PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN
NATURE AND THE WORLD
Mathematics in the Modern World
Jessica V. Pascua
What is
Pattern?
Definition:
Patterns are
regular,
repeated, or
recurring designs.
TYPES OF PATTERN
01 SYMMETRY
02 FRACTALS
03 SPIRALS
04 SPOTS & STRIPES
A. REFLECTION SYMMETRY
Definition:
• Mirror Symmetry or Line Symmetry
• It is made with a line going through an object
SYMMETRY which divides it into two pieces that are mirror
images of each other.
Definition:
Symmetry is an
exact correspondence of
form and constituent
configuration on
opposite sides of a
dividing line or plane or
about a center or an
axis.
B. ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY
Definition:
• Radial Symmetry
SYMMETRY • It is exhibited by objects when their similar parts
are regularly arranged around a central axis and
the pattern looks the same after a certain amount
of rotation.
Definition:
Symmetry is an
exact correspondence of
form and constituent
configuration on
opposite sides of a
dividing line or plane or
about a center or an
axis.
C. TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY
Definition:
• This kind of symmetry is exhibited by objects
which do not change its size and shape even if it
SYMMETRY moved to another location.
Definition:
Symmetry is an
exact correspondence of
form and constituent
configuration on
opposite sides of a
dividing line or plane or
about a center or an
axis.
FRACTALS
Definition:
These are never
ending patterns that are
self similar across
different scales. The
image reappears over
and over again no
matter how many times
the object is magnified.
SPIRALS
Definition:
These are
curved patterns
made by series of
circular shapes
revolving around a
central point.
SPOTS
&
STRIPES
What is the purpose
of determining
patterns?
Question:
What comes next?
https://www.aptitudeprep.com/logical-reasoning/
Question:
What comes next?
https://www.aptitudeprep.com/logical-reasoning/
Question:
What comes next?
Question:
What comes next?
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, __ 11
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, __ 36
A, C, E, G, I, __ K
15, 10, 14, 10, 13, 10, __ 12
CSD, ETF, GUH, ___, KWL IVJ
FIBONACCI
SEQUENCE
LEONARDO PISANO
FIBONACCI
- Is an Italian Mathematician who
discovered the Fibonacci Sequence
although there are some claims that
the sequence has been discovered
earlier in Indian claims.
- It is said that Fibonacci discovered the
number sequence through a practical
problem involving the growth of a
hypothetical population of rabbits
based on idealized assumption.
Assumption:
A pair of rabbit will be
born each month and will
reproduce a new pair of
rabbits two months after
they were born.
The process continues…
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377,
610, etc
…the Fibonacci Sequence
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, etc
- The next term is obtained by adding two previous terms.
Formula 1: Recurrence Relation for Fibonacci Sequence
𝑭𝒏 = 𝑭𝒏−𝟏 + 𝑭𝒏−𝟐
where:
𝑭𝒏 = 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎
𝑭𝒏−𝟏 = 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒏
𝑭𝒏−𝟐 = 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑭𝒏−𝟏
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
BINET Formula
-this formula allows us to determine the nth Fibonacci number without having to
compute the two preceding Fibonacci numbers.
Formula 2: Binet Formula
𝒏 𝒏
𝟏 𝟏+ 𝟓 𝟏− 𝟓
𝒇𝒏 = −
𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Exercise:
1. Using the recurrence relation, find the Fibonacci number f7 .
2. Find Fibonacci number f6 using the Binet Formula.
GOLDEN
RATIO
GOLDEN
RATIO
Two numbers are in the
golden ratio of the sum of
the numbers (a+b)
divided by the larger
number (a) is equal to the
ratio of the larger number
divided by the smaller
number (1/b). The golden
ratio is about 1.618 and
represented by the Greek
letter phi (𝜙)
Formula 3: The Golden Ratio
𝒂+𝒃 𝒂
𝝓= = = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟖
𝒂 𝒃
GOLDEN RATIO
Examples:
Flower Petal Hurricanes Sunflower Seeds
GOLDEN RATIO
Examples:
Parthenon The Great Pyramid of Giza Sunflower Seeds
FIBONACCI NUMBERS
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610,…
The successive Fibonacci Numbers approaches the Golden Ratio (1.618).
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
BLAISE PASCAL
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
Exercise:
Find the expansion of the following:
1. (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟒
Answer:
(𝒙𝟒 +𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒚 + 𝟔𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟒 )
2. (𝒙 + 𝒚)𝟖
Answer:
𝒙𝟖 + 𝟖𝒙𝟕 𝒚 + 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟔 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟓𝟔𝒙𝟓 𝒚𝟑 + 70𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟒 + 𝟓𝟔𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟓 + 28𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟔 + 𝟖𝒙𝒚𝟕 + 𝒚𝟖
