Chapter 6
Bandwidth Utilization:
Multiplexing and
Spreading
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Presentation / Lecture Acknowledgement
Professor Choong Seon Hong, Ph.D.
Networking Lab,
Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
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Bandwidth Utilization
Note
Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of
available bandwidth to achieve
specific goals.
Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing;
privacy and anti-jamming can be achieved
by spreading.
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6.1 MULTIPLEXING
Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two
devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the
devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the
set of techniques that allows the simultaneous
transmission of multiple signals across a single
data link. As data and telecommunications use
increases, so does traffic.
Topics discussed in this section:
Frequency-Division Multiplexing
Wavelength-Division Multiplexing
Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing
Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing
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Multiplexing
Dividing a link into channels
Word link refers to the physical path
Channel refers to the portion of a link that carries a transmission
between a given pair of lines.
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Multiplexing
Multiplexing
is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous
transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.
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FDM
Multiplexer
Transmission streams combine into a single stream (many to
one)
Demultiplexer
Stream separates into its component transmission (one to
many) and directs them to their intended receiving devices
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FDM
FDM (Frequency-Division)
FDM is an analog multiplexing technique
that combines analog signals.
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FDM (cont’d)
FDM process
Each telephone generates a signal of a similar frequency range
These signals are modulated onto different carrier frequencies
(f1, f2, f3)
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FDM(cont’d)
FDM multiplexing process, frequency-domain
00 4 20 24
0
0 4 24 28
20 32
0 4 28 32
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FDM (cont’d)
FDM multiplexing process, time-domain
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FDM(cont’d)
Demultiplexing
Separates the individual signals from their carries and passes them to
the waiting receivers.
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FDM(cont’d)
FDM demultiplexing, frequency-domain
20
20 24 0 4
24
24 28 0 4
20 32
28
28 32 0 4
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FDM(cont’d)
FDM demultiplexing process, time-domain
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Example 6.1
Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz.
We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a
bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there
are no guard bands.
Solution
We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a
different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 6.6. We use the 20-
to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to 28-kHz
bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz
bandwidth for the third one. Then we combine them as
shown in Figure 6.6.
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FDM(cont’d)
Figure 6.6 Example 6.1
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Example 6.2
Five channels, each with a 100-kHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the minimum bandwidth of
the link if there is a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between the channels to prevent interference?
Solution
For five channels, we need at least four guard bands. This
means that the required bandwidth is at least
5 × 100 + 4 × 10 = 540 kHz,
as shown in Figure 6.7.
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FDM(cont’d)
Figure 6.7 Example 6.2
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FDM(cont’d)
Example : Cable Television
Coaxial cable has a bandwidth of approximately 500Mhz
Individual television channel requires about 6Mhz of bandwidth
for transmission
Can carry 83 channels theoretically
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Analog Hierarchy
To maximize the efficiency of their infrastructure, telephone companies have traditionally
multiplexed signals from lower bandwidth lines onto higher bandwidth lines.
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Example 6.4
The Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) uses two
bands. The first band of 824 to 849 MHz is used for
sending, and 869 to 894 MHz is used for receiving. Each
user has a bandwidth of 30 kHz in each direction. How
many people can use their cellular phones simultaneously?
Solution
Each band is 25 MHz. If we divide 25 MHz by 30 kHz, we
get 833.33. In reality, the band is divided into 832 channels.
Of these, 42 channels are used for control, which means only
790 channels are available for cellular phone users.
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Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
WDM is conceptually same as FDM
Except that the multiplexing and demultiplexing involve light
signals transmitted through fiber-optic channels
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WDM (cont’d)
WDM is an analog multiplexing
technique to combine optical signals.
λ1 λ1
λ2 λ2
λ1 + λ2 + λ3
λ3 λ3
Very narrow bands of light from different sources are combined to make
a wider band of light
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WDM (cont’d)
Combining and splitting of light sources are easily handled by a
prism
Prism bends a beam of light based on the angle of incidence and the
frequency.
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TDM
TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing)
is a digital process that can be applied when the
data rate capacity of the transmission medium is
greater than the data rate required by the sending
and receiving device
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique
for combining several low-rate
channels into one high-rate one.
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TDM(cont’d)
Time-Division Multiplexing
is a digital process that allows several connections to share
the high bandwidth of a link, time is shared.
Two different schemes : Synchronous TDM & Statistical TDM
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TDM(cont’d)
Figure 6.13 Synchronous time-division multiplexing
UNIT UNIT
Time slot(T/3 sec)
In Synchronous TDM, the data rate of the link is n times
faster, and the unit duration is n times shorter.
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Example 6.5
In Figure 6.13, the data rate for each input connection is 1
kbps. If 1 bit at a time is multiplexed (a unit is 1 bit), what is
the duration of (a) each input slot, (b) each output slot, and
(c) each frame?
Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:
a. The data rate of each input connection is 1 kbps. This
means that the bit duration is 1/1000 s or 1 ms. The
duration of the input time slot is 1 ms (same as bit
duration).
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Example 6.5 (continued)
b. The duration of each output time slot is one-third of the
input time slot. This means that the duration of the
output time slot is 1/3 ms.
c. Each frame carries three output time slots. So the
duration of a frame is 3 × 1/3 ms, or 1 ms. The duration
of a frame is the same as the duration of an input unit.
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Synchronous TDM (cont’d)
Interleaving
Synchronous TDM can be compared to a very fast
rotating switch
Switches are synchronized and rotate at the same
speed, but in opposite directions.
On the multiplexing side, as the switch opens in
front of a connection, that connection has the
opportunity to send a unit onto the path.
This process is called INTERLEAVING.
On the demultiplexing side, as the switch opens in
front of a connection, that has the opportunity to
receive a unit from the path.
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Synchronous TDM (cont’d)
□ Empty Slots
If a source does not have data to send, the corresponding slot
in the output frame is empty.
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Synchronous TDM - Data rate Management
How to handle a disparity in the data rates with TDM.
If data rates are not the same, 3 strategies can be used.
Multi-level multiplexing
Multiple-Slot Allocation
Pulse Stuffing
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Synchronous TDM - Multilevel multiplexing
Multilevel multiplexing is a technique used when the data rate of an input
line is a multiple of others.
For example, the first two 20khz input lines can be multiplexed together to
provide a data rate equal to the last three.
A second level of multiplexing can create an output of 160 kbps.
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Synchronous TDM - Multiple-Slot Allocation
Sometime it is more efficient to allot more than one slot in a frame
to a single input line.
For example, the input line with a 50-kbps data rate can be given two
slots in the output.
We insert a serial-to-parallel converter in the line to make two inputs
out of one.
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Synchronous TDM - Pulse Stuffing
Sometime the bit rates of sources are not multiple integers of each other.
Pulse stuffing is to make the highest input data rate the dominant data
rate and then add dummy bits to the input lines with lower rates.
This technique is called Pulse stuffing, bit padding, or bit stuffing.
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Digital Signal Service
DS(Digital Signal) Service
- Digital Hierarchy
advantage
- less sensitive than analog service to noise
- lower cost
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Statistical TDM
In statistical TDM, slots are dynamically allocated
to improve bandwidth efficiency.
In a synchronous TDM, some slots are empty
because the corresponding line does not have data
to send.
In statistical TDM, no slot is left empty as long as
there are data to be sent by any input line.
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Statistical TDM
Figure 6.26 TDM slot comparison
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Statistical TDM
Addressing
A slot needs to carry data as well as the address
of the destination.
n-bits define N different output lines
n = log2 N
No synchronization bit
The frame in the statistical TDM need not be
synchronized, so we do not need synchronization
bits.
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6.2 SPREAD SPECTRUM
In spread spectrum (SS), we combine signals from different
sources to fit into a larger bandwidth, but our goals are to
prevent eavesdropping and jamming. To achieve these
goals, spread spectrum techniques add redundancy.
Topics discussed in this section:
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Synchronous (DSSS)
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Spread Spectrum
Figure 6.27 Spread spectrum
Spread Spectrum achieves through two principles.
The bandwidth allocated to each station needs to be larger
than what is needed.
The spreading process occurs after the signal is created
by the source.
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Spread Spectrum
Figure 6.28 Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
FHSS uses M different carrier frequencies that are modulated by the
source signal.
At one moment, the signal modulates one carrier frequency;
At the next moment, the signal modulates another carrier frequency.
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Spread Spectrum
Figure 6.29 Frequency selection in FHSS
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Spread Spectrum
Figure 6.30 FHSS cycles
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Spread Spectrum
Figure 6.31 Bandwidth sharing
If the number of hopping frequencies is M, we can multiplex
M channels into one by using the same Bss bandwidth.
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Spread Spectrum
Figure 6.32 DSSS
In DSSS, we replace each data bit with n bits using a spreading code.
Each bit is assigned a code of n bits, called chips, where the chip rate is n
times that of the data bit.
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Spread Spectrum
Figure 6.33 DSSS example
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Q&A
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