ATOMS LINE SPECTRA OF THE

HYDROGEN ATOM
E2
n=8
n=7 Pfund series
E1 E(n) to E(n = 5)
e n=6
Infrared
DISTANCE OF CLOSEST n=5
Brackett series
APPROACH E(n) to E(n = 4)
(Infrared)
At closest approach, system n=4
THOMSON'S ATOMIC only have electric potential

Energy levels
Paschen series
MODEL energy, 1 (2e) (Ze)
K =U=
E(n) to E(n = 3)
(Infrared)

• Also known as pudding model 4πεo d n=3

• Positive charge are uniformly 1 2 ze2

distributed in the atom. ⇒ d=
• Negative charge are embedded 4πεo K EXCITATION ENERGY Balmer series
E(n) to E(n = 2)
(Visible)
like seeds in watermelon. 1 2 ze2 n=2
• Overall atom is neutral ⇒ d=
4πεo ( 1 mv 2 )
2
Eexcitation = E2 – E1
Lyman series
LIMITATIONS BOHR'S MODEL E1 = energy of lower orbit E(n) to E(n = 1)
(Ultraviolet)
(i) Valid for only one – electron atom. n=1
• This model does not explain
(ii) Electron is revolving around the
the presence of nucleus in E2 = energy of higher orbit
nucleus in a stable orbit.
the atom. (iii) Attractive Coulomb force
• This is not able to explain between electron and nucleus is (1) The wave number or
scattering of α - particles equal to the centripetal Force of
wavelength of the emitted
• This is not able to explain the electron
photon when electron jumps
spectrum of atoms. LIMITATIONS Ze2
=
mv 2 EXCITATION POTENTIAL From higher orbital state
• This model not explain the
4πεor r Eexcitation ‘n2’ to lower orbital state
r = radius of orbit Vexcitation= ‘n1’ is
stability of nucleus. e
• This does not explain the line
1 En2 − En1 1 1
spectra of atom.
POSTULATES E − E1 ν= = =R 2 − 2 
= 2 (volts) λ hc  n1 n2 
• Electron in an atom could revolve e
in certain stable orbits with R = Rydberg is constant
emission of radiant energy. = 1.097 × 107 m-1
OUTCOMES CONCLUSIONS nh IONIZATION ENERGY
• L= (2) Number of spectral lines
• Most of the α - particles went • Positive charge was concentrated 2π L = angular momentum,
• Minimum energy required to when electron jump From
straight without any deviation. in small region of an atom is h = Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Js
remove the electron.
• Same of α - particles were called nucleus • hυ = Ei - Ef
nth orbit = n(n − 1)
deflected by some angles. 2
• Negative charge were revolving
• Eionization = 13.6 z volts
Ei & Ef are the energies of initial
• Very few α - particles were in circular orbit around the & final states, Ei > Ef 2
deflected by an angle 180o nucleus. n2

RADIUS OF nTH ORBIT ORBITAL FREQUENCY IN TOTAL ENERGY IN NTH ORBIT IONIZATION POTENTIAL
• Vionization = Eionization
NTH ORBIT −me4 z2
n2h2 εo 0.53 n2 o • En = Kn + Un =
rn = = A ν e4 z2 8ε02h2n2
RUTHERFORD'S NUCLEAR
zπme2 z fn = =
2πr 4εo2n3h3 −13.6z 2 e
• En = eV
n2 1 n2
MODEL OF AN ATOM rn ∝ , rn ∝ Z2 z2 13.6 z 2
z m fn ∝ 3 • En ∝ 2 , En ∝ m = volts
n n n 2
• α - particles were emitted
by the radioactive element
214
Bi83 & were bombarded on
VELOCITY OF ELECTRON POTENTIAL AND KINETIC
a thin gold foil. BINDING ENERGY
IN nTH ORBIT ENERGY IN NTH ORBIT
• Minimum energy required to bound the
• Scattered α - particles are ze2 z −1 Ze2 me 4 z 2
νn = = 2.19 × 106 ( ) m/s Un = = 2 2 2 electron from nucleus.
collected on ZnS screen. 2nhεo n 4πεo rn 4ε o h n
2
1 me 4 z 2
mν 2 = 2 2 2
• B.E. = - Eionization = −13.6 z eV
Kn = 2
2 8ε o h n n