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Std 11: CHEMISTRY PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks

Marks distribution and topic to be focussed for Final term - 2025
1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry [3]
•Terms used in volumetric calculations: normality, molarity, molality, mole
fraction – Definitions and Numericals.

2. Structure of Atom [7]

•de Broglie’s equation. Numericals.
* Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. Numericals.
* Quantum numbers – types of quantum numbers, shape, size and orientation
of the s, p and d subshells.
* Aufbau principle, (n+l) rule.
* Pauli’s exclusion principle.
* Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
* Electronic configuration of elements and ions in terms of s, p, d, f subshells
and stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

3. Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties [4]

Periodic trends in properties of elements. Atomic radius, ionic radius,
ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, metallic and
non-metallic characteristics.
* Periodic properties such as valence electrons, atomic and ionic radii and their
variation in groups and periods.
* The idea of ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity
must be given and their variation in groups and periods may be discussed.
* The factors (atomic number, screening effect and shielding effect, the
number of electrons in the outermost orbit) which affect these periodic
properties and their variation in groups and periods.
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4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular structure [7]

•Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory; Hybridisation and
shapes of molecules: hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only. Concept of
electron-pair repulsion and shapes of molecules using suitable examples.
Hybridisation and molecular shapes – definition, hybridisation of orbitals
involving s, p and d orbitals (using suitable examples).
•Molecular orbital theory: Energy level diagrams, bond order, Magnetic nature
of O2 molecule, Nitrogen molecule .
* Co-ordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g. formation of oxy-acids of chlorine:
Co-ordinate or dative covalent bonding: definition, formation of chlorous acid,
chloric acid, perchloric acid.
•Hydrogen bonding: the examples of hydrogen fluoride, water (ice), alcohol,
etc. may be considered. H-bonding – definition, types, condition for hydrogen
bond formation, examples of inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in detail taking
hydrogen fluoride, water and ice and ethanol into account. Intramolecular
hydrogen bonding.
5.Chemical Thermodynamics [7]
•Statement of first and second law of Thermodynamics.
•Hess's law of constant heat summation-only numericals.
•Numericals based on the equations-
W=-2.303 nRT log V2/V1
∆ E= q + W
∆H= ∆E + ∆n RT
∆G= ∆H- T∆S
∆S=q/T
6. Equilibrium [7]
(i) Chemical Equilibrium
•Relationship between Kp and Kc, Numericals .
•The following examples should be considered to show maximum yield of
products:
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- Synthesis of ammonia by Haber’s process.

- The contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
•Le Chatelier’s Principle. Statement and explanation. Factors affecting
chemical and physical equilibria should be discussed .
(ii) Ionic equilibrium
•Ostwald’s dilution law and its derivation. Strength of acids and bases based
on their dissociation constant. Problems based on the Ostwald’s dilution law.
* Arrhenius, Brönsted-Lowry and Lewis concept of acids and bases, multistage
ionisation of acids and bases with examples.
•Ionic product of water – definition, pH, pOH, pKw of solutions. Numericals on
the above. concepts.
* Common ion effect – definition, examples (acetic acid and sodium acetate;
ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride), applications in salt analysis.
•Buffer solutions: definition, examples, action; Henderson equation. Solubility
product: definition and application in qualitative salt analysis (Group II, III and
IV cations). Numericals on pH, buffer solutions, solubility and solubility
product.

7. Redox Reactions [7]

•Balancing of redox reactions in acidic and basic medium by oxidation number
and ion electron method.
8. Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques [7]
•Definition and classification of isomerism: Structural isomerism: definition,
classification, examples. Chain isomerism, Positional isomerism, Functional
isomerism, Metamerism, Tautomerism - examples for each of the above.
Stereoisomerism: definition and classification, examples. Geometrical
isomerism: Definition. Conditions for compounds to exhibit geometrical
isomerism; types and examples, cis and trans, Examples. Optical isomerism:
Definition, Nicol prism, plane polarised light. polarimeter. Method of
measuring angle of rotation. Specific rotation. Conditions for optical activity. d,
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l form; External compensation, Internal compensation, racemic mixture &

meso form. Examples – lactic acid and tartaric acid.
9•Types of chemical reactions and their mechanisms. [7]
Substitution, addition, elimination reactions: definition and examples.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission – definition and examples. Free radicals,
carbocation, carbanion (their reactivities and stabilities). Electrophiles and
nucleophiles – definition and examples (including neutral electrophiles and
nucleophiles).
Inductive, electromeric, mesomeric effect– definition, examples.

10.Hydrocarbons [7]
1.Decarboxylation of sodium propanoate.
2. Kolbe’s electrolysis of a) sodium acetate b) potassium succinate c) potassium
maleate.
3.Wurtz reaction.
4. Reaction of methane with oxygen in presence of copper tube àmethanol
5. Reaction of methane with oxygen in presence of Molybdenum oxide
àmethanal.
6. Dehydration of ethanol.
7. Dehydrohalogenation of bromoethane.
8. Markownikoff’s rule and antiMarkownikoff’s rule.
9. Saytzeff’s rule and its application.
10. Ozonolysis of alkenes and alkynes.
11. Distinguishing test between Alkane, Alkene and Alkyne.
12.Reaction of Alkenes and alkynes with cold , dilute KMnO4.
13. Reaction of Alkenes and alkynes with hot, conc. KMnO4.
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II. Aromatic Hydrocarbons [7]

•Benzene: Preparation from sodium benzoate and from phenol.
•Chemical properties: - Electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation,
nitration, sulphonation). - Alkylation, acetylation – Friedel Crafts reaction.
. Catalytic oxidation, reaction with ozone. - Addition reactions with hydrogen,
chlorine, bromine. - Pyrolysis (formation of biphenyl)
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