174 Interview questions &

Answers - Bavajan Shaik

Most important Interview Tip:

Always give theoritical answers as well as a practical example by sharing your
screen to the interviewer, so that you can delay some time of the interview and
interviewer will think you are a practical person 😉
This Pdf will contain.,

67 Javascript theory Interview questions

28 Output based javascript questions

27 Problems and solutions in javascript

52 Reactjs theory and practical questions

Important :
In interviews, mostly interviewers will focus on 5 areas.

 Theory interview questions

 Algorithm based interview questions

 Output based interview questions

 Scenario based interview questions

 Machine coding round interview questions

1. Is javascript a dynamically typed language or a statically typed

language ?
Javascript is a dynamically typed language.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 1

 It means all type checks are done at run time  When program is executing ).

So, we can just assign anything to the variable and it works fine.

Typescript is a statically typed language. All checks are performed at compile

time.

let a; a = 0; console.log(a) //
0 a = "Hello" console.log(a)
// "Hello"

2. What are the different datatypes in javascript ? (Most asked)

Primitive datatypes:

Str ing

number

boolean

null

undefined

Bigint

symbol

Non-Primitive datatypes:

Object

Ar ray

Date

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 2

 3. What is Hoisting in javascript ? (Most asked)
In other scripting/server side languages, variables or functions must be
declared before using it.

In javascript, variables and functions can be used before declaring it. The
javascript compiler moves all the declarations of variables and functions on
top. so there will not be any error. This is called hoisting.

👉 Interview Tip: Mention buzz word temporal dead zone in above answer so that
interviewer will ask What is temporal dead zone. 😉

4. What are the various things hoisted in javascript ?

Function declarations: Fully hoisted. var - Hoisted Arrow

functions: Not hoisted Anonymous Function expressions: Not
hoisted let - Hoisted but not initialized. (Temporal dead
zone). const -Hoisted but not initialized. (Temporal dead
zone) class declarations - Hoisted but not initialized.

Ref: https://stackabuse.com/hoisting-in-javascript/

5. What is temporal dead zone ?

It is a specific time period in the execution of javascript code where the
variables declared with let and const exists but cannot be accessed until the
value is assigned.
Any attempt to access them result in reference errors.

6. What are the differences let, var and const ? (Most asked)

174 Interview questions & Answers Bavajan Shaik 3

 Scope:

Variables declared with var are function scoped.( available through out the
function where its declared ) or global scoped( if defined outside the
function ).

Variables declared with let and const are block scoped.

Reassignment:

var and let can be reassigned.

const cannot be reassigned.

Hoisting:

var gets hoisted and initialized with undefined.

let and const - gets hoisted to the top of the scope but does not get
assigned any value.(temporal dead zone)

7. List out some key features of ES6 ? (Most asked)

 Arrow functions

 Let and Const declarations.

 Destructuring assignment

 Default parameters

 Template literals

 Spread and Rest operators

 Promises

 Classes

 Modules

 Map, Set, Weakmap, Weakset

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 4

 👉 Interview Tip: Here try to explain definations (provided in below questions) for
these features so that you can kill 23 min of interview time 😉

8. What are limitations of arrow functions in javascript ?

Arrow functions are introduced in ES6. They are simple and shorter way to write
functions in javascript.

 Arrow functions cannot be accessed before initialization

 Arrow function does not have access to arguments object

 Arrow function does not have their own this. Instead, they inherit this from the
surrounding code at the time the function is defined.
 Arrow functions cannot be used as constructors. Using them with the 𝙣𝙚𝙬
keyword to create instances throws a TypeError.

 Arrow functions cannot be used as generator functions.

👉 Note: Arrow functions + this combination questions will be asked here. Please
explore on this combinations.

9. Whatʼs the spread operator in javascript ?

Spread operator is used to spread or expand the elements of an iterable like array
or string into individual elements.
Uses:

 Concatenating arrays.

let x = [1,2]; let

y = [3,4];

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 5

 let z = […x,…y] ⇒⇒ 1,2,3,4

 Copying arrays or objects.

let a = […x] // 1,2

 Passing array of values as individual arguments to a function.

function createExample(arg1,arg2){
console.log(arg1,arg2);
}

createExample(…a)

👉 Interview Tip: Practice the above examples mentioned and showcase them in
interviews to make interviewer think that you are a practical person. 😉

10. What is rest operator in javascript ?

Rest operator is used to condense multiple elements into single array or object.
This is useful when we dont know how many parameters a function may receive
and you want to capture all of them as an array.

function Example(...args){
console.log(args)
}

Example(1,2,3,4);

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 6

 11. What is destructuring ?
It is introduced in Es6.

It allows us to assign the object properties and array values to distinct

variables.

const user = {
"age": 10,
"name": "Saikrishna"
}

const {age,name} = user;

console.log(age,name) // 10,"Saikrishna"

const [a,b] = [1,2];

console.log(a,b) // 1,2

12. What are the differences between Map and Set ?

Map Set

Map is the collection of key value pairs Set is a collection of unique values
Map is two dimensional Set is one dimensional
Eg: Eg:

let data = new Map(); let data = new Set();

data.set(ˮnameˮ,ˮˮˮsaikrishnaˮ); data.add(1);
data.set(ˮidˮ,ˮˮˮ1ˮ); data.add(ˮsaikrishnaˮ);
for(let item of data){ for(let item of data){
console.log(item) console.log(item)
} }

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 7

 O/P O/P
[ˮnameˮ,ˮˮˮsaikrishnaˮ] 1
[ˮidˮ,ˮˮˮ1ˮ] Saikr ishna

new Map([iterable]) – creates the map, with

optional iterable (e.g. array) of [key,value] pairs
new Set([iterable]) – creates the set, and
for initialization.
if an iterable object is provided (usually
an array), copies values from it into the
map.set(key, value) – stores the value by the
set.
key, returns the map itself

set.add(value) – adds a value, returns the

map.get(key) – returns the value by the key,
set itself
undefined if key doesnʼt exist in map
.
set.delete(value) – removes the value,
returns true if value existed at the
map.has(key) – returns true if the key exists,
moment of the call, otherwise false.
false otherwise.

set.has(value) – returns true if the value

map.delete(key) – removes the element by the
exists in the set, otherwise false.
key, returns true if key existed at the moment
of the call, otherwise false.
set.clear() – removes everything from the
set.
map.clear() – removes everything from the
set.size – is the elements count.
map.
map.size – returns the current element count.

Ref: https://javascript.info/map-set

13. What are modules in javascript ?

Modules allows us to break down the large piece of code into smaller parts.

Modules helps us to write more reusable and maintenable code.

Modules can be imported and exported using import and export statements.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 8

 14. What is the difference between 'Pass by Value' and
'Pass by Reference'?
In JavaScript, whenever a function is called, the arguments can be passed in two
ways, either pass by value or pass by reference.

Primitive datatypes such as string, number,boolean,null and undefined are

passed by value.
Non -primitive datatypes such as object,arrays or functions are passed by
reference.

In Pass by value, parameters passed as an arguments creates their own copy. So

any changes made inside the function are made to the copied value so it will not
affect the original value.

// Pass by value example

let num = 10;

function changeNum(value) {
value = 20;
console.log(value); // Output: 20
}

changeNum(num);
console.log(num); // Output: 10

In Pass by reference, parameters passed as an arguments does not creates their

own copy. so any changes made inside the function will affect the original value.

// Pass by reference example

let arr = [1, 2, 3];

function addToArr(value) {
value.push(4);
console.log(value); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 9

 addToArr(arr);
console.log(arr); // Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

15. What is the difference between map and filter ?

(Frequently asked)
Both map and filter are useful in JavaScript when working with an arrays. map

transforms each element of an array and creates a new array which

contains the transformed elements. whereas filter will creates a new array with
only those elements which satisfies the specified condition.

16. What is the difference between map() and

forEach() (Frequently asked)
map method is used to transform the elements of an array. Whereas forEach
method is used to loop through the elements of an array.

map method will return a new array with the transformed values. forEach
method does not return a new array.
map method can be used with other array methods like filter method. whereas
forEach method cannot be used with other array methods as it does not return
any array.

17. What is the difference between for-in and for-of ?

Both for-in and for-of are used to iterate over the datastructure.

for-in:

for-in iterates over the enumerable property keys of an object.

for-of:

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 10

 for-of is used to iterate over the values of an iterable object.

Examples of iterable objects are array,string,nodelists etc. (for of on object

returns error)

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/29285897/difference-between-for-in-and-
for-of-statements?answertab=scoredesc#tab-top

18. What is difference between find vs findIndex ?

find:

It will return the first element of array that passes specified condition.

function findMethod(){
let arr = [{id:1,name:"sai"},{id:2,name:"krishna"}];
let data = arr.find(x=> x.id==2)
console.log(data)
}

findMethod()

Output:
{id:2,name:"krishna"}

findIndex:

It will return the index of first element of an array that passes the specified
condition.

function findMethod(){
let arr = [{id:1,name:"sai"},{id:2,name:"krishna"}];
let data = arr.findIndex(x=> x.id==2)
console.log(data)
}

findMethod()

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 11

 Output:
2

19. What is the difference between Pure and Impure

functions?
Pure Functions:

Pure functions are the functions which will return same output for same
arguments passed to the function.
This will not have any side effects.

It does not modify any non local state.

function greeting(name) { return `Hello

${name}`; } console.log(greeting("Saikrishna
Nangunuri"));

Impure Functions:

Impure functions are the functions which will return inconsistent output for
same arguments passed to the function.
This will have side effects.

This will modify non local state.

let message = "good morning";

function greeting1(name) {
return `Hello ${name} , ${message}`;
}
console.log(greeting1("Saikrishna Nangunuri"));

Ref: https://www.scaler.com/topics/pure-function-in-javascript/

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 12

 20. What are the differences between call(), apply()
and bind() ? (Frequently asked)
👉 Interview Tip: Here give below example and then execute the examples and
explain differences. This helps.

Call method will invokes the function immediately with the given this value and
allow us to pass the arguments one by one with comma separator.
Apply method will invokes the function immediately with given this value and
allow us to pass the arguments as an array.
Bind method will return a new function with the given this value and
arguments which can be invoked later.

Brief examples:

The only difference between call and apply is that syntax of how we pass the
arguments.

bind This gives us a copy which can be invoked or executed later rather than
directly invoking it whereever we are writing this line of code.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 13

 We can use bind() for events like onClick where you dont know when they will be
fired but you know the desired context.

21. Different ways to create object in javascript ? (Most asked)

👉 Interview Tip: Give the examples and then explain it.
https://www.scaler.com/topics/objects-in-javascript/

Object literal :

let userDetails = {
name: "Saikrishna",
city: "Hyderabad"
}

Object constructor :

let userDetails = new Object();

userDetails.name = "Saikrishna";
userDetails.city = "Hyderabad";

Object.Create() :

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 14

 This is used when we want to inherit properties from an existing object while
creating a new object.

let animal = {
name: "Animal name"
}

let cat = Object.create(animal);

Object.assign() :

This is used when we want to include properties from multiple other objects
into new object we are creating.

let lesson = {
lessonName: "Data structures"
};

let teacher= {
teacher: "Saikrishna"
};

let course = Object.assign({},lesson,teacher);

22. Whats the difference between Object.keys,values and entries

Object.keys(): This will return the array of keys

Object.values(): This will return the array of values

Object.entries(): This will return array of [key,value] pairs. Practice example

for this - this might be asked)

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 15

 let data = {
name: "Sai",
lang: "English"
};

Object.keys(data) // ["name","lang"]
Object.values(data) // ["Sai","english"]
Object.entries(data) // [["name","Sai"],["lang","English"]]

23. Whats the difference between Object.freeze() vs Object.seal()

Object.freeze:

Will make the object immutable ( prevents the addition of new propeties
and prevents modification of existing properties)

let data = {
a : 10
};

Object.freeze(data);
data.a= 20;
data.c = 30;

console.log(data)

output: {
a: 10
}

Object.Seal():

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 16

 Will prevent the addition of new properties but we can modify existing
properties.

let data = {
a : 10
};

Object.seal(data);
data.a = 20; data.c =
30;

console.log(data)

Output:
data: {
a: 20
}

24. What is a polyfill in javascript ?

👉 Interview Tip: If polyfill is asked, then 99% they will ask you to write a polyfill.
So practice atleast 23 polyfills (map,foreach compulsary)

A polyfill is a piece of code which provides the modern functionality to the

older browsers that does not natively support it.

Polyfill for foreach:

let data = ["sai","krishna"];

data.forEach((item,i)=>{
console.log(item,i)

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 17

 })

Array.prototype.forEach((callback)=>{
for(let i=0;i<=this.length-1;i++){
callback(this[i],i)
}
})

polyfill for map:

let data = [1,2,3,4];

let output = data.map((item, ix)=>{

return `${item}_hello`
})

Array.prototype.map=((callback)=>{
let temp = [];
for(let i=0;i<=this.length-1;i++){
temp.push(callback(this[i]))
}
return temp;
})

console.log(output)

ref: https://dev.to/umerjaved178/polyfills-for-foreach-map-filter-reduce-in-
javascr ipt-1h13

25. What is prototype in javascript ?

If we want to add properties at later stage to a function which can be
accessible across all the instances. Then we will be using prototype.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 18

 https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/javascript/prototype-in-javascript

function Student(){
this.name = "Saikrishna",
this.exp= "8"
}

Student.prototype.company = "Hexagon"

let std1 = new Student();

std1.exp = "9"

let std2 = new Student();

std2.exp = "10"

console.log(std1);
console.log(std2)

26. What is generator function in javascript ?

A generator function is a function which can be paused and resumed at any
point during execution.

They are defined by using function* and it contains one or more yield
expressions.
The main method of generator is next(). when called, it runs the execution until
the nearest yield.
It returns an object which contains 2 properties. i.e., done and value.

done: the yielded value

value: true if function code has finished. else false.

https://javascript.info/generators

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 19

 function* generatorFunction() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
return 4
}

const generator = generatorFunction();

console.log(generator.next()); // {value:1,done:false}
console.log(generator.next()); // {value:2,done:false}
console.log(generator.next()); // {value:3,done:false}
console.log(generator.next()); // {value: 4,done:true}

27. What is IIFE ?

IIFE means immediately invoked function expression.

functions which are executed immediately once they are mounted to the stack
is called iife.
They does not require any explicit call to invoke the function.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/immediately-invoked-function-expressions-
iife-in-javascript/
https://www.tutorialsteacher.com/javascript/immediately-invoked-function-
expression-iife

(function(){
console.log("2222")
})()

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 20

 28. What is CORS ? (Most asked)
👉 Interview Tip: This defination is more than enough so prepare this below
answer well.

CORS means cross origin resource sharing.

It is a security feature that allows the webapplications from one domain to

request the resources like Apiʼs/scripts from another domain.
cors works by adding specific http headers to control which origins have
access to the resources and under what conditions.

https://dev.to/lydiahallie/cs-visualized-cors-5b8h

29. What are the difference between typescript and javascript ?

👉 Interview Tip: If your interview contains typescript then this is a 99% dam sure
question. Prepare these differences blindly.

Typescript is the superset of javascript and has all the object oriented
features.
Javascript is a dynamically typed language whereas typescript is a statically
typed language.
Typescript is better suited for large scale applications where as javascript is
suited for small scale applications.
Typescript points out the compilation errors at the time of development.
Because of this, getting runtime errors is less likely.
Typescript supports interfaces whereas javascript does not.

Functions have optional parameters in typescript whereas in javascript does

not have it.
Typescript takes longer time to compile code.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 21

 30. What is authentication vs authorization ? (Most asked)
Authentication:

Its the process of verifying who the user is.

Authorization:

Its the process of verifying what they have access to. What files and data
user has access to.

👉 Interview Tip: For this question, learn jwt token mechanism and tell that you
have implemented this in your project. This helps a lot.This kills atleast 34 min of
interview time 😉
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Q17ubqLfaM

31. Difference between null and undefined ?

Null:

If we assign null to a variable, it means it will not have any value

Undefined:

means the variable has been declared but not assigned any value yet.

32. What is the difference between == and === in javascript ?

== will check for equality of values where as === willl check for equality as
well as datatypes.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 22

 33. Slice vs Splice in javascript ? (Most helpful in problem solving)
Slice:

If we want to create an array that is subset of existing array with out

changing the original array, then we will use slice.

let arr = [1,2,3,4];

let newArr = arr.slice(1,3);

console.log(newArr) // [2,3]

Splice:

If we want to add/delete/replace the existing elements in the array, then

we will use splice.

let arr = [1,2,3,4,5,0,10];

let newArr = arr.splice(2,4,8,9,6);
// splice(startIndex,numberOfItemsToRemove,replaceElements)

console.log(arr); // [1,2,8,9,6,10]
console.log(newArr); // [3,4,5,0]

34. What is setTimeOut in javascript ?

setTimeOut is used to call a function or evaluate an expression after a
specific number of milliseconds.

setTimeOut(function(){
console.log("Prints Hello after 2 seconds")

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 23

 },2000);

// Logs message after 2 seconds

👉 Interview Tip: Most asked in output based and problem solving so learn
syntax more. Practice some examples.

35. What is setInterval in javascript ?

setInterval method is used to call a function or evaluate an expression at
specific intervals.

setInterval(function(){
console.log("Prints Hello after every 2 seconds");
},2000);

👉 Interview Tip: Most asked in output based and problem solving so learn
syntax more. Practice some examples.

36. What are Promises in javascript ?

👉 Interview Tip: When this is asked cover all below points so that he will not
ask any other question on promises 😈.

Promise is an object which represents the eventual completion or failure of

an asynchronous operation in javascript.
At any point of time, promise will be in any of these below states.,

Fulfilled: Action related to promise is succeded.

Rejected: Action related to the promise is failed.

Pending: Promise is neither fulfilled nor rejected

Settled: Promise has been fulfilled or rejected.

Promise can be consumed by registering the functions using .then() and

.catch() methods.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 24

 Promise constructor: will take one argument which is a callback function.
This callback function takes 2 arguments resolve and reject.
If performed operations inside callback function wents well then we will
call resolve() and if does not go well then we will call reject()

let promise = new Promise(function(resolve,reject){

const x = "Saikrishna";
const y = "Saikrishna";

if(x === y){

resolve("Valid")
} else{
let err = new Error("Invalid")
reject(err)
}
})

promise.then((response)=>{
console.log("success",response)
}).catch((err)=>{
console.log("failed",err)
})

37. Differences between Promise.all, allSettled, any, race ?

Promise.all:

Will wait for all of the promises to resolve or any one of the promise
reject.

Promise.allSettled:

Will wait for all the promises to settle (either fulfilled or rejected).

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 25

 Promise.any:

Will return if any one of the promise fulfills or rejects when all the
promises are rejected.

Promise.race:

Will return as soon as when any one of the promise is settled.

https://medium.com/@log2jeet24/javascript-different-types-of-promise-
object-methods-to-handle-the-asynchronous-call-fc93d1506574
👉 Interview Tip: practice some examples on this concepts. This is a practical
question. You can expect some scenario based questions from interviewer on
this concept so prepare well from above link

38. What is a callstack in javascript ? (Very rare)

Callstack will maintain the order of execution of execution contexts.

39. What is a closure ? (Most asked in all the interviews 99%

chance)
Defination: A function along with its outer environment together forms a
closure

Each and every function in javascript has access to its outer lexical
environment means access to the variables and functions present in the
environments of its parents

Even when this function is executed in some outer scope(not in original

scope) it still remembers the outer lexical environment where it was
originally present in the code.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 26

 function Outer(){
var a = 10;
function Inner(){
console.log(a);
}
return Inner;
}

var Close = Outer();

Close();

40. What are callbacks in javascript ?

A callback is a function which is passed as an argument to another
function which can be executed later in the code.

Usecases:

setTimeOut

Higher order functions  Like map,filter,forEach ).

Handling events  Like click/key press events ).

Handling asynchronous operations  Like reading files, making Http

requests ).

function Print(){
console.log("Print method");
}

function Hello(Print){
console.log("Hello method");

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 27

 Print();
}

Hello(Print);

Output:
Hello method
Print method

41. What are Higher Order Functions in javascript ?

A function which takes another function as an argument or returns a
function as an output.

Advantages:

callback functions

Asynchronous programming ( functions like setTimeOut,setInterval

often involves HOF. they allow to work with asynchronous code more
effectively. )

Abstraction

Code reusability

Encapsulation

Concise and readable code

42. What is the main difference between Local Storage and

Session storage ? (Most asked)
Local storage and session storage are two ways of storing data using key
value pairs in web browsers.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 28

 LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data even
when the browser is closed and reopened and on reload(i.e it has no
expiration time) whereas in sessionStorage data gets cleared when the
page session ends.

Both provides same methods,

setItem(key, value) – store key/value pair.

getItem(key) – get the value by key.

removeItem(key) – remove the key with its value.

clear() – delete everything.

key(index) – get the key on a given position.

length – the number of stored items.

Ref: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Web/API/Web_Storage_API#concepts_and_usage

43. What is the difference between Indexeddb and

sessionstorage ?
IndexedDb:

It is used for storing large amount of structured data.

It uses object oriented storage model.

Persist data beyond the duration of page session.

SessionStorage:

Limited storage, around 5mb of data.

Simple key-value storage.

Available only for the duration of page session.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Bavajan Shaik 29

44. Possible followup questions on local storage :
👉 Interview Tip: When asked about local storage 100% compulsary they
will confuse you with practical questions.😖😖

All the scenarios are covered here so 100% sure nothing more than this will
be asked. 😊😊
𝟏. 𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?

Yes local storage data persists even when i close and reopen the browser
𝟐. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐨 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐚𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐛𝐥𝐞 ?

Yes we can access local storage data in another tab as well.

𝟑. 𝐈 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?

Yes local storage data persists on page reload.

𝟒. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?

I can access localstorage data in multiple tabs if its same url

𝟓. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬

I can access local storage data even for different windows with same url.
𝟔. 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 ?

It stays indefnitely until its deleted manually by the user.

𝟕. 𝐈𝐬 𝐋𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 ?

Localstorage is synchronous. If i perform operations on local storage, It blocks

the execution of other javascript code until the current operation is completed.
𝟖. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥
👉
𝐬𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭 ? Remember this question )
I can go with Indexeddb where asynchronous operations are supported and
we can work with large data sets.
𝟗. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 ?

We can store max of 5mb.

30
𝟏𝟎. 𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝐦𝐛 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 ?

It will throw QuotaExceededException if it exceeds the limit.

𝟏𝟏. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐈𝐟 𝐈 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧 𝐨𝐟𝐟 𝐦𝐲 𝐥𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐩 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫, 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?

Yes localstorage data still persists even if i shutdown my laptop and reopen
the browser

45. Possible followup questions on session storage :

👉 Interview Tip: When asked about session storage 100% compulsary they
will confuse you with practical questions.😖😖

All the scenarios are covered here so 100% sure nothing more than this will
be asked. 😊😊

𝟏 .𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐚𝐛 .
𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
No session storage data does not persists on browser close & reopen.
𝟏 .𝐈 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐚𝐛 .
𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
No session storage data does not persists on browser close & reopen.
𝟐. 𝐂𝐚𝐧 𝐢 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫 𝐭𝐚𝐛 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐛𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐬𝐞𝐫 ?
No we cannot access session storage data of one tab in another tab.
𝟑. 𝐈 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞. 𝐖𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐢𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬 ?
Yes session storage data persists on page reload.
𝟒. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?
We cannot access session storage data in multiple tabs even if its same url
𝟓. 𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐞 𝐮𝐫𝐥 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐬 ?
We cannot access session storage data in multiple windows even if its same
url

31
𝟔. 𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 ?
once tab closes or session ends session storage data will be removed.
𝟕. 𝐈𝐬 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 ?
Session storage is synchronous. If i perform operations on session storage, It
blocks the execution of other javascript code until the current operation is
completed.
𝟖. 𝐈 𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐛𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥
𝐬𝐮𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐬𝐭 ? 👉 Remember this question )
I can go with Indexeddb where asynchronous operations are supported and
we can work with large data sets.
𝟗. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 ?
We can store max of 5mb.
𝟏𝟎. 𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐫𝐲 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐬 𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐦𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧 𝟓𝐦𝐛 𝐢𝐧 𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐬 ?
It will throw QuotaExceededException if it exceeds the limit.

46. What are cookies ?

Cookies are used to store information about the user in the webpages.

Cookies are stored as key value pairs and hold 4kb of data.

When user logins to the application, server uses the set-cookie http
header in the response to set a cookie with a unique session identifier.
Next time when user makes the api requests, cookie will be sent in the http
header by using which server will identify who the user is.

Eg:
document.cookie = "username=John Doe; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2013 120000
UTC; path=/";

Ref: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_cookies.asp

32
47. Interview questions on this keyword.
👉 Interview Tip:Asked frequently so all scenarios are covered here. Learn
carefully. Thank me later 😇
𝟏. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐣𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐬𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐭 ?

this refers to the object that is currently executing the code.

𝟐. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐠𝐥𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 ?

Its a global object. its value can be global or window. It depends on

where you are running javascript code.(like browser or node
environment etc)
𝟑.𝐈 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐧𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞. 𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐢𝐟 𝐢 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭 ?

Its a global object.

In non strict mode, when ever this keyword value is null or undefined,
javascript will replace itʼs value with global object.Due to this
substitution)
𝟒. 𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞,𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ?

𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐱(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐥 𝐞.𝐥 𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐡𝐢 𝐬 )
}

In strict mode, the value of this will be undefined.

𝟓 .𝐍𝐨𝐰 𝐈𝐧 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞,𝐈𝐟 𝐢 𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐚𝐛𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰. 𝐱() 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐮𝐥𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 ?

𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐱(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐥 𝐞.𝐥 𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐡𝐢 )𝐬
}
𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐨𝐰.𝐱()

It will log window object.

𝟔.𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐰 ?

33
 𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐛𝐣 = {
𝐱:” 𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐨 ”,
𝐲: 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧(){
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐞 .𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬.𝐱)
}
}

𝐨𝐛𝐣.𝐲()

It will print Hello. Because, When ever we are inside the method, the value
of this keyword is the object where this method is present.
𝟕 .𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐢𝐟 𝐢𝐭'𝐬 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐰 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ?

𝐥𝐞𝐭 𝐨𝐛𝐣 = {
𝐱 :”𝐇𝐞𝐥 𝐥 𝐨”,
𝐲: ()=>{
𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐥 𝐞.𝐥 𝐨𝐠 (𝐭𝐡𝐢 𝐬 )
}
}

𝐨𝐛𝐣.𝐲()

It will print window object.Because, Arrow function does not have their own
this binding. they take the this value of their lexical environment where they
are enclosed.
𝟖 .𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐢𝐟 𝐢 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭

<𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤="𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐭( 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬)">𝐜𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐤</𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐭𝐨𝐧>

It will display [object HTMLElement]

48. What are Interceptors ?

34
 Interceptors allows us to modify the request or response before its sent to
the server or received from the server.

axios.interceptors.request.use((config)=>{
if(longUrls.include(url)){
config.timeout = 1000;
}
return config;
}

axios.interceptors.response.use((response)=>{
return response;
})

49. What is eval() ? (Very rare)

eval function evaluates javascript code represented as a string. The string
can be javascript expression, variable, statement or a sequence of
statements.

console.log(eval("1 + 2")); // 3

50. What is the difference between Shallow copy and deep

copy ? (Most asked)
👉 Interview Tip: Give this example and explain thatʼs it.
Shallow copy:

A shallow copy creates a new object or array and copies the

references of the original elements

35
 https://www.linkedin.com/posts/saikrishnanangunuri_javascript-
javascriptdeveloper-reactjs-activity-7211747675635900416-h9IB?
utm_source=share&utm_medium=member_desktop
Give above post example )

let originalArray = [1, 2, [3, 4]];

let shallowCopy = [...originalArray];

shallowCopy[2][0] = 100;
console.log(originalArray); // Output: [1, 2, [100, 4]]

Deep copy:

A deep copy creates a new object or array that has its own copies of
the properties of the original object.

let originalArray = [1, 2, [3, 4]];

let deepCopy = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(originalArray));
deepCopy[2][0] = 100;
console.log(originalArray); // Output: [1, 2, [3, 4]]

using lodash:
let array = _.cloneDeep(originalArray)

51. What are the difference between undeclared and undefined

variables ?
undeclared:

These variables does not exist in the program and they are not
declared.
If we try to read the value of undeclared variable then we will get a
runtime error.

36
 undefined:

These variables are declared in the program but are not assigned any
value.
If we try to access the value of undefined variables, It will return
undefined.

52. What is event bubbling ?

Event bubbling is a type of event propagation where the event first triggers
on the innermost target element, and then successively triggers on the
ancestors (parents) of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy till
it reaches the outermost DOM element.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head>

<title>Event Bubbling</title> </head>
<body> <div id="div1" style="padding:
50px;

border: 1px solid black;">

Div 1
<div id="div2" style="padding: 50px;
border: 1px solid red;">
Div 2
<button id="button1">Click Me</button>
</div>
</div>

<script>
document.getElementById('div1').addEventListener(
'click', function() {

37
 console.log('Div 1 clicked');
});

document.getElementById('div2').addEventListener(
'click', function() {
console.log('Div 2 clicked');
});

document.getElementById('button1').addEventListener(
'click', function(event) {
console.log('Button clicked');
// To stop the event from bubbling up
event.stopPropagation();
});
</script>
</body>
</html>

53. What is event capturing ?

Event capturing is a type of event propagation where the event is first
captured by the outermost element, and then successively triggers on the
descendants (children) of the target element in the same nesting hierarchy
till it reaches the innermost DOM element.
You can enable event capturing by passing true as the third argument to
addEventListener .

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head>

<title>Event Capturing</title>
</head>

38
<body>
<div id="div1" style="padding: 50px;
border: 1px solid black;">
Div 1
<div id="div2" style="padding: 50px;
border: 1px solid red;">
Div 2
<button id="button1">Click Me</button>
</div>
</div>

<script>
document.getElementById('div1').addEventListener(
'click', function() {
console.log('Div 1 clicked');
}, true);

document.getElementById('div2').addEventListener(
'click', function() {
console.log('Div 2 clicked');
}, true);

document.getElementById('button1').addEventListener(
'click', function(event) {
console.log('Button clicked');
// To stop the event from propagating further
// event.stopPropagation();
}, true);
</script>
</body>
</html>

39
54. What are the various array methods in javascript ?
toString(): returns array as acomma separated string.

join(): same as toString but we can specify the separator. Eg:

[ˮaˮ,ˮˮˮbˮ,ˮˮˮcˮ].join(ˮ=ˮ) // a=b=c
at(): returns element at specific index. Eg: [ˮayanˮ,ˮˮˮsaikrishnaˮ].at(1)

pop(): removes the last element from an array.

push(): adds new element to array at the end.

shift(): removes the first element at the beginning and shifts all the
elements to lower index.
unshift(): adds new element at beginning and moves other elements one
index further.
concat(): creates new array by concatenating existing arrays.

copyWithin(): copies array element to another position Eg:

[ˮaˮ,ˮˮˮbˮ,ˮˮˮcˮ].copyWithin(2,0)
flat(): creates a new array with all the sub array elements

fill(): will fill all the elements of an array from a start index ti an end index
with a stati value.

arr.fill(value,start,end) ⇒ [1,23,46,58.fill(88,1,3  1,88,88,58

Ref: https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_array_methods.asp

55. What are the differences between some and every in

javascript ?
some(): will check if atleast one of the element in the array satisfies the
specified condition. It returns true if any element passes the condition.
else returns false.

40
 const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

const someGreaterThan10 = numbers.some(

number => number > 10
);
console.log(someGreaterThan10); // true

every(): will check if all the elements of the array satisfies the specified
condition. it return true if all the elements satisfies the condition, else
returns false.

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

const everyGreaterThan10 = numbers.every(

number => number > 10
);
console.log(everyGreaterThan10); // false

56. What are the different types of errors in javascript ?

Syntax errors: These are occured when code is not written according to
the javascript syntax rules.

Eg: let x=;

Reference errors: These occurs when we refer any variables or methods

that does not exists.

let val = y;//y does not exist

function x(){

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 41

 data() // This method is not exists.
}

Type errors: These errors occurs when operation is performed on the

value of wrong datatype

try {
null.f();
} catch (e) {
console.error(e);
// TypeError: Cannot read property 'f' of null
}

Range errors: These errors occurs when the value is not present in
allowed range.

try {
new Array(-1);
} catch (e) {
console.error(e);
// RangeError: Invalid array length
}

Eg2:
if (num < 30) throw new RangeError("Wrong number");
^
RangeError: Wrong number

Eval or Evaluation errors: These errors occurs in eval functions. Not

commonly used in modern browsers.

try {
eval('eval("invalid code")');
} catch (e) {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 42

 console.error(e);
// EvalError (in some older JavaScript versions)
}

URI errors: These erros occurs when wrong characters used in URI
functions

console.log(decodeURI("https://www.learndepth")) //works f
console.log(decodeURI("%sdfk")); //throws error
decodeURIComponent('%');

57. What is tree shaking in javascript ?

It is one of the optimization technique in javascript which removes the
unused code from the bundle during the build process.

It is commonly used in bundling tools like Webpack and Rollup.

Advantages:

It reduces the bundle size by eleminating unused modules and

functions.
Faster load time.

Performance will be improved.

Cleaner and maintainable codebases.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 43

 58. What is prototype inheritance in javascript ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 44

 Prototype inheritance in javascript is the linking of prototypes of a parent
object to a child object so that we can share and utilize the properties of
a parent class using a child class.
The ES5 introduced two differnd methods such as Object.create() and
Object.getPrototypeOf().

let package = {
version: "2.0",
};
let application = Object.create(package, {
name: { value: "game" },
}); // inherited from package
console.log(application);
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(application));

Ref: https://www.scaler.com/topics/javascript/prototype-inheritance-in-
javascript/

59. What are the differences between fetch and axios ?

fetch is inbuilt webapi method present in most of the modern browsers
where as axios is a third party library is built on top of XMLHttpRequest
object.
axios performs automatic parsing of response data where as in fetch we
need to manually parse the response data(eg: response.json()).
axios supports interceptors by using which we can modify the request or
response before they are sent/received from the server.
axios prevents csrf (cross site request forgery)attacks.

ref: https://apidog.com/blog/axios-vs-fetch/

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 45

 fetch:

fetch(url)
.then(response => {
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error('Network response was not ok'
+ response.statusText);
}
r e t u r n r e s p o n s e . j s o n ( ) ;
})
.then(data => {
console.log(data);
})
.catch(error => {
console.error(`There has been a problem with
your fetch operation:`, error);
});

axios:

axios.get(url)
.then(response => {
console.log(response.data);
})
.catch(error => {
console.error(`There has been a problem
with your axios operation:`, error);
});

60. What are DRY, KISS, YAGNI, SOLID Principles ? (rarely

asked)

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 46

 DRY Do not repeat yourself.

Avoid duplicates. This make software more maintainable and less

error-prone.

KISS Keep it simple stupid.

Keep the software design and implementation as simple as possible.

This make software more testable, understandable and maintainable.

YAGNI You are not going to need it.

Avoid adding unnecessary features/functionalities to the software. This

makes software focussed on essential requirements and makes it more
maintainable.

SOLID

S  Single responsibility: means each class should have one job or

responsibility.
O  Open/Closed principle: Classes must be open for extension and
closed to modification. This way we can stop ourselves from modifying
the existing code and causing potential bugs.

L  Liskov Substitution: If class A is subtype of class B then classB

should be able to replace classA with out disrupting the behaviour of
our program.

I  Interface segregation: Larger interfaces must be split into smaller

ones.
D  Dependency inversion: High level modules should not depend on
low level modules. Both should depend on abstraction.

61. What is Babel ?

Babel is a javascript compiler which is used to convert the modern
javascript code into the version that is understandable by all the modern
and older browsers.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 47

 62. What are the main advantages of arrow functions ?
Arrow functions allow us to write shorter and concise syntax and reduces
the size of code.

It increases the readability of the code.

const square = x => x*x;

Arrow functions will solve the common pain points of this binding in
traditional funtional expressions. Arrow functions does not have their own
this. It will take the this value from the parentʼs scope (i.e., code that
contains the arrow function). For example, look at the setTimeout function
below.

// ES5
var obj = {
id: 42,
counter: function counter() {
setTimeout(function() {
console.log(this.id);
}.bind(this), 1000);
} };

obj.counter(); // 42

/* In the ES5 example, .bind(this) is required to

help pass the this context into the function.
Otherwise, by default this would be undefined.*/

// ES6
var obj = {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 48

 id: 42,
counter: function counter() {
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(this.id);
}, 1000);
} }; obj.counter() //
42

ES6 arrow functions canʼt be bound to a this keyword, so it will lexically

go up a scope, and use the value of this in the scope in which it was
defined.

Helpful for understanding this binding for arrow functions:

In this link check No binding of this section :

https://www.freecodecamp.org/news/when-and-why-you-should-use-es6-
arrow-functions-and-when-you-shouldnt-3d851d7f0b26/
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22939130/when-should-i-use-arrow-
functions-in-ecmascr ipt-6
https://tc39wiki.calculist.org/es6/arrow-functions/

63. What is clearInterval in javascript ?

This method takes the interval ID returned by setInterval as an argument
and stops the corresponding interval from executing further.

let count = 0;
const intervalId = setInterval(() => {
console.log(count++);

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 49

 if (count > 5) {
clearInterval(intervalId);
// Stop the interval after 5 iterations
}
} , 1 0 0 0 ) ; / / E x e c u t e e v e r y 1 s e c o n d

This code will print the numbers 0 to 5 with a one-second delay between each
number. After printing 5, the clearInterval method will be called, and the
interval will stop.

64. What are webworkers and give an example ?

Webworkers allows us to run the jsvsacript code in the background with
out blocking the main thread of the web application.

This is mainly useful for performing computationally intensive tasks which

will make the webapplication unresponsive.

Eg: Larger attachment upload of 2gb.

Create a Web Worker Script :

// worker.js

// This code runs in the worker context

self.onmessage = function(event) {
//event.data contain data sent from main thread
let result = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < event.data; i++) {
result += i;
}
/ / S e n d t h e r e s u l t b a c k t o t h e m

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 50

 self.postMessage(result);
};

Create the Main Script :

// main.js

// Check if the browser supports Web Workers

if (window.Worker) {
// Create a new Web Worker
const myWorker = new Worker('worker.js');

// Send data to the worker

myWorker.postMessage(1000000); // Example data

// Listen for messages from the worker

myWorker.onmessage = function(event) {
//event.data contains data sent from worker
console.log('Result:', event.data);
};

// Handle errors from the worker

myWorker.onerror = function(event) {
console.error('Error:', event.message);
};
} else {
console.log('WebWorker not supported in this browser');
}

65. What are the differences between ^ and ~ symbol in

package.json ?
Caret (^)

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 51

 The caret (^) allows updates to the most recent minor version 1.x.x), but it
will not allow changes that could potentially introduce breaking changes
(major version updates).

Example: "^1.2.3"

This means that the package manager will install any version from
1.2.3 to less than 2.0.0.

It will install newer patch versions (e.g., 1.2.4, 1.2.5) and minor
versions (e.g., 1.3.0, 1.4.0), but not major versions (e.g., 2.0.0).

Tilde (~)
The tilde (~) allows updates to the most recent patch version (x.x.1, but it
will not allow updates to the minor or major versions.

Example: "~1.2.3"

This means that the package manager will install any version from
1.2.3 to less than 1.3.0.

It will install newer patch versions (e.g., 1.2.4, 1.2.5), but not new
minor versions (e.g., 1.3.0).

66. Plain javascript basic questions:

Write code to change style of div ?

let element = document.getElementById("newele");

element.style.color = "red";
element.style.backgroundColor = "blue";
element.style.fontSize = "20px";

// or

let elem = document.getElementById("newele");

elem.setAttribute("style",
"color:white;background-color: brown");

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 52

 Write code to add class to div ?

// Select the div element

var element = document.getElementById("myDiv");

// Add a class
element.classList.add("newClass");

67. Is javascript synchronous or asynchronous and single

threaded or multithreaded ?
Javascript is a synchronous single threaded language. This means that it
executes line by line in order and each line must finish executing before
the next line starts.
However, javascript has can handle asynchronous operations using
mechanisms like callbacks, promises and async/await. These mechanisms
allows javascript to perform tasks such as network requests, file reading,
setTimeout/setInterval without blocking the main thread.
These mechanisms allow JavaScript to delegate tasks to the browser and
then continue executing other code while waiting for those tasks to
complete. This asynchronous behavior gives the illusion of concurrency,
even though JavaScript itself remains single-threaded.

28 Output based questions:

1. What is the output of 3+2+ˮ7ˮ ?

57

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 53

 2. What is the output of below logic ?

const a = 1<2<3;
const b = 1>2>3;

console.log(a,b) //true,false

Output:

true, false

In JavaScript, the comparison operators < and > have left-to-right

associativity. So, 1 < 2 < 3 is evaluated as (1 < 2) < 3, which becomes
true < 3. When comparing a boolean value (true) with a number (3),
JavaScript coerces the boolean to a number, which is 1. So, true < 3
evaluates to 1 < 3, which is true. Similarly, 1 > 2 > 3 is evaluated as (1 >

2) > 3, which becomes false >

3. When comparing a boolean value (false) with a number (3),
JavaScript coerces the boolean to a number, which is 0. So, false > 3
evaluates to 0 > 3, which is false.
That's why console.log(a, b) prints true false.

3. Guess the ouput ?

const p = { k: 1, l: 2 };
const q = { k: 1, l: 2 };
let isEqual = p==q;
let isStartEqual = p=== q;

console.log(isEqual, isStartEqual)

OutPut:

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 54

 False,False

In JavaScript, when you compare objects using == or ===, you're

comparing their references in memory, not their actual contents. Even if
two objects have the same properties and values, they are considered
unequal unless they reference the exact same object in memory.
In your code:

isEqual will be false because p and q are two different objects in

memory, even though they have the same properties and values.

isStartEqual will also be false for the same reason. The === operator
checks for strict equality, meaning it not only compares values but also
ensures that the objects being compared reference the exact same
memory location.
So, console.log(isEqual, isStartEqual) will output false false.

4. Guess the output ?

a) 2+2 = ?
b) "2"+"2" = ?
c) 2+2-2 = ?
d) "2"+"2"-"2" = ? (tricky remember this)
e) 4+"2"+2+4+"25"+2+2 ?

Output:

a) 2+2 = ?
console.log(2 + 2); // Output: 4

b) "2"+"2" = ?
console.log("2" + "2");
// Output: "22" (string concatenation)

c) 2+2-2 = ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 55

 console.log(2 + 2 - 2); // Output: 2

d) "2"+"2"-"2" = ?
console.log("2" + "2" - "2");
// Output: 20 (string "22" is converted
to a number, then subtracted by the number 2)

e) 4+"2"+2+4+"25"+2+2
console.log(4+"2"+2+4+"25"+2+2);
// "42242522"

5. What is the output of below logic ?

let a = 'jscafe'
a[0] = 'c'

console.log(a)

Output:

“jscafeˮ

Strings are immutable in javascript so we cannot change individual

characters by index where as we can create a new string with desired
modification as below.

a = “cscafeˮ // outputs “cscafeˮ

6. Output of below logic ?

var x=10;
function foo(){
var x = 5;

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 56

 console.log(x)
}

foo();
console.log(x)

Output: 5 and 10

In JavaScript, this code demonstrates variable scoping. When you declare a

variable inside a function using the var keyword, it creates a new variable
scoped to that function, which may shadow a variable with the same name in
an outer scope. Here's what happens step by step:

 var x = 10; Declares a global variable x and initializes it with the value
10.

 function foo() { ... } Defines a function named foo.

 var x = 5; Inside the function foo, declares a local variable x and
initializes it with the value 5. This x is scoped to the function foo and is
different from the global x.

 console.log(x); Logs the value of the local variable x (which is 5) to the

console from within the foo function.

 foo(); Calls the foo function.

 console.log(x); Logs the value of the global variable x (which is still 10) to
the console outside the foo function.

7. Guess the output ?

console.log("Start");
setTimeout(() => {
console.log("Timeout");

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 57

 });
Promise.resolve().then(() => console.log("Promise"));
console.log("End");

Output:

Start, End,Promise,Timeout.

"Start" is logged first because it's a synchronous operation.

Then, "End" is logged because it's another synchronous operation.

"Promise" is logged because Promise.resolve().then() is a microtask

and will be executed before the next tick of the event loop.
Finally, "Timeout" is logged. Even though it's a setTimeout with a
delay of 0 milliseconds, it's still a macrotask and will be executed in
the next tick of the event loop after all microtasks have been
executed.

8. This code prints 6 everytime. How to print 1,2,3,4,5,6 ?

(Most asked)

function x(){

for(var i=1;i<=5;i++){
setTimeout(()=>{
console.log(i)
},i*1000)
}

x();

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 58

 Solution: Either use let or closure

function x() {
function closur(x) {
// Set a timeout to log value of x after x seconds
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(x);
}, x * 1000);
};

// Loop from 1 to 5
for (var i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
// Call the closure function with current value of i
closur(i);
}}

// Call the outer function x

x();

The function we have written defines an inner function closur which is

supposed to log the value of x after x seconds. The outer function x calls
this inner function for values from 1 to 5.
The code will log the values 1 to 5 after 1 to 5 seconds respectively. Here's an
explanation of how it works:

 The outer function x is called.

 Inside x, a loop runs from i=1 to i=5.

 For each iteration of the loop, the inner function closur is called with the
current value of i.

 Inside closur, a setTimeout is set to log the value of x after x seconds.

Each call to closur(i) creates a new closure that captures the current value of
i and sets a timeout to log that value after i seconds.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 59

 When you run this code, the output will be:

1 (after 1 second) 2
(after 2 seconds) 3
(after 3 seconds) 4
(after 4 seconds) 5
(after 5 seconds)

This happens because each iteration of the loop calls closur with a different
value of i, and each setTimeout inside closur is set to log that value after i
seconds.

9. What will be the output or below code ?

function x(){ let

a = 10; function
d(){
console.log(a);
}
a = 500;
return d;
}

var z = x();
z();

Solution: 500  Closures concept

In JavaScript, this code demonstrates lexical scoping and closure. Let's break
it down:

 function x() { ... } Defines a function named x.

 let a = 10; Declares a variable a inside the function x and initializes it

with the value 10.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 60

  function d() { ... } Defines a nested function named d inside the function
x.

 console.log(a); Logs the value of the variable a to the console. Since d is

defined within the scope of x, it has access to the variable a defined in
x.

 a = 500; Changes the value of the variable a to 500.

 return d; Returns the function d from the function x.

 var z = x(); Calls the function x and assigns the returned function d to
the variable z.

 z(); Calls the function d through the variable z.

When you run this code, it will log the value of a at the time of executing d,
which is 500, because d retains access to the variable a even after x has
finished executing. This behavior is possible due to closure, which allows
inner functions to access variables from their outer scope even after the outer
function has completed execution.

10. Whatʼs the output of below logic ?

getData1()
getData();

function getData1(){
console.log("getData11")
}

var getData = () => {

console.log("Hello") }

/* Here declaring getData with let causes

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 61

 reference error.ie.,"ReferenceError: Cannot
access 'getData' before initialization As we
are declaring with var it throws type error
as show below */

Output:

Explanation:

In JavaScript, function declarations are hoisted to the top of their scope, while
variable declarations using var are also hoisted but initialized with undefined.
Here's what happens in your code:

 getData1() is a function declaration and getData() is a variable declaration

with an arrow function expression assigned to it.

 When the code runs:

getData1() is a function declaration, so it's hoisted to the top and can

be called anywhere in the code. However, it's not called immediately.

getData is declared using var, so it's also hoisted to the top but
initialized with undefined.
The arrow function assigned to getData is not hoisted because it's
assigned to a variable.

 When getData() is invoked:

It will throw an error because getData is undefined, and you cannot call
undefined as a function.

Therefore, if you try to run the code as is, you'll encounter an error when
attempting to call getData().
If you want to avoid this error, you should either define getData before calling it
or use a function declaration instead of a variable declaration for getData.
Here's how you can do it:

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 62

 Modification needed for code:

var getData = () => {

console.log("Hello") }

getData1(); // This will log "getData11"

getData(); // This will log "Hello"

11. Whats the output of below code ?

function func() {
try {
console.log(1)
return
} catch (e) {
console.log(2)
} finally {
console.log(3)
}
console.log(4)
}

func()

Output: 1 & 3

 The function func() is defined.

 Inside the try block:

console.log(1) is executed, printing 1 to the console.

return is encountered, which immediately exits the function.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 63

  The finally block is executed:

console.log(3) is executed, printing 3 to the console.

Since return is encountered within the try block, the control exits the function
immediately after console.log(1). The catch block is skipped because there are
no errors, and the code in the finally block is executed regardless of whether
an error occurred or not.
So, when you run this code, it will only print 1 and 3 to the console.

12. Whatʼs the output of below code ?

const nums = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7];

nums.forEach((n) => {
if(n%2 === 0) {
break;
}
c o n s o l e . l o g ( n ) ;
});

Explanation:
Many of you might have thought the output to be 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. But “breakˮ
statement works only loops like for, while, do…while and not for map(),
forEach(). They are essentially functions by nature which takes a callback and
not loops.

13. Whats the output of below code ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 64

 let a = true;
setTimeout(() => {
a = false;
}, 2000)

while(a) {
console.log(' -- inside whilee -- ');
}

Solution: https://medium.com/@iamyashkhandelwal/5-output-based-
inter view-questions-in-javascr ipt-b64a707f34d2

This code snippet creates an infinite loop. Let's break it down:

 let a = true; This declares a variable a and initializes it to true.

 setTimeout(() => { a = false; }, 2000) This sets up a timer to execute a

function after 2000 milliseconds 2 seconds). The function assigned to
setTimeout will set the value of a to false after the timeout.

 while(a) { console.log(' -- inside whilee -- '); } This is a while loop that

continues to execute as long as the condition a is true. Inside the loop, it
prints ' -- inside whilee -- '.

The issue here is that the while loop runs indefinitely because there's no
opportunity for the JavaScript event loop to process the setTimeout callback
and update the value of a. So, even though a will eventually become false
after 2 seconds, the while loop will not terminate because it doesn't yield
control to allow other tasks, like the callback, to execute.
To fix this, you might consider using asynchronous programming techniques
like Promises, async/await, or handling the setTimeout callback differently.

14. Whats the output of below code ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 65

 setTimeout(() => console.log(1), 0);

console.log(2);

new Promise(res => {

console.log(3)
res();
}).then(() => console.log(4));

console.log(5);

This code demonstrates the event loop in JavaScript. Here's the breakdown of
what happens:

 setTimeout(() => console.log(1), 0); This schedules a callback function to be

executed after 0 milliseconds. However, due to JavaScript's asynchronous
nature, it doesn't guarantee that it will execute immediately after the
current synchronous code block.

 console.log(2); This immediately logs 2 to the console.

 new Promise(res => { console.log(3); res(); }).then(() => console.log(4)); This

creates a new Promise. The executor function inside the Promise logs 3 to
the console and then resolves the Promise immediately with res(). The
then() method is chained to the Promise, so once it's resolved, it logs 4 to
the console.

 console.log(5); This logs 5 to the console.

When you run this code, the order of the output might seem a bit
counterintuitive:

2
3
5
4
1

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 66

 Here's why:

console.log(2); is executed first because it's synchronous code.

Then, the Promise executor is executed synchronously, so console.log(3);

is logged.
After that, console.log(5); is executed.
Once the current synchronous execution is done, the event loop picks up
the resolved Promise and executes its then() callback, logging 4.

Finally, the callback passed to setTimeout is executed, logging 1. Although

it was scheduled to run immediately with a delay of 0 milliseconds, it's still
processed asynchronously and placed in the event queue, after the
synchronous code has finished executing.

https://medium.com/@iamyashkhandelwal/5-output-based-interview-
questions-in-javascript-b64a707f34d2

15. Output of below logic ?

async function foo() {

console.log("A");
await Promise.resolve();
console.log("B");
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
console.log("C");
}

console.log("D");
foo();
console.log("E")

Output:
D, A, E, B, C

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 67

 Explanation:
The main context logs “Dˮ because it is synchronous and executed
immediately.
The foo() function logs "A" to the console since it's synchronous and executed
immediately. await Promise.resolve()  This line awaits the resolution of a
Promise. The Promise.resolve() function returns a resolved Promise
immediately. The control is temporarily returned to the caller function ( foo() ),
allowing other synchronous operations to execute.
Back to the main context: console.log("E")  This line logs "E" to the console
since it's a synchronous operation. The foo()

function is still not fully executed, and it's waiting for the resolution of the
Promise inside it. Inside foo()
(resumed execution): console.log("B")  This line logs "B" to the console since
it's a synchronous operation.
await new Promise(resolve ⇒ setTimeout(resolve, 0;
This line awaits the resolution of a Promise returned by the setTimeout
function. Although the delay is set to 0 milliseconds, the setTimeout callback
is pushed into the callback queue, allowing the synchronous code to continue.
Back to the main context: The control is still waiting for the foo() function to
complete.
Inside foo() (resumed execution): The callback from the setTimeout is picked
up from the callback queue, and the promise is resolved. This allows the
execution of the next await .
console.log("C")  This line logs "C" to the console since it's a synchronous
operation. foo() function completes.

16. Guess the output ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 68

 let output = (function(x){
delete x;
return x;
})(3);
console.log(output);

Output: 3

Let me break it down for you:

 The code defines an immediately invoked function expression IIFE that

takes a parameter x.

 Inside the function, delete x; is called. However, delete operator is used to

delete properties from objects, not variables. When you try to delete a
variable, it doesn't actually delete the variable itself, but it's syntactically
incorrect and may not have any effect depending on the context (in strict
mode, it throws an error). So, delete x; doesn't do anything in this case.

 Finally, the function returns x. Since x was passed as 3 when calling the
function (function(x){ ... })(3), it returns 3.

 The returned value is assigned to the variable output.

 console.log(output); then logs the value of output, which is 3.

17. Guess the output of below code ?

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

setTimeout(function () {
console.log(i);
}, 1000 + i);
}

Output: 3 3 3

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 69

 This might seem counterintuitive at first glance, but it's due to how JavaScript
handles closures and asynchronous execution.
Here's why:

 The for loop initializes a variable i to 0.

 It sets up a timeout for i milliseconds plus the current value of i, which

means the timeouts will be 1000, 1001, and 1002 milliseconds.

 After setting up the timeouts, the loop increments i.

 The loop checks if i is still less than 3. Since it's now 3, the loop exits.

When the timeouts execute after their respective intervals, they access the
variable i from the outer scope. At the time of execution, i is 3 because the
loop has already finished and incremented i to 3. So, all three timeouts log
3.

18. Guess the output ?

let output = (function(x){

delete x;
return x;
})(3);
console.log(output);

Output: 3
Let me break it down for you:

 The code defines an immediately invoked function expression IIFE that

takes a parameter x.

 Inside the function, delete x; is called. However, delete operator is used to

delete properties from objects, not variables. When you try to delete a
variable, it doesn't actually delete the variable itself, but it's syntactically

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 70

 incorrect and may not have any effect depending on the context (in strict
mode, it throws an error). So, delete x; doesn't do anything in this case.
 Finally, the function returns x. Since x was passed as 3 when calling the
function (function(x){ ... })(3), it returns 3.

 The returned value is assigned to the variable output.

 console.log(output); then logs the value of output, which is 3.

19. Guess the output ?

let c=0;

let id = setInterval(() => {

console.log(c++)
},10)

setTimeout(() => {
clearInterval(id)
},2000)

This JavaScript code sets up an interval that increments the value of c every
200 milliseconds and logs its value to the console. After 2 seconds 2000
milliseconds), it clears the interval.
Here's what each part does:

let c = 0; Initializes a variable c and sets its initial value to 0.

let id = setInterval(() => { console.log(c++) }, 200) Sets up an interval that

executes a function every 200 milliseconds. The function logs the current
value of c to the console and then increments c.

setTimeout(() => { clearInterval(id) }, 2000) Sets a timeout function that

executes after 2000 milliseconds 2 seconds). This function clears the
interval identified by id, effectively stopping the logging of c.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 71

 This code essentially logs the values of c at 200 milliseconds intervals until 2
seconds have passed, at which point it stops logging.

20. What would be the output of following code ?

function getName1(){
console.log(this.name);
}

Object.prototype.getName2 = () =>{
console.log(this.name)
}

let personObj = {
name:"Tony",
print:getName1
}

personObj.print();
personObj.getName2();

Output: Tony undefined

Explaination: getName1 function works fine because it's being called
from personObj, so it has access to this.name property. But when while
calling getnName2 which is defined under Object.prototype doesn't have any
proprty named this.name. There should be name property under prototype.
Following is the code:

function getName1(){
console.log(this.name);
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 72

 Object.prototype.getName2 = () =>{
console.log(Object.getPrototypeOf(this).name);
}

let personObj = {
name:"Tony",
print:getName1
}

personObj.print();
Object.prototype.name="Steve";
personObj.getName2();

21. What would be the output of following code ?

function test() {
console.log(a);
console.log(foo()); var
a = 1; function foo() {

return 2;
}
}

test();

Output: undefined and 2

In JavaScript, this code will result in undefined being logged for console.log(a)
and 2 being logged for console.log(foo()) . This is due to variable hoisting and
function declaration hoisting.
Here's what's happening step by step:

 The test function is called.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 73

  Insidetest :

console.log(a) is executed. Since a is declared later in the function, it's

hoisted to the top of the function scope, but not initialized yet. So, a is
undefined at this point.

console.log(foo()) is executed. The foo function is declared and

assigned before it's called, so it returns 2.

var a = 1; declares and initializes a with the value 1.

Therefore, when console.log(a) is executed, a is undefined due to hoisting, and

when console.log(foo()) is executed, it logs 2, the return value of the foo
function.

22. What is the output of below logic ?

function job(){
return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
reject()
})
}

let promise = job();

promise.then(()=>{
console.log("1111111111")
}).then(()=>{
console.log("22222222222")
}).catch(()=>{
console.log("3333333333")
}).then(()=>{
console.log("4444444444")
})

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 74

 In this code, a Promise is created with the job function. Inside the job
function, a Promise is constructed with the executor function that immediately
rejects the Promise.
Then, the job function is called and assigned to the variable promise.

After that, a series of then and catch methods are chained to the promise:

 The first then method is chained to the promise, but it is not executed
because the Promise is rejected, so the execution jumps to the catch
method.

 The catch method catches the rejection of the Promise and executes its
callback, logging "3333333333".

 Another then method is chained after the catch method. Despite the
previous rejection, this then method will still be executed because it's part
of the Promise chain, regardless of previous rejections or resolutions. It
logs "4444444444".

So, when you run this code, you'll see the following output:

333333333
3
44444444
44

23. Guess the output ?

var a = 1;

function data() {
if(!a) {
var a = 10;
}
console.log(a);
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 75

 data();
console.log(a);

Explanation:

var a = 1;

function toTheMoon() {
var a;
/* var has function scope,Hence
it's declaration will be hoisted */

if(!a) {
a = 10;
}
console.log(a);
// 10 precendence will be given to local scoped variable.
}

toTheMoon();
console.log(a); // 1 refers to the `a` defined at the top.

24. Tests your array basics

function guessArray() {
let a = [1, 2]; let b = [1, 2];

console.log(a == b);
console.log(a === b);

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 76

 }

guessArray();

In JavaScript, when you compare two arrays using the == or === operators,
you're comparing their references, not their contents. So, even if two arrays
have the same elements, they will not be considered equal unless they refer to
the exact same object in memory.
In your guessArray function, a and b are two separate arrays with the same
elements, but they are distinct objects in memory. Therefore, a == b and a ===
b will both return false, indicating that a and b are not the same object.

If you want to compare the contents of the arrays, you'll need to compare each
element individually.

25. Test your basics on comparision ?

let a = 3;
let b = new Number(3);
let c = 3;

console.log(a == b);
console.log(a === b);
console.log(b === c);

new Number() is a built-in function constructor. Although it looks like a number,

it's not really a number: it has a bunch of extra features and is an object.
When we use the == operator Equality operator), it only checks whether it
has the same value. They both have the value of 3, so it returns true.
However, when we use the === operator Strict equality operator), both
value and type should be the same. It's not: new Number() is not a number, it's
an object. Both return false.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 77

 26. Guess the output ?

var x = 23;
(function(){
var x = 43;

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;
})();
})();

Solution:
The provided code snippet demonstrates the behavior of variable hoisting and
function scope in JavaScript. Let's analyze the code step-by-step to
understand the output:

var x = 23;
(function(){
var x = 43;

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;
})();

})();

Breakdown

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 78

  Global Scope:

var x = 23;

A global variable x is declared and initialized with the value 23 .

 First IIFE Immediately Invoked Function Expression):

(function(){
var x = 43;
// ...
})();

A new function scope is created. Inside this function, a local variable

x is declared and initialized with the value 43. This x shadows the
global x.

 Second IIFE Nested function, named random):

(function random(){
x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;
})();

Another function scope is created inside the first IIFE. The function
random is invoked immediately.

 Inside the random function:

x++;
console.log(x);
var x = 21;

Here, variable hoisting comes into play. The declaration var x = 21; is
hoisted to the top of the function random, but not its initialization. Thus,
the code is interpreted as:

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 79

 var x; // x is hoisted, but not initialized
x++;
console.log(x);
x = 21;

Initially, x is undefined because the hoisted declaration of x does not

include its initialization.

x++ attempts to increment x when it is still undefined. In JavaScript,

undefined++ results in NaN Not a Number).

Therefore, console.log(x); outputs NaN.

After the console.log statement, x is assigned the value 21, but this
assignment happens after the console.log and thus does not affect the
output.

Summary
When random function is executed, the following sequence occurs:

 var x; (hoisting, x is undefined at this point)

 x++; (undefined++ results in NaN)

console.log(x); outputs NaN

 x = 21; (assigns 21 to x, but this is after the console.log)


Output
Thus, the output of the code is:

NaN


27. Answer below queries on typeOf operator in javascript ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 80

 typeof [1,2,3,4] // Returns object typeof null
// Returns object typeof NaN // Returns
number typeof 1234n // Returns bigint
typeof 3.14 // Returns number typeof
Symbol() // Returns symbol

typeof "John" // Returns string //

typeof 33 Returns number //
typeof true Returns boolean //
typeof undefined Returns undefined

28. Can you find is there any security issue in the javascript
code?

const data = await fetch("api");

const div = document.getElementById("todo")
div.innerHTML = data;

The provided JavaScript code seems straightforward, but there's a potential

security issue related to how it handles data from the API response.

 Cross-Site Scripting XSS:

The code directly assigns the fetched data (
data) to the innerHTML property of the div element. If the data fetched from
the API contains untrusted or user-controlled content (such as user-
generated content or content from a third-party API, it could potentially
contain malicious scripts. Assigning such data directly to innerHTML can

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 81

 lead to XSS vulnerabilities, as it allows execution of arbitrary scripts in the
context of the page.

To mitigate this security risk, you should properly sanitize or escape the data
before assigning it to innerHTML, or consider using safer alternatives like
textContent or creating DOM elements programmatically.
Here's an example of how you could sanitize the data using a library like
DOMPur ify:

const data = await fetch("api");

const div = document.getElementById("todo");
data.text().then(text => {
div.innerHTML = DOMPurify.sanitize(text);
});

By using DOMPurify.sanitize(), you can ensure that any potentially harmful

content is removed or escaped, reducing the risk of XSS attacks. Make sure to
include the DOMPurify library in your project if you choose to use it.
Always remember to validate and sanitize any data that originates from
external sources before inserting it into your DOM.

27 Problem solving questions:

1. Write a program to remove duplicates from an

array ?
Most Most Asked question)

const removeDuplicatesWay1 = (array) => {

let uniqueArr = [];

for (let i = 0; i <= array.length - 1; i++) {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 82

 if (uniqueArr.indexOf(array[i]) == -1) {
uniqueArr.push(array[i]);
}
}

return uniqueArr;
};

removeDuplicatesWay1([1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2, 2, 1, 5, 6]);

// -------------------------- (or)---------------------------

function removeDuplicatesWay2(arr) {
/* Use the Set object to remove duplicates. This works
because Sets only store unique values */
return Array.from(new Set(arr));
// return [...new Set(arr)] => another way
}

removeDuplicates([1, 2, 1, 3, 4, 2, 2, 1, 5, 6]);

2. Write a JavaScript function that takes an array of numbers

and returns a new array with only the even numbers.

function findEvenNumbers(arr) {
const result = [];

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] % 2 === 0) {
result.push(arr[i]);
// Add even numbers to the result array
}
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 83

 return result;
}

// Example usage:
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,-8,19, 9, 10];
console.log("Even numbers:", findEvenNumbers(numbers));

Time complexity: ON

3. How to check whether a string is palindrome or not ?

const checkPallindrome = (str) => {

const len = str.length;

for (let i = 0; i < len/2; i++) {

if (str[i] !== str[len - i - 1]) {
return "Not pallindrome";
}
} r e t u r n
" p a l l i n d r o
m e " ; } ;

console.log(checkPallindrome("madam"));

4. Find the factorial of given number ?

const findFactorial = (num) => {
if (num == 0 || num == 1) {
return 1;
} else {
return num * findFactorial(num - 1);
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 84

 };

console.log(findFactorial(4));

5. Program to find longest word in a given sentence

?
const findLongestWord = (sentence) => {
let wordsArray = sentence.split(" "); let
longestWord = "";

for (let i = 0; i < wordsArray.length; i++) {

if (wordsArray[i].length > longestWord.length) {
longestWord = wordsArray[i];
}
}

console.log(longestWord);
};

findLongestWord("Hi Iam Saikrishna Iam a UI Developer");

6. Write a JavaScript program to find the maximum number in

an array.

function findMax(arr) {
if (arr.length === 0) {
return undefined;

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 85

 // Handle empty array case
}

let max = arr[0];

// Initialize max with the first element

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] > max) {
max = arr[i];
// Update max if current element is greater
}
}

return max;
}

// Example usage:
const numbers = [1, 6, -33, 9, 4, 8, 2];
console.log("Maximum number is:", findMax(numbers));

Time complexity: ON

7. Write a JavaScript function to check if a given number is

prime.

function isPrime(number) {
if (number <= 1) { return false; // 1 and numbers less
than 1 are not prime

// Loop up to the square root of the number

for (let i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(number); i++) {
if (number % i === 0) {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 86

 return false;
// If divisible by any number, not prime
}
}

return true;
// If not divisible by any number, it's prime
}

// Example usage:
console.log(isPrime(17)); // true
console.log(isPrime(19)); // false

Time complexity: ON

8. Program to find Reverse of a string without using

built-in method ?
const findReverse = (sampleString) => {
let reverse = "";

for (let i = sampleString.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

reverse += sampleString[i];
}
console.log(reverse);
};

findReverse("Hello Iam Saikrishna Ui Developer");

9. Find the smallest word in a given sentence ?

function findSmallestWord() {
const sentence = "Find the smallest word";
const words = sentence.split(' ');

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 87

 let smallestWord = words[0];

for (let i = 1; i < words.length; i++) {

if (words[i].length < smallestWord.length) {
smallestWord = words[i];
}
}
c o n s o l e . l o g ( s
m a l l e s t W o r d )
; }
findSmallestWord();

10. Write a function sumOfThirds(arr), which takes an

array arr as an argument. This function should return a sum of
every third number in the array, starting from the first one.
𝐃𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬:

If the input array is empty or contains less than 3 numbers then return 0.

The input array will contain only numbers.

export const sumOfThirds = (arr) => {

let sum = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i += 3) {
sum += arr[i];
}
return sum;
};

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 88

 11. Write a JavaScript function that returns the Fibonacci
sequence up to a given number of terms.
function fibonacciSequence(numTerms) {

if (numTerms <= 0) {
return [];
} else if (numTerms === 1) {
return [0];
}

const sequence = [0, 1];

for (let i = 2; i < numTerms; i++) {

const nextFibonacci = sequence[i - 1] + sequence[i -
sequence.push(nextFibonacci);
}

return sequence;
}

// Example usage:
const numTerms = 10;
const fibonacciSeries = fibonacciSequence(numTerms);
console.log(fibonacciSeries);
// Output: [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34]

Time complexity: ON

12. Find the max count of consecutive 1ʼs in an array

const findConsecutive = (array) => {
let maxCount = 0;
let currentConsCount = 0;

for (let i = 0; i <= array.length - 1; i++) {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 89

 if (array[i] === 1) {
currentConsCount += 1;
maxCount = Math.max(currentConsCount, maxCount);
} else {
currentConsCount = 0;
}
}

console.log(maxCount);
};

findConsecutive([1, 1, 9, 1, 9, 19, 7, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 1]);

// output: 3

13. Given 2 arrays that are sorted [0,3,4,31] and [4,6,30].

Merge them and sort [0,3,4,4,6,30,31] ?

const sortedData = (arr1,arr2) => {

let i = 1; let j=1; let array1 = arr1[0]; let

array2 = arr2[0];

let mergedArray = [];

while(array1 || array2){

if(array2 === undefined || array1 < array2){

mergedArray.push(array1);

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 90

 array1 = arr1[i];
i++
}else{
mergedArray.push(array2);
array2 = arr2[j];
j++
}

}
console.log(mergedArray)

sortedData([1,3,4,5],[2,6,8,9])

14. Create a function which will accepts two arrays arr1 and
arr2. The function should return true if every value in arr1 has
its corresponding value squared in array2. The frequency of
values must be same. (Effecient)

Inputs and outputs:

=============

1,2,3,4,1,9  true
1,2,3,1,9  false
1,2,1,4,4,1  false (must be same frequency)

function isSameFrequency(arr1,arr2){

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 91

 if(arr1.length !== arr2.length){
return false;
}

let arrFreq1={}; let

arrFreq2={};

for(let val of arr1){

arrFreq1[val] = (arrFreq1[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let val of arr2){

arrFreq2[val] = (arrFreq2[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let key in arrFreq1){

if(!key*key in arrFreq2) return false;
if(arrFreq1[key] !== arrFreq2[key*key]){
return false
}
}
r e t u r n
t r u e ;

}
console.log(isSameFrequency([1,2,5],[25,4,1]))

15. Given two strings. Find if one string can be formed by

rearranging the letters of other string. (Effecient)
Inputs and outputs:

"aaz","zza" ⟹ false

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 92

 "qwerty","qeywrt" ⟹ true

function isStringCreated(str1,str2){
if(str1.length !== str2.length) return false
let freq = {};

for(let val of str1){

freq[val] = (freq[val] || 0) + 1;
}

for(let val of str2){

if(freq[val]){
freq[val] -= 1;
} else{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}

console.log(isStringCreated('anagram','nagaram'))

16. Write logic to get unique objects from below array ?

I/P [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name:
"111111"}];
O/P [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"}{name: "111111"}

function getUniqueArr(array){
const uniqueArr = [];
const seen = {};

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 93

 for(let i=0; i<=array.length-1;i++){
const currentItem = array[i].name;
if(!seen[currentItem]){
uniqueArr.push(array[i]);
seen[currentItem] = true;
}
}
return uniqueArr;
}

let arr = [{name: "sai"},{name:"Nang"},{name: "sai"},

{name:"Nang"},{name: "111111"}];
console.log(getUniqueArr(arr))

17. Write a JavaScript program to find the largest element in a

nested array.

function findLargestElement(arr) {
let max = Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
// Initialize max to smallest possible number

// Helper function to traverse nested arrays

function traverse(arr) {
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (Array.isArray(arr[i])) {
// If element is array,recursively call traverse function
traverse(arr[i]);
} else {
// If element is not an array, update max if needed
if (arr[i] > max) {
max = arr[i];
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 94

 }
}
}

// Start traversing the input array

traverse(arr);

return max;
}

// Example usage:
const array = [
[3, 4, 58],
[709, 8, 9, [10, 11]], [111, 2]
];
console.log("Largest element:", findLargestElement(array));

Time complexity: ON

18. Given a string, write a javascript function to count the

occurrences of each character in the string.

function countCharacters(str) {
// Object to store character counts
const charCount = {};
const len = str.length;

// Loop through string & count occurrences of each character

for (let i = 0; i < len; i++) {
const char = str[i];
// Increment count for each character
charCount[char] = (charCount[char] || 0) + 1;
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 95

 return charCount;
}

// Example usage:
const result = countCharacters("helaalo");
console.log(result);
// Output: { h: 1, e: 1, l: 2, o: 1 }

Time complexity: ON

19. Write a javascript function that sorts an array of numbers

in ascending order.

function quickSort(arr) {
// Check if the array is empty or has only one element
if (arr.length <= 1) {
return arr;
}

// Select a pivot element

const pivot = arr[0];

// Divide the array into two partitions

const left = [];
const right = [];

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] < pivot) {
left.push(arr[i]);
} else {
right.push(arr[i]);
}
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 96

 // Recursively sort the partitions
const sortedLeft = quickSort(left);
const sortedRight = quickSort(right);

// Concatenate sorted partitions with the pivot & return

return sortedLeft.concat(pivot, sortedRight);
}

// Example usage:
const unsortedArray = [5, 2, 9, 1, 3, 6];
const sortedArray = quickSort(unsortedArray);
console.log(sortedArray);
// Output: [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9]

Time complexity: O(n log n)

20. Write a javascript function that sorts an array of numbers

in descending order.

function quickSort(arr) {
if (arr.length <= 1) {
return arr;
}

const pivot = arr[0];

const left = [];
const right = [];

for (let i = 1; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] >= pivot) {
left.push(arr[i]);
} else {
right.push(arr[i]);

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 97

 }
}

return [...quickSort(left), pivot, ...quickSort(right)];

}

const arr = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6, 5];

const sortedArr = quickSort(arr);
console.log(sortedArr);
// Output: [9, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1]

Time complexity: O(n log n)

21. Write a javascript function that reverses the order of words

in a sentence without using the built-in reverse() method.

const reverseWords = (sampleString) => {

let reversedSentence = "";
let word = "";

// Iterate over each character in the sampleString

for (let i = 0; i < sampleString.length; i++) {
/* If the character is not a space,
append it to the current word */

if (sampleString[i] !== ' ') {

word += sampleString[i];
} else {
/* If it's a space, prepend the current word
to the reversed sentence and
reset the word */

reversedSentence = word + ' ' + reversedSentence;

word = "";

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 98

 }
}

// Append the last word to the reversed sentence

reversedSentence = word + ' ' + reversedSentence;

// Trim any leading or trailing spaces and log the result

console.log(reversedSentence.trim());
};

// Example usage
reverseWords("ChatGPT is awesome");
//"awesome is ChatGPT"

function reverseWords(sentence) {
// Split the sentence into words
let words = [];
let wordStart = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < sentence.length; i++) {
if (sentence[i] === ' ') {
words.unshift(sentence.substring(wordStart, i));
wordStart = i + 1;
} else if (i === sentence.length - 1) {
words.unshift(sentence.substring(wordStart,i+1));
}
}

// Join the words to form the reversed sentence

return words.join(' ');
}

// Example usage
const sentence = "ChatGPT is awesome";

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 99

 console.log(reverseWords(sentence));
// Output: "awesome is ChatGPT"

Time complexity: ON

22. Implement a javascript function that flattens a nested array

into a single-dimensional array.

function flattenArray(arr) {
const stack = [...arr];
const result = [];

while (stack.length) {
const next = stack.pop();
if (Array.isArray(next)) {
stack.push(...next);
} else {
result.push(next);
}
}

return result.reverse();
// Reverse the result to maintain original order
}

// Example usage: const nestedArray = [1, [2, [3, 4],

[7,5]], 6]; const flattenedArray =
flattenArray(nestedArray); console.log(flattenedArray);
// Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 100

 23. Write a function which converts string input into an object
// stringToObject("a.b.c", "someValue");

// output → {a: {b: {c: "someValue"}}}

function stringToObject(str, finalValue) {

const keys = str.split('.');
let result = {};
let current = result;

for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {

const key = keys[i];
current[key] = (i === keys.length - 1) ? finalValue : {};
current = current[key];
}

return result;
}

// Test the function

const output = stringToObject("a.b.c", "someValue");
console.log(output);
// Output: {a: {b: {c: "someValue"}}}

24. Given an array, return an array where the each value is the
product of the next two items: E.g. [3, 4, 5] -> [20, 15,
12]

function productOfNextTwo(arr) {
const result = [];
for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
if (i < arr.length - 1) {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 101

 result.push(arr[i + 1] * arr[i + 2]);
} else {
result.push(arr[0] * arr[1]);
}
}
r e t u r n r e s u l t ;
}

// Example usage: const inputArray = [3, 4, 5]; const

outputArray = productOfNextTwo(inputArray);
console.log(outputArray); // Output: [20, 15, 12]

25. Find the 2nd largest element from a given array ?

[100,20,112,22]

function findSecondLargest(arr) {
if (arr.length < 2) {
throw new Error(`Array must contain
at least two elements.`);
}

let largest = -Infinity;

let secondLargest = -Infinity;

for (let i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

if (arr[i] > largest) {
secondLargest = largest;
largest = arr[i];
} else if (arr[i] > secondLargest && arr[i] < largest
secondLargest = arr[i];
}
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 102

 if (secondLargest === -Infinity) {
throw new Error(`There is no second largest
element in the array.`);
}

return secondLargest;
}

// Example usage:
const array = [10, 5, 20, 8, 12];
console.log(findSecondLargest(array)); // Output: 12

26. Program challenge: Find the pairs from given input ?

input1  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9;
input2  10;

output = 4, 6, 3, 7, 2, 8, 1, 9

function findPairs(input1, input2) {

const pairs = [];
const seen = new Set();

for (const num of input1) {

const complement = input2 - num;
if (seen.has(complement)) {
pairs.push([complement, num]);
}
s e e n . a d d ( n u m ) ;
}

return pairs;

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 103

 }

const input1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];

const input2 = 10;

const output = findPairs(input1, input2);

console.log(output);
// [[1, 9], [2, 8], [3, 7], [4, 6], [5, 5]]

27. Write a javascript program to get below output from given

input ?
I/P abbcccddddeea
O/P 1a2b3c4d2e1a

function encodeString(input) {
if (input.length === 0) return "";

let result = "";

let count = 1;

for (let i = 1; i < input.length; i++) {

if (input[i] === input[i - 1]) {
count++;
} else {
result += count + input[i - 1];
count = 1;
}
}

// Add the last sequence

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 104

 result += count + input[input.length - 1];

return result;
}

const input = "abbcccddddeea";

const output = encodeString(input);
console.log(output);
// Outputs: 1a2b3c4d2e1a

52 Reactjs Interview questions &

Answers

1. What is React?
React is an opensource component based JavaScript library which is used
to develop interactive user interfaces.

2. What are the features of React ?

Jsx

Virtual dom

one way data binding

Uses reusable components to develop the views

Supports server side rendering

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 105

 3. What is JSX ?
JSX means javascript xml. It allows the user to write the code similar to
html in their javascript files.

This jsx will be transpiled into javascript that interacts with the browser
when the application is built.

4. What is DOM ?
DOM means document object model. It is like a tree like structure that
represents the elements of a webpage.

5. What is Virtual Dom ?

When ever any underlying data changes or whenever user enters
something in textbox then entire UI is rerendered in a virtual dom
representation.
Now this virtual dom is compared with the original dom and creates a
changeset which will be applied on the real dom.
So instead of updating the entire realdom, it will be updated with only the
things that have actually been changed.

Rendering Efficiency:

Virtual DOM Updates to the Virtual DOM are typically faster because
they occur in memory and are not directly reflected in the browser.
Actual DOM Manipulating the actual DOM is slower due to its
complexity and the potential for reflows and repaints.

6. What is state in Reactjs?

State is an object which holds the data related to a component that may
change over the lifetime of a component.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 106

 When the state changes, the component re-renders.

Eg: for functional component and class component

import React, { useState } from "react";

function User() {
const [message, setMessage] = useState("Welcome React");

return (
<div>
<h1>{message}</h1>
</div>
);
}

import React from 'react';

class User extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);

this.state = {
message: "Welcome to React world",
};
}

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>{this.state.message}</h1>
</div>
);
}}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 107

 7. What is the purpose of callback function as an argument
of setState() ?
If we want to execute some logic once state is updated and component is
rerendered then we can add it in callback function.

8. What are props ?

Props are inputs to the component.

They are used to send data from parent component to child component.

Props are immutable, so they cannot be modified directly within the child
component.
Example:

// ParentComponent.js
import React from 'react';
import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {
const name = "John";

return (
<div>
<h1>Parent Component</h1>
<ChildComponent name={name} />
</div>
);
}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 108

 export default ParentComponent;

// ChildComponent.js
import React from 'react';

function ChildComponent(props) {
return (
<div>
<h2>Child Component</h2>
<p>Hello, {props.name}!</p>
</div>
);
}

export default ChildComponent;

9. What are the differences between State and Props in react ?

Both props and state are used to manage the data of a component.

State is used to hold the data of a component whereas props are used to
send data from one component to another component.
State is mutable but props are immutable.

Any change in state causes rerender of component and its children.

10. What is props drilling ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 109

 Props drilling is the process of sending the data from one component to
the component thats needs the data from several interconnected
components

11. What are the disadvantages of props drilling and How we

can avoid props drilling ?
Code complexity:

Prop drilling can make code difficult to read and maintain, especially in
large applications with many components. This is because props need to
be passed down through multiple levels of components, and it can be
difficult to keep track of which components are using which props.
Reduced maintainability:

Prop drilling can also make code less maintainable. This is because if a
prop needs to be changed, the change needs to be propagated through all
of the components that use it. This can be a time-consuming and error-
prone process.

Increased risk of errors:

Prop drilling can also increase the risk of errors. This is because it can be
difficult to keep track of which components are using which props, and it
can be easy to forget to pass a prop down to a component that needs
it. This can lead to errors in the application.
Performance overhead:
Prop drilling can also have a performance overhead. This is because every
time a prop is passed down to a component, the component needs to re-
render. This can be a significant performance overhead in large
applications with many components.

Makes application slower.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 110

 We can avoid props drilling using context api or Redux or by using any state
management libraries.

12. What is useReducer hook ?

It is an alternative to useState hook which is used when state of the
component is complex and requires more than one state variable.

13. What is useMemo ?

useMemo is useful for performance optimization in react.

It is used to cache the result of a function between re-renders.

Example :

In our application we have a data vizualization component where we

need to display charts based on performing complex calculations on
some large data sets. By using useMemo we can cache the computed
result, which ensures that the component does not recalculate on
every re-renders. This saves computational resources and provides

smoother user
experience.

import React, { useMemo } from 'react';

const DataVisualization = ({ data }) => {

const processedData = useMemo(() => {
// Perform expensive computations on data
// ...
return processedData;
}, [data]);

// Render the visualization using the processed data

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 111

 // ...

return <div>{/* Visualization component */}</div>;

};

In this example, the processedData is memoized using useMemo to avoid

recomputing it on every render. The expensive computations are performed
only when the data prop changes.

14. What is useCallback ?

useCallback caches the function defination between the re-renders

It takes two arguments: the callback function and an array of

dependencies. The callback function is only recreated if one of the
dependencies has changed.

Good Ref: https://deadsimplechat.com/blog/usecallback-guide-use-cases-

and-examples/#the-difference-between-usecallback-and-declaring-a-
function-directly

15. What are the differences between useMemo and

useCallback ?

Both useMemo and useCallback are useful for performance optimization.

useMemo will cache the result of the function between re-renders

whereas useCallback will cache the function itself between re-renders.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 112

 16. Which lifecycle hooks in class component are replaced
with useEffect in functional components ?

 componentDidMount(): equivalent to useEffect with empty array.

useEffect(()=>{
console.log("Called on initial mount only once")
},[])

 componentDidUpdate(): equivalent to useEffect with array of

dependencies

useEffect(()=>{
console.log("Called on every dependency update")
},[props.isFeature,props.content])

This will be called whenever dependency value changes (here Eg: isFeature or
content).

 componentDidUnmount(): equivalent to useEffect with return statement.

useEffect(()=>{
return ()=>{
console.log(`Any cleanup activities
or unsubscribing etc here`)
}
})

17. What is component life cycle of React class component ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 113

 React life cycle consists of 3 phases.

mounting

updating

unmounting

Mounting:

In this phase the component is generally mounted into the dom.

It is an initialization phase where we can do some operations like

getting data from api, subscribing to events etc.

 Constructor:

It is a place to set the initial state and other initial values.

 getDerivedStateFromProps:

This is called right before rendering the elements into the dom.

Its a natural place to set the state object based on the initial props.

It takes state as an argument and returns an object with changes to

the state.

getDerivedStateFromProps(props,state){
return { favColor: props.favColor }
}

 render():

It contains all the html elements and is method that actually outputs
the html to the dom.

 ComponentDidMount():

This is called once component is mounted into the dom.

Eg: fetch api calls, subscribing to events etc.

Updating phase:

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 114

 This is when the component is updated. The component will be
updated when ever there is change in state or props.

 getDerivedStateFromProps: same as above

 ShouldComponentUpdate:

This will return boolean value that specifies whether react should
continue with the rendering or not. default is true.

shouldComponentUpdate(){
return true/false
}

 Render: same as above

 getSnapshotBeforeUpdate:

It will have access to the props and state before update. means
that even after the update you can check what are the values were
before update.

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps,prevState){
console.log(prevProps,prevState)
}

 ComponentDidUpdate:

Called after the component is updated in the dom.

Unmounting phase:

In this phase the component will be removed from the dom. here we
can do unsubscribe to some events or destroying the existing dialogs
etc.

 ComponentWillUnmount:

This is called when component is about to be removed from the

dom.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 115

 18. What are keys in React ?
Keys are used to uniquely identify the elements in the list.

react will use this to indentify, which elements in the list have been added,
removed or updated.

function MyComponent() {
const items = [
{ id: 1, name: "apple" },
{ id: 2, name: "banana" },
{ id: 3, name: "orange" }
];

return (
<ul>
{items.map((item) => (
<li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
);
}

19. What are fragments in react ?

React fragments allows us to wrap or group multiple elements without
adding extra nodes to the dom.

20. What are Pure components in React ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 116

 A component which renders the same output for the same props and state
is called as pure component.
It internally implements shouldComponentUpdate lifecycle method and
performs a shallow comparision on the props and state of the component.
If there is no difference, the component is not re-rendered.

Advantage:

It optimizes the performance by reducing unnecessary re-renders.

Example for class component:

import React, { PureComponent } from 'react';

class MyPureComponent extends PureComponent {

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>Pure Component
Example</h1> <p>Props:
{this.props.text}</p>
</div>
);
}}

export default MyPureComponent;

Reference: https://react.dev/reference/react/PureComponent

import { PureComponent, useState } from 'react';

class Greeting extends PureComponent {

render() {
console.log("Greeting was rendered at",
new Date().toLocaleTimeString());
return <h3>Hello{this.props.name && ', '}
{this.props.name}!</h3>;

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 117

 }
}

export default function MyApp() {

const [name, setName] = useState('');
const [address, setAddress] = useState('');
return (
<>
<label>
Name{': '}
<input value={name} onChange={e => {
setName(e.target.value)}
} />
</label>
<label>
Address{': '}
<input value={address} onChange={e => {
setAddress(e.target.value)}
} />
</label>
<Greeting name={name} />
</>
);
}

21. What are the differences between controlled and

uncontrolled components ?
Controlled components:

In controlled components, the form data is handled by the react

component
We use event handlers to update the state.

React state is the source of truth.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 118

 Uncontrolled components:

In uncontrolled components, the form data is handled by the dom.

We use Refʼs to update the state.

Dom is the source of truth.

Ref: https://goshacmd.com/controlled-vs-uncontrolled-inputs-react/

22. Whatare Refʼs in React?

refʼs are the way to access the dom elements created in the render
method.

they are helpful when we want to update the component whith out using
state and props and prevents triggering rerender.

Common useCases:

Managing input focus and text selection

Media control/Playback

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 119

 Communicating between react components that are not directly related
through the component tree.

Examples:
1. Managing input focus

function App() {
const inputRef = useRef();

const focusOnInput = () => {

inputRef.current.focus();
};

return (
<div>
<input type='text' ref={inputRef} />
<button onClick={focusOnInput}>Click Me</button>
</div>
);
}

2.Managing Audio playback:

function App() {
const audioRef = useRef();

const playAudio = () => {

audioRef.current.play();
};

const pauseAudio = () => {

audioRef.current.pause();
};

return (
<div>

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 120

 <audio
ref={audioRef}
type='audio/mp3'
src='https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/keyboard-32-1
></audio>
<button onClick={playAudio}>Play Audio</button>
<button onClick={pauseAudio}>Pause Audio</button>
</div>
);
}

Reference: https://www.memberstack.com/blog/react-refs

23. What is meant by forward ref ?

In React, forwardref is a technique which is used to send the ref from
parent component to one of its children. This is helpful when we want to
access the child component dom node from the parent component.

Example:

 Creating the Forward Ref Component: Define a component that forwards

the ref to a child component.

import React, { forwardRef } from 'react';

const ChildComponent = forwardRef((props, ref) => {

return <input ref={ref} />;
});

export default ChildComponent;

 Using the Forward Ref Component: Use this component and pass a ref to
it.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 121

 import React, { useRef } from 'react';
import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {
const inputRef = useRef(null);
return (
<div>
<ChildComponent ref={inputRef} />
<button onClick={() => inputRef.current.focus()}>
Focus Input
</button>
</div>
);
}

export default ParentComponent;

In this example, ChildComponent is a functional component that forwards the ref

it receives to the input element it renders. Then, in the ParentComponent, a ref is
created using useRef, passed to ChildComponent, and used to focus the input
when a button is clicked.
Reference: https://codedamn.com/news/reactjs/what-are-forward-refs-in-
react-js

24. What are Error boundaries ?

Error boundaries are one of the feature in react which allows the developers
to catch the errors during the rendering of component tree, log those erros
and handle those errors without crashing the entire application by
displaying a fallback ui.

class ErrorBoundary extends React.Component {

constructor(props) {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 122

 super(props);
this.state = { hasError: false };
}

static getDerivedStateFromError(error) { /*
Update state so the next render will
show the fallback UI. */
return { hasError: true };
}

componentDidCatch(error, info) {
// Example "componentStack":
// in ComponentThatThrows (created by App)
// in ErrorBoundary (created by App)
// in div (created by App)
// in App
logErrorToMyService(error, info.componentStack);
}

render() {
if (this.state.hasError) {
// You can render any custom fallback UI
return this.props.fallback;
}

return this.props.children;
}
}
Then you can wrap a part of your component tree with it:

<ErrorBoundary fallback={<p>Something went wrong</p>}>

<Profile />
</ErrorBoundary>

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 123

 25. What are Higher order components in react ?
Higher order component is a function which takes the component as an
argument and returns a new component that wraps the original
component.

For example if we wanted to add a some style to multiple components in our

application, Instead of creating a style object locally each time, we can create
a HOC that adds the style objects to the component that we pass to it.

function withStyles(Component) {
return props => {
const style = { padding: '0.2rem', margin: '1rem' }
return <Component style={style} {...props} />
}}

const Button = () = <button>Click me!</button>

const Text = () => <p>Hello World!</p>

const StyledButton = withStyles(Button)

const StyledText = withStyles(Text)

26. What is Lazy loading in React ?

It is a technique used to improve the performance of a webapplication by
splitting the code into smaller chunks and loading them only when its
required intead of loading on initial load.

import React, { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';

const LazyComponent = lazy(() => import('./LazyComponent'));

function App() {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 124

 return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<LazyComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

export default App;

27. What is suspense in React ?

The lazy loaded components are wrapped by Suspense.The Suspense
component receives a fallback prop which is displayed until the lazy loaded
component in rendered.

import React, { lazy, Suspense } from 'react';

const LazyComponent = lazy(() => import('./LazyComponent'));

function App() {
return (
<div>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading...</div>}>
<LazyComponent />
</Suspense>
</div>
);
}

export default App;

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 125

 28. What are custom hooks ?
Custom hooks helps us to extract and reuse the stateful logic between
components.

Eg:

Fetch data

To find user is in online or offline.

https://react.dev/learn/reusing-logic-with-custom-hooks

import { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

// Custom hook to fetch data from an API

function useFetch(url) {
const [data, setData] = useState(null);
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(true);
const [error, setError] = useState(null);

useEffect(() => {
const fetchData = async () => {
try {
const response = await fetch(url);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new Error('Network response was not ok');
}
c o n s t r e s u l t = a w a i t r e s p o n s e .
s e t D a t a ( r e s u l t ) ;
} catch (error) {
setError(error);
} finally {
setLoading(false);
}
};

fetchData();

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 126

 // Cleanup function
return () => {
// Cleanup logic if needed
};
}, [url]); // Dependency array to watch for changes

return { data, loading, error };

}

// Example usage of the custom hook

function MyComponent() {
const { data, loading, error } = useFetch('https://api.com/

if (loading) {
return <div>Loading...</div>;
}

if (error) {
return <div>Error: {error.message}</div>;
}

return (
<div>
{data && (
<ul>
{data.map(item => (
<li key={item.id}>{item.name}</li>
))}
</ul>
)}
</div>
);
}

export default MyComponent;

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 127

 29. What is context api in react ?
Context api is a feature in react by using which we can share the data
across the application with out having to pass the data manually through
every level of component tree.
It solves the problem of props drilling in react.

We need to follow 3 main steps to implement context api in our application.

Create context

Create Provider and wrap this provider around root level component and
pass the data.
Create consumer and utilize data using useContext.

Examples Where we can use context api:

Shopping cart: Managing cart data in ecommerce application and share

between product listings and checkout pages.
Authentication: sharing user information across the application.

Data fetching  Sharing fetched data across multiple components that need
to display this data. (for displaying search results when user makes a
search request).

30. Give an example of context api usage ?

Example: Once user loggedin, I wanted to share the user information between
the components.

Step  1 We need to create a context using createContext method in

userContext.js file.

UserContext.js

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 128

 import React,{createContext} from "react";

const UserContext = createContext(); const

UserProvider = UserContext.Provider; const
UserConsumer = UserContext.Consumer;

export {UserProvider, UserConsumer};

Step  2 We need to wrap the root level component with provider and
pass the user Information.

App component:

import React from "react";

import {ComponentA} from "./ComponentA.js";
import {UserProvider} from "./UserContext.js";

const App = () => {

const userinfo = {
id:"1",
name:"saikrishna"
}

return (
<div>
<UserProvider value={userinfo}>
<ComponentA/>
</UserProvider>
</div>
);
};

Step  3 In componentA, We can get the data using useContext and utilize
the user Information.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 129

 ComponentA:

import React,{useContext} from "react";

import {UserConsumer} from "./UserContext.js";

export const ComponentA = () => {

const {id,name} = useContext(UserConsumer);

return <div>Hello {id}{name}</div>

}

31. What is Strict mode in react ?

It identifies the commonly occured bugs in the development time itself.

Checks if there are any depricated apis usage.

Checks for deprecated lifecycle methods.

Checks if Duplicate keys in list.

Warns about Possible memory leaks. etc.

=============================================================
// Enabling strict mode for entire App.
=============================================================

import { StrictMode } from 'react';

import { createRoot } from 'react-dom/client';

const root = createRoot(document.getElementById('root'));

root.render(
<StrictMode>
<App />
</StrictMode>
);

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 130

 =============================================================
// Any part of your app
=============================================================

import { StrictMode } from 'react';

function App() {
return (
<>
<Header />
<StrictMode>
<main>
<Sidebar />
<Content />
</main>
</StrictMode>
<Footer />
</>
);
}

Good Ref: https://dev.to/codeofrelevancy/what-is-strict-mode-in-react-3p5b

32. What are the different ways to pass data from child
component to parent component in react ?
There are 4 common ways to send data from child component to parent
component. They are.,

 Callback Functions

 Context API

 React Hooks (useRef)

 Redux

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 131

 33. How do you optimize your react application ?
Code Splitting: Break down large bundles into smaller chunks to reduce
initial load times

Lazy Loading: Load non-essential components\asynchronously to

prioritize critical content.
Caching and Memoization: Cache data locally or use memoization
libraries to avoid redundant API calls and computations.
Memoization: Memoize expensive computations and avoid unnecessary
re-renders using tools like React.memo and useMemo.
Optimized Rendering: Use shouldComponentUpdate, PureComponent, or
React.memo to prevent unnecessary re-renders of components.
Virtualization: Implement virtual lists and grids to render only the visible
elements, improving rendering performance for large datasets.
Server-Side Rendering SSR Pre-render content on the server to
improve initial page load times and enhance SEO.
Bundle Analysis: Identify and remove unused dependencies, optimize
images, and minify code to reduce bundle size.
Performance Monitoring: Continuously monitor app performance using
tools like Lighthouse, Web Vitals, and browser DevTools.
Optimize rendering with keys: Ensure each list item in a mapped array
has a unique and stable key prop to optimize rendering performance. Keys
help React identify which items have changed, been added, or removed,
minimizing unnecessary DOM updates.
CDN Integration: Serve static assets and resources from Content Delivery
Networks CDNs) to reduce latency and improve reliability.

34. What are Portals in react ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 132

 Portals are the way to render the child components outside of the parentʼs
dom hierarchy.
We mainly need portals when a React parent component has a hidden
value of overflow property(overflow: hidden) or z-index style, and we
need a child component to openly come out of the current tree hierarchy.

It is commonly used in Modals, tooltips, loaders, notifications toasters.

This helps in improving the performance of application.

import React from 'react';

import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';

class MyPortal extends React.Component {

render() {
return ReactDOM.createPortal(
this.props.children,
document.getElementById('portal-root')
);
}}

class App extends React.Component {

render() {
return (
<div>
<h1>My App</h1>
<MyPortal>
<p>
This is rendered in a different part of the DOM!
</p>
</MyPortal>
</div>
);
}}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 133

 ReactDOM.render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

35. What are synthetic events in react ?

Synthetic events are the wrapper around native browser events.

By using this react will remove browser inconsistencies and provides a

unified api interface for event handling
They optimise the performance by event pooling and reusing event
objects.

36. What are the difference between Package.json and

Package.lock.json
𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞.𝐣𝐬𝐨𝐧: is a metadata file that contains information about your
project, such as the name, version, description, author, and most
importantly, the list of dependencies required for your project to run. This
file is used by npm Node Package Manager) to install, manage, and
update dependencies for your project.
𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞.𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐤.𝐣𝐬𝐨𝐧: is a file that npm generates after installing packages for
your project. This file contains a detailed description of the dependencies
installed in your project, including their versions and the dependencies of
their dependencies. This file is used by npm to ensure that the same
version of each package is installed every time, regardless of the platform,
environment, or the order of installation.
Package.json is used to define the list of required dependencies for your
project, while package-lock.json is used to ensure that the exact same
versions of those dependencies are installed every time, preventing
version conflicts and guaranteeing a consistent environment for your
project.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 134

 37. What are the differences between client side and server
side rendering
Rendering location: In csr, rendering occurs on the client side after
receiving raw data from the server where as in ssr, rendering occurs on
server side side and server returns the fully rendered html page to the
browser.

Initial Load time: csr has slow initial load time as browser needs to
interpret the data and render the page. where as ssr has faster initial load
times as server send pre-rendered html page to the browser.

Subsequent interactions: subsequent interactions in csr involves dynamic

updates with out requiring full page reload whereas, ssr requires full page
reload as server generates new html for every interactions.

Seo: Ssr is seo friendly when compared to csr as fully rendered html
content is provided to the search engine crawlers whereas csr needs to
parse javascript heavy content.

38. What is react-router ?

React-router is a javascript library which is used to implement routing in react
applications.
It allows us to navigate between views or pages with out refreshing the page.

Router: It wraps the entire application and provides the routing context for
the application. It contains 2 types of routers,
Browser router and Hash router.
Route: It contains mapping between urlpath and the component. When the
url matches, respective component will be rendered.
Link: is used to create the navigation links which user can click to navigate
to different routes.
switch: is used to render the first matching route among its children. It
ensures only one route is rendered.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 135

 import React from 'react';
import { BrowserRouter as Router, Route, Switch, Link } from

function Home() {
return <h2>Home</h2>;
}

function About() {
return <h2>About</h2>;
}

function Contact() {
return <h2>Contact</h2>;
}

function App() {
return (
<Router>
<div>
<nav>
<ul>
<li>
<Link to="/">
Home
</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link to="/about">
About
</Link>
</li>
<li>
<Link to="/contact">
Contact

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 136

 </Link>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>

<Switch>
<Route exact path="/"
component={Home}
/>
<Route path="/about"
component={About}
/>
<Route path="/contact"
component={Contact}
/>
</Switch>
</div>
</Router>
);
}

export default App;

39. What are protected routes in react ?

By using the protected routes, we can define which users/user roles have
access to specific routes or components.

40. What is the difference between useEffect and

useLayoutEffect ?
useeffect is asynchronous where as uselayouteffect is synchronous

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 137

 uselayouteffect runs after browser calculation of dom measurements and
before browser repaints the screen whereas useffect runs parallely.
uselayouteffect really needed when we need to do something based on
layout of the dom, if we want to measure dom elements and do something
etc.

Ref : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU57kvYOxT4

https://mtg-dev.tech/blog/real-world-example-to-use-uselayouteffect

41. Practical question: How to send data from child to parent

using callback functions ?
Define a function in the parent component that takes data as an argument.

Pass this function as a prop to the child component.

When an event occurs in the child component (like a button click), call this
function with the data to be passed to the parent.

Parent Component:

import React, { useState } from 'react';

import ChildComponent from './ChildComponent';

function ParentComponent() {
const [dataFromChild, setDataFromChild] = useState('');

const handleDataFromChild = (data) => {

setDataFromChild(data);
};

return (
<div>
<ChildComponent onData={handleDataFromChild} />
<p>Data from child: {dataFromChild}</p>
</div>

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 138

 );
}

export default ParentComponent;

Child Component:

import React from 'react';

function ChildComponent({ onData }) {

const sendDataToParent = () => {
const data = 'Hello from child';
onData(data);
};

return (
<button onClick={sendDataToParent}>
Send Data to Parent
</button>
);
}

export default ChildComponent;

42. Practical question: How to send the data from child

component to parent using useRef ?
It is used to store the data without re-rendering the components.

It will not trigger any event by itself whenever the data is updated.

Parent component:

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 139

 import React from "react";
import TextEditor from "./TextEditor";

export default function Parent() {

const valueRef = React.useRef("");

return (
<>
<TextEditor valueRef={valueRef} />
<button onClick={() => {
console.log(valueRef.current)}
}
>Get</button>
</>
);
}

Child component:

export default function TextEditor({ valueRef }) {

return <textarea
onChange={(e) => (valueRef.current = e.target.value)}>
</textarea>;
}

43. Practical question: Create a increment decrement counter

using useReducer hook in react ?

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 140

 import React, { useReducer } from 'react';

// Initial state
const initialState = {
count: 0
};

// Reducer function
const reducer = (state, action) => {
switch (action.type) {
case 'increment':
return { count: state.count + 1 };
case 'decrement':
return { count: state.count - 1 };
default:
return state;
} };

// Component
const Counter = () => {
const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialState)

return (
<div>
<p>Count: {state.count}</p>
<button onClick={() => dispatch( {
type: 'increment' }
)}>Increment</button> <button
onClick={() => dispatch( { type:
'decrement' }
)}>Decrement</button>
</div>
);
};

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 141

 export default Counter;

44. Practical question: create a custom hook for

increment/decrement counter ?
Create a custom hook for counter:

useCounter.js:

export const useCounter = () => {

const [counter, setCounter] = useState(0);

const increment = () => {

setCounter(counter + 1);
};

const decrement = () => {

setCounter(counter - 1);
};

return {
counter,
increment,
decrement
}; ,
};

Utilize useCounter in our component:

component.js:
import { useCounter } from './useCounter.js';

const App = () => {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 142

 const { counter, increment, decrement } = useCounter();

return (
<div>
<button onClick={decrement}>Decrease</button>
<div>Count: {counter}</div>
<button onClick={increment}>Increase</button>
</div>
);
};

45. Machine coding question: Dynamic checkbox counter

Display 4 checkboxes with different names and a button named selectall
User can select each checkbox

Select all button click will check all checkboxes

Button should be disabled once all checkboxes are selected.

Display selected checkboxes count and names in ui.

import React, { useState } from 'react';

import { render } from 'react-dom';

const Checkbox = ({ label, checked, onChange }) => {

return (
<div>
<label>
<input type="checkbox"
checked={checked}
onChange={onChange} />
{label}

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 143

 </label>
</div>
);
};
const App = () => {
const [checkboxes, setCheckboxes] = useState([
{ id: 1, label: 'Checkbox 1', checked: false }, { id: 2,
label: 'Checkbox 2', checked: false }, { id: 3, label:
'Checkbox 3', checked: false }, { id: 4, label:
'Checkbox 4', checked: false },
]);

const [selectAllDisabled,setSelectAllDisabled]= useState(

false
);

const handleCheckboxChange = (id) => {

const updatedCheckboxes = checkboxes.map((checkbox) =>
checkbox.id === id
? { ...checkbox, checked: !checkbox.checked }
: checkbox
);
setCheckboxes(updatedCheckboxes);
const allChecked = updatedCheckboxes.every(
(checkbox) => checkbox.checked
);
setSelectAllDisabled(allChecked);
};

const handleSelectAll = () => {

const updatedCheckboxes = checkboxes.map(
(checkbox) => ({
...checkbox,
checked: !selectAllDisabled,
}));
setCheckboxes(updatedCheckboxes);

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 144

 setSelectAllDisabled(!selectAllDisabled);
};

const selectedCheckboxes = checkboxes.filter(

(checkbox) => checkbox.checked
);
const selectedCount = selectedCheckboxes.length;

return (
<div>
{checkboxes.map((checkbox) => (
<Checkbox
key={checkbox.id}
label={checkbox.label}
checked={checkbox.checked}
onChange={
() => handleCheckboxChange(checkbox.id)
}
/>
))}
<button
onClick={handleSelectAll}
disabled={selectAllDisabled}>
{selectAllDisabled ? 'Deselect All' : 'Select All'}
</button>
<p>Selected: {selectedCount}</p>
<ul>
{selectedCheckboxes.map((checkbox) => (
<li key={checkbox.id}>{checkbox.label}</li>
))}
</ul>
</div>
);
};

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 145

 render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

46. Create a nested circles based on user input like below

image.

Solution:
Create App component and circle component. We will use recursion concept
to achieve this.

App.js:

import React, { useState } from "react";

import { Circle } from "./Circle.js";
import "./styles.css";

export default function App() {

const [num, setNum] = useState(0);

const handleInput = (e) => {

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 146

 setNum(e.target.value);
};

return (
<div className="nested-circles-container">
<input
onChange={(e) => handleInput(e)}
placeholder="Enter number of circles"
type="number"
/>
<Circle numbCircles={num}></Circle>
</div>
);
}

App.css/Style.css:

.nested-circles-container {
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
flex-direction: column;
}

Circle.js:

import React from "react";

import "./Circle.css";

export const Circle = ({ numbCircles }) => {

let size = numbCircles * 100;
return (
<div
className="circle-new"

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 147

 style={{
width: `${size}px`,
height: `${size}px`,
}}
>
{numbCircles > 1 &&
<Circle numbCircles={numbCircles - 1}>
</Circle>
}
</div>
);
};

Circle.css:

.circle-new {
border-radius: 100%;
border: 1px solid black;
display: flex;
justify-content: center;
align-items: center;
}

47. What are the various design patterns in react ?

Compound pattern

HOC Pattern

Render props pattern

Container/Presentational pattern

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 148

 48. What is compound pattern ?
By using this compound pattern we will create multiple components that
work together to perform a single task.

We can achieve this using context api.

This promotes separation of concerns between parent and child

components, promotes reusability of logic and maintainability.

49. What is render props pettern ?

With the Render Props pattern, we pass components as props to other
components. The components that are passed as props can in turn
receive props from that component.
Render props make it easy to reuse logic across multiple components.

https://javascriptpatterns.vercel.app/patterns/react-patterns/render-props

50. What is Container/Presentational pattern ?

It enforces separation of concerns by separating the view from the application
logic.

We can use the Container/Presentational pattern to separate the logic of a

component from the view. To achieve this, we need to have a:

Presentational Component, that cares about how data is shown to the

user.
Container Component, that cares about what data is shown to the
user.

For example, if we wanted to show listings on the landing page, we could use
a container component to fetch the data for the recent listings, and use a

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 149

 presentational component to actually render this data.

https://javascriptpatterns.vercel.app/patterns/react-patterns/conpres

51. What is React.memo ?

React.memo is a Higher order component provided by react that
memoizes the functional components.

It caches the result of componentʼs rendering and rerenders the

component only when the props have changed.

const MyComponent = React.memo((props) => {

console.log('Rendering MyComponent');
return (
<div>
<h1>Hello, {props.name}!</h1>
<p>{props.message}</p>
</div>
);
});

52. Differences between dependencies and devdependencies

?
dependencies: These are the packages that your project needs to run in
production. These are essential for the application to function correctly.

devDependencies: These packages are only needed during the

development phase.

Eg: Jest, react-developer-tools etc.

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 150

174 Interview questions & Answers  Saikrishna Nangunuri 151