LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (320-321) WEEK. 7
OBJECT: To understand Conditional Operator, Logical Operators, break keyword, continue keyword,
nested loops, and combination of all these statements.
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR
The conditional operator ( ? : ) is C’s only ternary operator; that is, it is the only operator to take three terms.
The conditional operator takes three expressions and returns a value:
(expression1) ? (expression2) : (expression3)
It replaces the following statements of if else structure
if(a>b)
c=a;
else
c=b;
can be replaced by
c = (a>b) ? a : b
This line is read as "If expression1 is true, return the value of expression2; otherwise, return the value of
expression3." Typically, this value would be assigned to a variable.
PROGRAM 1: Demonstrates conditional operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a,b,c;
cout<<"Enter a, b ";
cin>>a>>b;
c = a > b ? a : b ;
cout<<"Larger number is: "<<c;
return 0;
}
PROGRAM 2: Demonstrates conditional operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
for(int j=0; j<80; j++) //for every column,
{ //ch is ‘x’ if column is
char ch = (j%8) ? ‘ ‘ : ‘x’; //multiple of 8, and
cout << ch; //’ ‘ (space) otherwise
}
return 0;
}
Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 1/7
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (320-321) WEEK. 7
PROGRAM 3: Demonstrates nested conditional operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a,b,c;
cout<<"Enter a, b and c: ";
cin>>a>>b>>c;
cout<<"Larger number is: "
<<((((a>b)? a : b) > c) ? ((a>b)? a : b) : c);
return 0;
}
LOGICAL OPERATORS
While relational (comparison) operators can be used to test whether a particular condition is true or false,
they can only test one condition at a time. Often we need to know whether multiple conditions are true at
once and logical operators provide us with this capability to test multiple conditions. Depending upon the
requirement, proper logical operator is used. There are three logical operators:
Operator Symbol Form Operation
Logical NOT ! !x true if x is false, or false if x is true
Logical AND && x && y true if both x and y are true, false otherwise
Logical OR || x || y false if both x and y are false, true otherwise
The operators return true or false, according to the rules of logic:
A b a && b a b a || b
True true true true true true
True false false true false true
False true false false true true
False false false false false false
The ! operator is a unary operator, taking only one argument and negating its value:
a !a
true false
false true
Examples using logical operators (assume x = 6 and y = 2):
!(x > 2) → false
(x > y) && (y > 0) → true
(x < y) && (y > 0) → false
(x < y) || (y > 0) → true
Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 2/7
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (320-321) WEEK. 7
PROGRAM 4: Demonstrates && (AND) operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int age, height;
cout << "Enter age of candidate: "; cin >> age;
cout << "Enter height of candidate in cm: "; cin >> height;
if (age>=18 && height>=160)
cout << "The candidate is selected ";
else
cout << "Sorry! The candidate is not selected ";
return 0;
}
PROGRAM 5: Demonstrates || (OR) operator
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int month;
cout<<"Enter month in number: "; cin>>month;
if(month == 12 || month == 1 || month == 2)
cout<<"It is Winter";
else if(month == 3 || month == 4 || month == 5)
cout<<"It is Spring";
else if(month == 6 || month == 7 || month == 8)
cout<<"It is Summer";
else if(month == 9 || month == 10 || month == 11)
cout<<"It is Autumn";
else
cout<<"You entered wrong Month";
return 0;
}
Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 3/7
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (320-321) WEEK. 7
PROGRAM 6: Demonstrates || (OR) operator and nested for loops
#include <iostream>
#include<conio.h>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int r, c, k ,j;
char ch;
do{
cout<<"Enter Number of rows:";
cin>>r;
cout<<"Printing Triangle:"<<endl;
for (k=1; k<=r ; k++){
for (j=1; j<=k; j++)
cout<<'*';
cout<<endl;
}
cout<<"Enter Number of rows:";
cin>>r;
cout<<"Enter Number of columns:";
cin>>c;
cout<<"Printing rectangle:"<<endl;
for (k=1; k<=r ; k++){
for (j=1; j<=c; j++)
cout<<'*';
cout<<endl;
}
cout<<"Do U want to print more shapes??? (Y / N)";
ch = getche();
}
while(ch == 'y' || ch == 'Y');
return 0;
}
Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 4/7
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (320-321) WEEK. 7
BREAK STATEMENT
The break; statement terminates a loop (for, while and do..while loop) and a switch statement immediately
when it appears.
C++ CONTINUE STATEMENT
It is sometimes necessary to skip a certain test condition within a loop. In such case, continue; statement is
used in C++ programming.
Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 5/7
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (320-321) WEEK. 7
PROGRAM 7: Demonstrating the break statement
include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
float number, sum = 0.0;
while (true) { // test expression is always true
cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> number;
if (number != 0.0)
sum += number;
else
break; // terminates the loop if number equals 0.0
}
cout << "Sum = " << sum;
return 0;
}
PROGRAM 8: Demonstrating the continue statement
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
long dividend, divisor;
char ch;
do {
cout << "Enter dividend: "; cin >> dividend;
cout << "Enter divisor: "; cin >> divisor;
if( divisor == 0 ) { //if attempt to divide by 0,
cout << "Illegal divisor\n"; //display message
continue; //go to top of loop
}
cout << "Quotient is " << dividend / divisor;
cout << ", remainder is " << dividend % divisor;
cout << "\nDo another? (y/n): "; cin >> ch;
} while( ch != 'n' );
return 0;
}
Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 6/7
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
LECTURE NOTES / LAB HANDOUTS
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS (320-321) WEEK. 7
Exercise 1:
Write a program to input a character from user and check whether given character is alphabet,
digit or a special character. Use if-else for logic and if user press Enter only the program should exit.
Input character: a
'a' is alphabet
Input character: A
'A' is alphabet
Input character: #
'#' is special character
Input character: 1
'1' is a number
Input character:
Exit
EXERCISE 2:
Write a program which prints the following pattern by using nested loops
< - >>>>>>>>>>
<< - >>>>>>>>>
<<< - >>>>>>>>
<<<< - >>>>>>>
<<<<< - >>>>>>
<<<<<< - >>>>>
<<<<<<< - >>>>
<<<<<<<< - >>>
<<<<<<<<< - >>
<<<<<<<<<< - >
EXERCISE 3:
Write a program which prints the following pattern by using nested loops
*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
Exercise 4:
Write a program which takes a number as input from user between range (1 to 99) and converts the
number into words by using multiple switch cases.
Enter a number: 55
Fifty Five
Enter a number: 3
Three
Enter a number: 20
Twenty
Enter a Number: 0
Exit
Course Instructor: Nazish Basir Page: 7/7
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Sindh.
