CHAPTER 4: PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY
LESSON 2: POSTULATIONAL BASIS FOR PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY
AXIOMS FOR PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY
1. Each two distinct points are incident with exactly one line.
2. Any two coplanar lines are incident with at least one point.
3. There exist four points of which no three points are collinear.
4. The three diagonal points of a complete quadrangle cannot be collinear.
5. If a projectivity leaves invariant three distinct points on a line, it leaves
invariant each point on the line.
6. Not all points are coplanar.
7. Any two distinct planes have at least two points in common.
DEFINITION:
PLANE - If a point P and line p are not incident, then the
plane incident with the point and line consists of all
points incident with lines joining P to points of p, and all
the lines incident with pairs of distinct points chosen in
this manner.
DEFINITION:
In projective geometry, a triangle consists of the three
noncollinear points called the vertices and the three
lines (not segment) joining these vertices in pair.
It is necessary in projective geometry because the
concept of line segment involves the idea of
betweenness, which does not appear in the axioms of
projective geometry.
DEFINITION:
A complete quadrangle is
a set of four points
(vertices) in a plane, no
three collinear, and the
lines joining these
vertices in pairs.
-will intersect
RECALL: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY FIFTH POSTULATE
The parallel postulate states that “ if a transversal falls
on two lines in such a way that the interior angles on
one side of the transversal are less than the two right
angles, then the lines meet on that side on which the
angles are less than two right angles”.
PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY
EXERCISES:
1. Give at least one reason why we should expect the
postulational basis for projective geometry to be
simpler than the Euclidean geometry.
2. Which of the axioms for projective geometry are also
axioms for ordinary Euclidean plane geometry?
EXERCISES:
3. Which of the axioms for projective geometry are also axioms
for the finite geometry below?
a. Geometry of three points and three lines
b. Geometry of four points
c. Geometry of four lines
d. Geometry of Fano
e. Geometry of Pappus
f. Geometry of Desargues
g. Geometry of Young
EXERCISES:
4. Which of the axioms for projective geometry are also axioms
for the finite geometry below?
a. If AEGC is considered the basic complete
quadrilateral, how many of its diagonal points are
labeled?
b. If AEBF is considered the basic complete quadrangle,
how many of its diagonal points are labeled?
EXERCISES:
5. Use the axioms of projective geometry to answer the
following:
a. Prove that for a given line there exists a point not on the line
b. Prove that every point lies on at least three lines
c. Prove that there exists four coplanar lines of which no three are
concurrent.
d. Prove the existence of a diagonal triangle for a given quadrangle.
e. Prove that the perspectivity establishes a one-to one
correspondence between the points on two lines.
CHAPTER 4: PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY
LESSON 3: DUALITY IN PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY
Objectives:
1. Define the concept of duality in projective geometry.
2. Explain the duality of certain axioms and theorems of
projective geometry.
PLANE DUALITY
Euclidean Geometry Projective Geometry
Two points always determine exactly “two points determine a line” and
one line, but two lines in the same “two lines determine a point,” with
plane do not always determine a respect to a plane
point
Plane Duality
PLANE DUALITY
AXIOM 1: Each two distinct points are
incident with exactly one line.
AXIOM 2: Any two coplanar lines are incident
with at least one line.
PLANE DUALITY:
Dual of Axiom 3
THEOREM 1: There
exist four lines of
which no three are
concurrent.
PLANE DUALITY:
Dual of Axiom 4
The three diagonal lines of a complete
quadrilateral are never concurrent
PLANE DUALITY:
Definition
A complete
quadrilateral is a set
of four lines, no
three concurrent,
and the points of
intersection of these
lines in pairs.
PLANE DUALITY:
Dual of Axiom 5
If a projectivity leaves invariant each of
three distinct lines on a point, it leaves
invariant every line on the point.
PLANE DUALITY:
four-point and four-line geometries plane duals
of each other
finite projective geometries 𝑃𝐺 𝑛, 𝑞 of Fano
are self-dual
SPACE DUALITY:
The concept of space duality is based on an
interchange of the words point and plane, with
the word line being self-dual in space.
Example:
Any two distinct planes have at least two common points.
Space dual: Any two distinct points have at least two common
planes.
SPACE DUALITY:
Theorem 2: Desargue’s Theorem – If two triangles are
perspective from a point, they are perspective from a line.
SPACE DUALITY:
Desargue’s Theorem
SPACE DUALITY:
Desargue’s Theorem
SPACE DUALITY:
Desargue’s Theorem
SPACE DUALITY:
Plane Dual of Desargue’s Theorem
Theorem 3: If two triangles are
perspective from a line, they are
perspective from a point.
EXERCISES:
Give the plane dual of each statement.
1. If a and b are distinct lines of a plane, there is at least one
point on both lines.
2. On a point are at least four lines.
3. A triangle consists of three non-collinear points and the lines
joining them in pairs.
4. The three diagonal lines of a complete quadrilateral cannot
be concurrent.
EXERCISES:
Give the space dual of each statement.
1. Three planes not on the same line determine a
point.
2. A plane is determined by two intersecting lines.
3. A point and a line in the same plane might not
be incident.
