilent Multimeter

1. The Agilent Mulitmeter Instrument can also be used to measure and simulate circuits with
more accuracy. To use the multimeter click on the Agilent Multimeter tool button, place its icon
on the workspace and double-click on the icon to open the instrument. Click on the Power button
to switch on the instrument.

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Agilent Multimeter.

4) Ammeter:

The ammeter offers advantages over the multimeter for measuring current in a circuit. It takes up
less space in a circuit and you can rotate its terminals to suit your layout. Always connect the
ammeter in series with the load. To place Ammeter click on View--- Toolbar --- Select
Measurement Components.

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Ammeter

5) Voltmeter

The Voltmeter offers advantages over the multimeter for measuring voltage in a circuit. Always
connect the voltmeter in parallel with the load. The voltmeter can be found in the measurement
toolbar.

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Voltmeter

1.6:LABELING OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

 Assign labels
Modifying Component Labels and Attributes

To assign a label or change the Reference Designator (RefDes) of a placed component:

1. Double-click on the component. The component’s properties dialog box appears.

2. Click the Label tab.

3. Enter or modify the Label and/or RefDes (which must be composed of letters or numbers

only — no special characters or spaces).

4. Enter or modify the component Attributes (which can be any name or value you choose to

give them). For example, you could give the component the manufacturer name or a name

that is meaningful to you such as “new resistor” or “revised May 15”.

5. Select the component attributes to display by clicking in the Show column. Attributes will

be displayed with the component.

Note If you assign the same RefDes to more than one component, Multisim warns you that

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this is not possible. Because all RefDes’s must be unique, you must change the RefDes

or Cancel before you can proceed.

6. To cancel your changes, click Cancel. To save your changes, click OK.

Modifying Net Names

Multisim automatically assigns a net name to each node in the circuit. If desired, you can

modify a net name to something more meaningful to the circuit design. For example, you may

wish to change a net name to “Output”.

Note If you are planning to modify net names for certain “global” reserved nets such as Vcc

and GND, there are some cautions that apply.

To modify a net name:

1. Double-click on the wire. The Net dialog box appears.

2. Change the net name as desired.

3. To confirm your settings, click OK. To cancel them, click Cancel.

Adding a Title Block

A powerful title block editor allows you to create customized title blocks. If desired, a title

block can be included on every page of your design.

Various fields in the title block are automatically completed depending upon the context and

various document properties. When designing the title block, you can choose a pre-defined

field or create your own. You choose appropriate fonts depending upon your language of

preference.

Title blocks can include elements such as text, lines, arcs, bezier curves, rectangles, ovals,

arcs, bitmaps, and so on.

To add a title block to your circuit:

1. Choose Place/Title Block. A standard “Open” dialog box appears. If necessary, navigate to

the Titleblocks folder.

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2. Select the desired title block template and click Open. The selected title block appears

attached to your cursor. Drag and drop it in the desired location, typically the lower-right

corner of the page.

3. You can also move the placed title block by right-clicking on it and selecting one of:

• Move to/Bottom Left — places the title block in the bottom-left corner of the

workspace

• Move to/Bottom Right — place the title block in the bottom-right corner of the

workspace

• Move to/Top Left — places the title block in the top-left corner of the workspace

• Move to/Top Right — places the title block in the top-right corner of the workspace.

Adding Miscellaneous Text

Multisim allows you to add text to a circuit, for example to label a particular part of a circuit.

To add text:

1. Choose Place/Text or right-click on the workspace and select Place Graphic/Text from the

pop-up.

2. Click on the location where you want the text placed. A text box with a blinking cursor

appears.

3. Type the text. The text box correctly sizes when you finish typing and click elsewhere in

the workspace.

4. Click elsewhere on the circuit window to stop adding text.

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  Assign Values
To edit the value of a resistor, inductor, or capacitor:

1. Double-click on the component and select the Value tab.

2. Change the parameters as desired, and click OK.

1.7:INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

 Application of Components Terminals (Polarity)

Begin by drawing your schematic in the Multisim environment.
Open Multisim by selecting All Programs»National Instruments»Circuit Design Suite
13.0»Multisim 13.0.

Select Place»Component. The Select a Component window appears (also known as the
Component Browser), as shown in Figure 2.

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 Select a Component window.

The Component Browser organizes the database components into three logical levels. The
Master Database contains all shipping components in a read-only format. The Corporate
Database is where you can save custom components to be shared with colleagues. Finally, the
User Database is where custom components are saved that can be used only by the specific
designer.

Additional Points

 The components (or parts) are organized into Groups and Families to intuitively and
logically group common parts together and make searching easier and more effective.
 The Component Browser shows the component name, symbol, functional description,
model, and footprint all in a single pop-up.

Select the Sources Group and highlight the POWER_SOURCES family.

Select the GROUND component.

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 Click OK. The Select a Component window temporarily closes and the ground symbol is
‘ghosted’ to the mouse pointer.

Move the mouse to the appropriate place on the workspace and left-click once to place the
component. After placing the component, the Select a Component window will open again
automatically.

Go to the Sources Group again and highlight the POWER_SOURCES Family (if not already
highlighted from the previous selection).

Select the DC_POWER component.

Place the DC_POWER component on the schematic.

Additional Points

 Without a power and ground your simulation cannot run.

 Component arrangement and aesthetics

Moving a Placed Component

You can move a placed component to another location by doing one of the following:

• dragging the component

• selecting the component and pressing the arrow keys on your keyboard to move it up,

down, or to either side in increments of one grid space.

To move a component by dragging:

1. Click and hold the left mouse button on the desired component. The component is selected
with a dashed line.

2. Drag the component to the desired location.

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3. Release the mouse button when the ghost image is in the desired location.

To move a component’s label:

1. Click and hold the left mouse button on the desired label. The label is selected as

illustrated below.

2. Drag the component to the desired location.

3. Release the mouse button when the ghost image is in the desired location.

To copy a placed component:

1. Select the desired component and choose Edit/Copy.

Or

Right-click on the desired component, and, from the pop-up menu that appears, choose

Copy.

2. Select Edit/Paste.

Or

Right-click on the workspace select Paste from the pop-up menu that appears.

3. The cursor shows a “ghosted” version of the copied component. Click at the location

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where you want the copied component placed.

Wiring Components Automatically

To wire two components together automatically:

1. Click on a pin from the first component to start the connection (your pointer turns into a

crosshair ) and move the mouse. A wire appears, attached to your cursor.

2. Click on a pin on the second component to finish the connection. Multisim automatically

places the wire, which snaps to an appropriate configuration (unless you have disabled the

“autowire on connection” option, The wire is numbered as a net. After a wire is connected
between two pins the cursor returns to its normal mode and is ready for your next command.

To delete a wire, click on it and press DELETE on your keyboard or right-click on it and choose
Delete from the pop-up menu that appears.

Wiring Components Manually

If you want to select the precise path a wire will take on a schematic, use the procedure

documented in this section.

To wire two components together, manually:

1. Click on a pin from the first component to start the connection (your pointer turns into a

crosshair ) and move the mouse. A wire appears, attached to your cursor.

2. Control the flow of the wire by clicking on points as you move the mouse. Each click

“fixes” the wire to that point. For example:

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By default, Multisim “skips over” (avoids) components to which it is not connected. For

example:

To pass through intermediary components instead, position the wire at the desired location

beside the intermediary component and press SHIFT on your keyboard while dragging the

wire. For example:

3. Click on the desired pin of the second component to finish the connection.

Note To stop the wiring process at any time, press ESC on your keyboard.

To delete a wire, click on it and press DELETE on your keyboard or right-click on it and choose
Delete from the pop-up menu that appears.

Start/Stop/Pause Simulation

To simulate a circuit, click the Run/resume simulation button. Multisim begins to simulate the
circuit’s behavior. You can also select Simulate/Run.

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 To pause the simulation while it is running, select Simulate/Pause. To resume the simulation
from the same point as when you paused, select Simulate/Run.

To stop a simulation, click the Stop Simulation button or select Simulate/Stop. If you restart
thesimulation after stopping it, it will restart from the beginning (unlike Pause, which allows you
to restart from the point where you paused).

Simulation Running Indicator

To indicate that a simulation is running, the Simulation Running Indicator appears in the status
bar as in the example below. This indicator flashes until you stop the simulation. This is
especially useful when viewing an instrument that has reached a steady state, such as the

IVAnalyzer.

To simulate the completed circuit Click on Simulate/Run or F5. This feature can also be accessed
from the toolbar as shown in the Figure 10 below.

 Apply Legend
A legend is a chart with all of the symbols used in an individual diagram. It could be a
mechanical, P&ID, electrical symbol legend, or other types of diagram. This is an invaluable tool
because it is not possible to remember every single symbol used in our diagrams. Let’s look at
some different types of legend diagrams below.

There are hundreds of components that can be used in an industrial setting. A legend chart gives
each of those components a standardized symbol and labels that symbol.

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1.8:EXPORTING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 Select project storage location

Introduction to Transfer/Communication

Multisim makes it easy to transfer schematic and simulation data to and from other programs

for further processing. Multisim can combine schematic information and simulation data for

transfer together. For example, when transferring your schematic to perform a PCB layout,

Multisim can include optimized trace width information (calculated using the Trace Width

Analysis during simulation).

Saving to a Measurement File

You can save the results of your simulation to either a text-based (.lvm) or binary (.tdm)

measurement file, and use applications like National Instruments LabVIEW and DIAdem to

compare simulated output with actual circuit output.

To save the simulation results as a measurement file:

1. Select View/Grapher. The Grapher appears, showing the results of your simulation and/or

analysis.

2. Click the Save to Measurement File button. A file browser appears.

3. Select the desired file type from the drop-down list. Available file types are:
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• Text-based measurement files (*.lvm) — files such as those created in NI LabVIEW.

• Binary measurement files (*.tdm) — files used to exchange data between

National Instruments software, such as LabVIEW and DIAdem. Note that when you

save data as this file type, two files are created: a header file (.tdm) and a binary file

(.tdx).

4. Select the desired filepath, enter a filename and click Save. The Data resampling settings

dialog box appears.

5. Change the following settings as desired:

• Do not resample checkbox — appears for .tdm files only. Enable if you do not wish to

resample the data. The other options are disabled.

• Resample data checkbox — appears for .tdm files only.

• Interpolation mode — select one of: Coerce; Linear Interpolation; Spline Interpolation.

(See “Interpolation modes” on page 9-18 for a description of each).

• Δx (in seconds if time-domain data) — the sampling period to use for resampling.

• 1/Δx (in Hz if time-domain data) — the sampling rate to use for resampling.

Note You can change either Δx or 1/Δx. The other will change accordingly.

• Estimated file size — this read-only field changes as you change either Δx or 1/Δx.

6. Click OK to close the dialog and save the file.

Exporting a Netlist

You can export a netlist for your circuit.

To export a netlist of your design:

1. Select Transfer/Export Netlist. A standard Windows Save As dialog box appears. Select the

filepath and filetype, enter the filename and click Save. The netlist is saved.

 File format
Files with Other Formats

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Files with the following formats can be opened with Multisim:

• Multisim 10 Files — *.ms10

• Older Multisim Files — *.ms9, *.ms8, *.ms7, *.msm

• Electronics Workbench 5 Files — *.ewb

• Multisim 10 Project Files — *.mp10

• Older Project Files — *.mp9, *.mp8, *.mp7

• EWB Database Update Files — *.prz

• SPICE Netlist Files — *.cir

• Orcad Files — *.dsn

• Ulticap Files — *.utsch

• EDA Parts Update Files — *.edp, *.mxm, *.msml

Note When opening files from earlier versions of Electronics Workbench or Multisim,

Reference Designators may be renamed to ensure that all instances are unique.

To open a file of any of the above-listed types except Ulticap:

1. Select File/Open. A standard Open dialog box displays.

2. Select the desired file type from the Files of Type drop-down list.

3. Highlight the desired file and click Open. The file is opened in Multisim.

To open an Ulticap schematic file:

1. Select File/Open. A standard Open dialog box displays.

2. Select the desired file type from the Files of Type drop-down list.

3. Highlight the desired file and click Open. The Ulticap Import dialog displays.

4. Select the desired options in the Save to Database Options box:

• Do not save imported parts — imports the Ulticap parts without saving them to any of

the Multisim databases.

• Save imported parts — saves the imported Ulticap parts to the selected Multisim

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database.

2.BUILD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit diagram: is a graphical representation of an electrical diagram

 SELECTION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

 Analog components:most of the fundamental electronic components such as
resistor,capacitors,inductors,diodes ,transistors and operational amplifier are all
inherently analog components.

Circuit built with a combination of those components are referred to as analogy circuit

Analog circuit are usually more susceptible to noise.

Analog signals are commonly used in communication system that convey voice, data, image
signal, or video information using a continuous signal.

 Digital componenents

Digital components are general in form of integrated circuit such logic gates or more complex
digital IC (integrated circuit)

The digital circuits implement component such as logic gate etc

Digital circuits commonly use a binary scheme.

 IDENTIFICATION OF TOOLS, MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

 EQUIPMENT: is a set of tools that are used to achieve a specific objective.

 Power Supply Unit: is a hardware device that converts AC electricity into DC electricity
and then distributes it to the rest of the computer.
 Function Generator: is a piece of electronic test instrument used to generate and deliver
standard waveforms, typically sine and square wave under the device under test. it is also
a signal generator that produces different types of waveforms at its output.
 Multimeter : is an electronic measuring instruments that combines several measurement
functions in one unit.
 Prototyping Of Electronic Circuit On Breadboard
Prototyping: to build and test an electronic circuit
Prototype of PCB board: is an essential step in the design process of an electrical item.
Breadboard: is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronic and test
circuit designs.

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  Oscilloscope: is an instrument that graphically displays electrical signals and shows how
those signals change overtime
 Soldering station kit: is a complete kit that comes with all essential tool for soldering.
 MATERIALS: is a substance of which a thing is made from or composed
 Connector: devices that joins two pieces of equipment.
 Soldering Materials: are the material that are used while soldering
Soldering: is a joining process used to join two or more different types of metals together
by melting solder.
Ex: soldering wire (solder)
 Cleaning Materials: are the materials used for cleaning your workplace
It also be defined as a solvent used to remove contaminants and other materials such as
dirt and bad smell etc
Ex: liquids, powders, sprays
 TOOLS: it is a handheld device that aids in accomplishing a task
 Cutting Tools: is a hardened metal tool that is used to cut and shape a material.
Ex: Pliers, electrician knife,
 Testing Tools: are tools used for testing
Ex :tester
 Cleaning Tools: are tools used for cleaning workplace.
Ex: cotton waste, brushes,
 ESD Tools kit:
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): is the release of static electricity when two objects come
into contact.

Antistatic wrist strap: The antistatic wrist strap protects computer equipment when grounded to
a computer chassis.

Antistatic mat: The antistatic mat protects computer equipment by preventing static electricity
from accumulating on the hardware or on the technician.

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  INTERNAL CONNECTION OF THE BREADBOARD

Breadboard: is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronic and test circuit
designs.

Most electronic component in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting their leads or
terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where appropriate.

The holes in breadboard are connected by a metal clips that span five holes horizontal.

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  MOUNTING COMPONENTS ON BREADBOARD
Fixing component on PCB
 Mounting electronic circuit component on PCB
Generally the circuit component can be fixed on PCB in three ways
1. Through holes mounted component :for this mounting technology the
component are inserted in holes in the PCB and soldered.
2. Surface mounted component:
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 This is method of mounting components directly to PCB.
The components mounted in this manner is referred to as SMD
3. Both through hole and surface mounted component: this technology
comprise both through hole and surface mount at the same time
 Component arrangement and aesthetics

1 - Group components by function

Components that have similar functions should be grouped together. For example,
power management ICs (PMICs) should be grouped in the same power
management section .By grouping components according to their function, it also
allows for better control of the return path.

2 - Use a standard orientation for the components

Integrated circuits, regardless of their footprint and number of terminals, always

have a reference pin (pin 1). In order to streamline the PCB layout and simplify
the assembly phase, designers have to make sure the ICs are all aligned in the
same direction.

3 - Separate the different areas from each other

Areas of the PCB that contain digital, analog, radio frequency (RF) or power components should
be kept separate from each other.

The separation of the different functional areas prevents dangerous interference between the
mixed analog and digital signals, giving rise to crosstalk phenomena that compromise the
integrity of the signal.

4 - Keep the components away from heat sources

In applications where high power is involved, MOSFETs, IGBTs, PMICs and voltage regulators
develop a fair amount of heat. Even if you add enough vias to aid in heat dissipation, it is always
preferable to avoid placing other components close to the power components. The same goes for
operational power amplifiers or any other device that emits heat.

5 - Create solid ground planes

Ground planes should always be continuous without any kind of interruption, as this would
facilitate the onset of signal and power integrity issues.

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6 - What to place near the edges of the PCB

The components that shall surely be positioned near the edges of the PCB are the connectors,
especially if they require screw fixing. This avoids unwanted contact of cables with other
components on the PCB and simplifies board assembly and installation.

7 - Leave enough space for the traces

The current trend in electronics is to require PCBs with increasingly compact size, a need that is
found above all in the wearables and portable devices sector. However, there are limits to the
miniaturization of circuits and there is always an optimal size that shall be respected. Otherwise,
it becomes nearly impossible to route all traces. When positioning the components, it is therefore
necessary to ensure that there is sufficient space on the PCB for the passage of copper traces,
especially close to components with a high number of pins.

8 - Designing for manufacturability, accessibility and maintenance

Printed circuit boards are assembled using automated equipment that typically performs a wave
soldering process for through-hole components and a reflow soldering process for surface mount
components. Both of these processes have specific requirements that PCB layout designers must
be aware of to ensure maximum efficiency during the board assembly and manufacturing steps.

It therefore becomes essential to check the correct positioning of the components in order to
avoid possible interruptions in the production phase, at the same time simplifying the PCB
assembly process. The placement of components affects the performance of the device both in
terms of signal integrity and in terms of immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI).

9 – High-speed signals

Components that handle high-speed signals must be grouped in the same area of the PCB and
shall be placed at a short distance from each other, in order to simplify the routing of the traces.
The connections between these signals must be made with short and straight traces.

High-speed components that draw a lot of current (such as CPU, FPGA, and GPU) also require
decoupling capacitors connected to their respective power pins. In digital boards or in the
presence of components with BGA packages, the placement of these capacitors can be more
complicated. However, it is imperative that bypass capacitors are placed as close as possible to
the VCC pins of the active components, in order to avoid oscillations on the power and ground
signals, and resolving possible power supply integrity problems at the source.

In general, it is a good idea to leave a space between 350 and 500mil between each integrated
circuit placed on the board. In the case of large integrated circuits, more space shall be left.
Figure 3 shows bypass capacitors placed in the immediate vicinity of integrated circuits.

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 10 – Thermal management

When positioning components, due consideration must be given to the amount of heat generated
during their operation. Components that develop a lot of heat, such as processors, should be
placed in the center of the PCB, so that the heat is dissipated evenly across the board. It is also
necessary to pay attention to the path followed by the air flow, avoiding that the cooling of the
hottest components is obstructed by the presence of components of a larger size. In addition, it is
advisable to reserve sufficient space from the outset for the placement of any heat sinks or other
devices designed to improve thermal dissipation.

 Soldering electronic components on PCB:

joining different electronic component on PCB

3.TROUBLESHOOT ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT

 DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT FAULT

Fault: is a defect or a failure in a circuit on in an electronic device

 COMMON CAUSE OF FAULT

Electrical or electronic breakdowns can be categorized by some very basic causes as follows:

1. Heat : Whenever too much heat is applied to electrical or electronic devices, problems occur.
Heat increases the resistance of circuits, which in turn increases the current. Heat will cause the
materials to expand, dry out, crack, blister, and wear down much more quickly; sooner or later,
the device will break down.

2. Moisture: Moisture will also cause circuits to draw more current and eventually break down.
Moisture (water and other liquids) causes expansion, warping, quicker wear, and abnormal
current flow (short circuits).

3. Dirt and contaminants: Dirt and other contaminants, such as fumes, vapors, abrasives, soot,
grease, and oils, are materials that cause electrical and electronic devices to “clog” or “gum” up
and operate abnormally until they finally break down

4. Abnormal or excessive movement: Abnormal or excessive movement can lead to

breakdowns. Vibrations and physical abuse are the leading causes of these types of breakdowns.

5. Poor installation: Poor installation is often the work of an unqualified installer or one who is
careless or in a hurry. Failure to tighten a bolt or properly solder a connection results in an
electrical or electronic device’s breaking down prematurely

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 6. Manufacturing defect: Manufacturing defects are also very common. For example, it is not
uncommon to find a loose circuit board after delivery and installation. The shipping and
transporting can also loosen or damage circuit boards and components.

7. Animals and rodents: Animals and rodents can also be the cause of electrical or electronic
breakdowns. A rat or other small rodent may have chewed on an electric wire or found its way
into a motor.

 COMMON CAUSE OF CIRCUIT FAULTS

It is essential that every troubleshooter understand the four most common causes of circuit faults:

1. Short Circuit : Basically, a short circuit results when the current takes a direct path
across its source. Short circuits draw more current because the resistance in the circuit
decreases; as a result, the voltage decreases.
 Typical Signs Of Short Circuits Are The Following:
o Blown fuses
o Increased heat
o Low voltage
o High amperage
o Smoke
2. Open Circuit: An open circuit results from an incomplete circuit. which prevents the
current from flowing in a complete path. An open circuit will have infinite (unlimited)
resistance and zero current since its path has been broken.
 Typical Signs Of An Open Circuit Are
o infinite resistance
o zero amperage
o completely dead (inoperable) device
3. Ground: A ground results when a defect in the insulation or placement of a wire or
component causes the current to take an incorrect (abnormal) route in the circuit.
A ground is theoretically similar to a short circuit; however, it has distinct characteristics.
Generally, the short circuit causes the device to stop operating and trips a circuit breaker
due to the direct bypass. However, in the grounded circuit, the device often keeps
operating due to the indirect circuit bypass, but it operates poorly and draws abnormal
currents and voltages. The grounded circuit also can be the most dangerous, since the
device often keeps functioning; the operator can experience shocks, especially without
proper ground-fault interrupters
Common grounds result from wires with poor insulation, pinched wires, or misplaced
components.
 Typical Signs Of A Ground Are As Follows:
o Abnormal amperage reading
o Abnormal voltage reading

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 o Abnormal resistance reading
o Shocks
o Abnormal circuit performance
o Tripped ground-fault interrupters
o Periodic blown fuses or circuit breakers
4. Mechanical Fault: Mechanical problems are a result of too much friction, wear, abuse,
or vibration, where the physical part of an electrical or electronic device causes the
breakdown.
 Typical Signs Of Mechanical Problems Are As Follows:
o Noisy operation
o Abnormal operation
o Visual clues
o Circuit failure
 APPLICATION OF CIRCUIT TROUBLESHOOTING METHODS
There are basic techniques used by all troubleshooters when servicing electrical or
electronic devices. Which techniques the troubleshooter uses depends on the type of
defect or symptom that exists.
1. Voltage measurements : The voltage measurement of a circuit is usually taken by
using a voltmeter or an oscilloscope. A zero-voltage reading may identify an open circuit,
while a low-voltage reading may indicate a shortcircuited component. Remember, always
connect a voltmeter in parallel with the circuit when you measure voltage
2. Amperage measurements : The amperage measurement of a circuit is usually taken
by using an ammeter or a “clamp-on” ammeter. The ammeter indicates and locates
common circuit faults, such as short circuits, open circuits, and grounds. Remember,
always connect the ammeter in series with the circuit when you measure current
3. Resistance measurements: An ohmmeter is used to measure the “continuity,”
resistance of a circuit, or resistance of a component. This technique is very valuable in
locating short circuits, grounds, and open circuits. Remember, always shut off the power
before you measure resistance
4. Substitution : The substitution technique simply means replacing a suspected faulty
component with a known good component. This method can save valuable time and
frustration for the troubleshooter. However, there are some risks involved. If a circuit
board is replaced with a new one and the underlying problem is not the circuit board, this
replacement part may be damaged. Also, once a replacement part has been used in a
circuit, many parts distributors may not allow returns since the quality of the used part is
questionable. However, substitution is still an important and valuable technique if it is not
abused.
5. Bridging:
6. Heat: Application of heat to a suspected “intermittent” component is another
troubleshooting technique. This thermally intermittent component breaks down under
heat. By applying heat to this suspected intermittent component—usually by using a hot
blower—the troubleshooter can determine the quality of the component. Do not use too

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 much heat; otherwise damage to nearby components, particularly plastic components, can
result.
7. Freezing : The freezing technique is used by the troubleshooter to temporarily restore
a component to normal operation. The freezing technique gets its name from the use of
cold air from a fan or a chemical coolant. The freezing technique cools the suspected
thermally intermittent component, thus temporarily restoring the component to normal
operation. Both heat and cold applications can be very useful in identifying micro circuit
board cracks and connections. The heat and cold cause expansion and contraction,
respectively, which can temporarily trigger a circuit to operate, allowing the
troubleshooter to isolate the problem
8. Signal tracing and injection: Signal tracing or injection is most often used in
servicing radio receivers. The technician injects a signal into the malfunctioning receiver
in order to locate the specific inoperable (dead) stage (Fig. 1.5). A signal is injected into
the various points preceding each stage. A tone is heard at the speaker if the stage is
operating. The defective stage will not allow the signal to pass through, and the signal
will not be heard at the speaker.

9. Component testers and test lamps : Component testers are instruments used to test
the quality of the component. Component testers include insulation meters,
megohmmeters, capacitor checkers, test lamps, transistor or diode testers, cathode-ray
tube (CRT) checkers, integrated-circuit (IC) testers, and others.
10. Resoldering and adjusting: Resoldering, adjusting, and aligning are all techniques
used by a troubleshooter on suspected problems. Often, a troubleshooter will use these
techniques because intuition and past experience may indicate that a problem exists. If a
specific product’s past performance has a high frequency for having a poor electric solder
connection (called a cold solder joint), a quick touch (resolder) with a solder gun or
pencil can rectify the condition.
11. Bypassing : Bypassing is a technique that a troubleshooter may use to locate a
suspected problem. This technique requires unplugging one of several circuits. For
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 example, by “shutting off” a transistor, its effect on the total performance of the circuit
can be observed. In other cases, a complete circuit board might be disconnected in order
to recheck voltage and other measurements, as well as observe the effect on the overall
operating system. For example, a shorted circuit board can put a draw on other circuits.
By omitting the shorted circuit board, normal operating values may be restored, thereby
isolating the problem
12. Logic analysis and network injection: Logic analysis and network injection are
techniques that allow a troubleshooter to debug complex circuit problems. Logic
analyzers use super high-speed signals to process data from computers and other digital
devices. For example, an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) is used to transmit
fiber-optic pulses through the fiber cable that scatters the light signal back. The
instrument measures the rate of the pulse return that provides detection of the fiber-optic
cable length, attenuation, and potential breakpoints.

 APPLICATION OF SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR REPAIRING

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT
Safety Considerations
In working with electrical and electronic devices, safety can never be overly emphasized.
No matter how experienced or competent you are as a troubleshooter, you must always
respect the power of electricity and follow proper safety considerations. Electricity can
cause significant damage to the human body ranging from small burns to the skin,
neurological and muscle damage, to death. The combination of voltage and amperage that
actually flows through your body is what causes damage. It is possible that a high amount
of voltage can zap your hand away from the power source and cause little harm, but a
small amount of voltage with a high amount of current can actually kill you. The possible
extent of damage by a particular combination of voltage and amperage also depends on
the amount of resistance of the body. For example, when current flows through a person’s
body the heart and lungs can be interrupted and cause temporary or permanent effects.
Suffocation can result when a person is unable to breathe. When the heart is impacted, it
can stop pumping blood and the natural rhythm of the heart can be disrupted. In this case,
death may be imminent. One common condition is called ventricular fibrillation, which
causes a disruption of the heart’s natural muscle rhythm and makes the muscle contract
rapidly and randomly. This condition is typical of victims who experience household
deaths as a result of the person’s heart triggering into fibrillation. Electricity can cause
physiological effects to the body with as little as 100 milliamperes (mA) of current when
applied directly to a person’s heart. Body injury can result to muscles due to involuntary
muscle contractions with as little as 5 to 10 mA of current. Current above 100 mA can
cause muscle paralysis, breathing disruption, skin burns, and possible ventricular
fibrillation and death. Therefore, before servicing any electrical device, it is critical that
any troubleshooter carefully read the service manual and supplements.
Some general considerations include the following:
1. Ensure that the electrical power has been removed from the device.
2. Always ensure the correct polarity of any installation of any component, especially
electrolytic capacitors. The incorrect installation can actually cause the device to explode.
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 3. Caution should be taken not to use any spray chemicals near the electronic device.
4. Follow the service manual recommendations for cleaning electrical contacts by using
only solutions suitable for the device. For example, 90 percent isopropyl alcohol is often
recommended for electronic contacts or acetone with application using a pipe clearer or a
cotton swab or comparable nonabrasive applicator. However, caution should be taken
since this material can be flammable.
5. Never test a high voltage by drawing an arch.
6. Always use a suitable high-voltage test meter such as a digital voltmeter (DVM) or
Fetvom with a high-voltage probe attachment.
7. When servicing devices, use proper ground lead from the chassis ground and remove
the test receiver ground lead first when completed.
8. When soldering, use a grounded-tip low-wattage soldering iron.
9. Always keep the soldering iron tip clean and well tinned.
10. Avoid overheating electronic components when soldering.
11. Develop a skill of moving quickly when touching the iron tip to the junction of a
component lead or printed circuit board and only as long as needed for the solder to flow.

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