CERTIFICATE This is to certify that DEEPANSH Of class XII (science) of sahu international school has completed the investigatory project in Physics titled "Study of construction working and application of transformer" himself under the supervision and guidance of Physics teacher during the year 2024-25. The progress of the project has been continuosly reported and has been in my knowledge consistently . Signature of Signature of Signature of Principal External Invigilator Subject TeacherACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, |am deeply thankful to my Physics teacher Mr Shivam Mishra for extending his valuable and scholarly guidance throughout the preparation of this project. | wish to extend my sincere thanks to Mr Praveen Dagar respected Principal, Sahu International School for his continuous motivation and moral support for completing the work. lam also thankful to all my respected teachers, library staff, office staff and staff members of the Physics Class of the school. |am also thankful to the teachers and staff members of the department of Physics for extending their humanitarian and scholastic assistance in finding out the solutions of some query during my work. Last but no the least | am indebted to my friends, classmates and parents for encouraging.. and never let me down in my confidence while completing the project.NSTRUCTION AND WORKING TRANSFORMERS | PRESENTED BY: DEEPANSH NIGAM CLASS XII ROLL NO. - CONTENT What is transformer Structure and working principle Construction of transformer Losses in transformer Ideal v/s practical transformer CHB oDp oD Uses and application of transformerINTRODUCTION © A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at one voltage level to ac electric power at another voltage level through the action of a magnetic field. © There are two or more stationary electric circuits that are coupled magnetically. © It involves interchange of electric energy between two or more electric systems © Transformers provide much needed capability of changing the voltage and current levels easily. © They are used to step-up generator voltage to an appropriate voltage level for power transfer. © Stepping down the transmission voltage at various levels for distribution and power utilization. WHAT IS TRANSFORMER © A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which an electrical power is transferred from one alternating current circuit to another electrical circuit © There is no electrical contact between them © The desire change in voltage or current without any change in frequency © Symbolically the transformer denoted as NOTE:Displayed at the Deutsches Museum. Munich, Germany STRUCTURE OF TRANSFORMER ©The transformer two inductive coils ,these are electrical separated but linked through a common magnetic current circuit © These two coils have a high mutual induction © One of the two coils is connected of alternating voltage .this coil in which electrical energy is fed with the help of source called primary winding (P) shown in fig. © The other winding is connected to a load the electrical energy is transformed to this winding drawn out to the load .this winding is called secondary winding(S) shown in fig.c Primary Winding Secondary Winding Leakage Flux hee © The primary and secondary coil wound on a ferromagnetic metal core © The function of the core is to transfer the changing magnetic flux from the primary coil to the secondary coil © The primary has N1 no of turns and the secondary has N2 no of turns the of turns plays major important role in the function transformer WORKING PRINCIPLE © The transformer works in the principle of mutual induction © When the alternating current flows in the primary coils, a changing magnetic flux is generated around the primary coil. © The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary coil through the iron core © The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil, hence induces an e.m.f in the secondary coil© Now if load is connected to a secondary winding, this e.m.f drives a current through it © The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by the ratio of the no. of primary coil and secondary coil Primary Winding Secondary Winding Iron ; colA gor, Col Mi LoadCONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER © These are two basic of transformer construction © Magnetic core © Windings or coils © Magnetic core © The core of transformer either square or rectangular type in size © It is further divided into two parts vertical and horizontal © The vertical portion on which coils are wounds called limb while horizontal portion is called yoke. these parts are © Core is made of laminated core type constructions, eddy current losses get minimize. © Generally high grade silicon steel laminations (0.3 to 0.5: are used WINDING © Conducting material is used in the winding of the transformer © The coils are used are wound on the limbs and insulated from each other © The two different windings are wounds on two different limbs © The leakage flux increases which affects the performance and efficiency of transformer © To reduce the leakage flux it is necessary that the windings should be very close to each other to have high mutual inductionCORE TYPE CONSTRUCTION In this one magnetic circuit and cylindrical coils are used = Normally L and T shaped laminations are used = Commonly primary winding would on one limb while secondary on the other but performance will be reduce To get high performance it is necessary that other the two winding should be very close to each other Shel/-type Laminations Coretype Laminations E E “ET Laminations = “E-E’ Laminations ‘LE Laminations — “U-T’ LaminationsSHELL TYPE CONSTRUCTION © In this type two magnetic circuit are used © The winding is wound on central limbs © For the cell type each high voltage winding lie between two voltage portion sandwiching the high voltage winding © Sub division of windings reduces the leakage flux © Greater the number of sub division lesser the reactance © This type of construction is used for high voltage wew CircuitsTeday.com E AND ‘—TI LAMINATIONSLOSSES IN TRANSFORMER © Copper losses : It is due to power wasted in the form of I2Rdue to resistance of primary and secondary. The magnitude of copper losses depend upon the current flowing through these coils. Hysteresis loss : During magnetization and demagnetization ,due to hysteresis effect some energy losses in the core called hysteresis loss Eddy current loss : The leakage magnetic flux generates the E.M.F in the core produces current is called of eddy current loss. eddy currentIDEAL V/S PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER © A transformer is said to be ideal if it satisfies the following properties, but no transformer is ideal in practice. © It has no losses © Windings resistance are zero © There is no flux leakage © Small current is required to produce the magnetic field While the practical transformer has windings resistance , some leakage flux and has lit bit losses APPLICATION AND USES © The transformer used in television and photocopy machines © The transmission and distribution of alternating power is possible by transformer © Simple camera flash uses fly back transformer © Signal and audio transformer are used couple in amplifier