Logic & Problem Solving

MA4001NI

Lecture Week 16
Upcoming Assessments
&
Revision of Relations &
Functions
Agenda:

Week 16 lecture coverage

• Information about upcoming assessments

• Revision of Relations and Functions

Nick–Man with No arms and legs
Upcoming Assessments..
Assessments:

Two Class tests: (50% of total module marks)

Week 8(25%) and Week 22(25%)

 Group Coursework:(50% of total module marks)

Group work of selected exercises (week 25-28)
MUST “PASS” ALL THREE ASSESSMENTS TO PASS THE
MODULE AND ACHIEVE AT LEAST 40% OF MARKS IN
AGGREGATE.
Information for Class test 2 :
Class test 2 carries 25% of the module
marks. It will be held on Week 22 .The
topics for class test 2 are,

- Relations
- Functions
- Permutation & Combination
- Probability
- Probability Distribution
Information for Group Coursework
Students need to form a group of 3
people to do the group course work .
The group course work carries 50% of
the module marks as such
please be careful while choosing the group
members .
The Cartesian Product of Two Sets
Let A and B are two sets .The Cartesian product of sets A and B is
denoted by AB and is the set of ordered pairs given by ,
AB = { (a , b) : a A and b B}
Example:
If A ={a,b,c} and B = {d} then ,
AB = {(a , d), (b , d) , (c , d) }
BA = {(d , a) , (d , b), (d , c) }
AA = {(a , a) , (a , b), (a , c) ,(b , b) , (b , a), (b , c) , (c , c) , (c , a), (c , b) }
Definition of Relation:
Let A be a non-empty set. Any subset R of the
Cartesian product A x A is called a relation on the
set A.

Notation: If R is a relation on A (i.e., R  A x A)

and if ( x , y)  R then we say x is related to y by R and
we write x R y.
if (x , y) R we write x R y
Examples…
Example 1:
Let A = {1,2,3,4,5}. Then
R = {(1,2), (4,2), (3,5)}
S = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5)) and
T = {(3,4)} are all relations on A.

We could write 1 R2, 4R2 and 3R5

Similarly, 1S1,2S2 etc.
Example (Contd.):
Example 2 :
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
We can define a subset R of A x A; and hence a relation on A,
by R = { (a , b): a  A, b  A, a b}
This is called the "is less than equal to" relation on A.

Another way of describing this relation is simply by saying

a R b if a  b.

In set listing notation

R = { (1,1) ,(1,2) (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,3), (3,4), (4,4)}
Pictorial representation of relations.
Often the best way of illustrating the structure and
properties of a relation is by means of a diagrammatic
representation of the relation.

1. Digraphs
2. Matrix Representation
Digraphs:
In discrete mathematics a Graph is a set of points
(called Vertices) some of which are connected by
lines (or Arcs) called Edges.
Here there are the four
For example:
vertices a, b, c and d with
edges as shown.

Note that there is an edge

joining b to itself. Such an
edge is called a Loop.
Digraphs (Contd.):
A graph in which every edge has a direction
(indicated by an arrow) is called a Directed graph or
Digraph.

Notice that there are

two directed edges
between a and d,
one in each direction
and that these really
are different edges.
Digraphs (Contd.):
For example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
R = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (3, 1), (4, 2)}
The digraph of R is then:
Matrix Representation:
If R is a relation on a finite set A, with l A l = n, we
construct an n x n matrix representation of R as
follows:
 Label the rows and columns of an n x n matrix M by
the elements of A.
 For all ordered pairs (x, y)  A x A locate the unique
position in M defined by row x and column y.
 Enter a 1 in this position if x R y and a 0 otherwise.
We call M the matrix of the relation R or the relation
matrix for R.
Matrix Representation (Contd.):
The two relations from above examples have the
following relation matrices:
Any Questions?
Some special relations:
1.Reflexive Relations

2.Symmetric Relations

3.Transitive Relations

4.Equivalence Relations

5.Anti-symmetric Relations

6.Asymmetric Relations

7.Irreflexive Relations
Exercises…
Question 1:
Let R be the relation on set A ={1,2,3,4} given by
R ={(1,1), (1,2), (2,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,3), (3,1), (4,4)}

Draw matrix and Digraph representation and check

all the seven properties of relation for R.
Exercises…
Question 2 :
Let R be the relation on set A ={1,2,3,4} given by
R ={(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4)}

Draw matrix and Digraph representation and

check all the seven properties of relation for R.
Exercises…
Question 3 :
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and let R be the relation on A defined by
R = { (a , b): a  A, b  A, a b}

List all the elements of R and draw matrix and

Digraph representation and check all the seven
properties of relation for R.
Functions
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTIONS:
•A function is an association of exactly one object
from one set (the range) with each object from
another set (the domain).
• This means there must be at least one
arrow leaving each point in the domain.
• Also, that there can be no more than one
arrow leaving each point in the domain.
ELEMENTS OF A FUNCTION:
We write f : A  B to indicate that f is a function from A
to B.
• The set A is called the domain of f.
• The set B is called the co-domain of f.
The range of f denoted by f [A], is the set of all images;
that is, f [ A]  { f ( x) : x  A}

The pre-image or inverse image of a set B contained in

the range of f is denoted by f 1 ( B) and is the subset of
the domain whose members have images in B.
Examples (Contd.):
Example 2 : Neither of the diagrams
A B A B

provide proper function definitions since

(i) f(b) is not defined

(ii) f(c) is not uniquely defined.

Examples (Contd.):
Example 3: Let X = {0, 1, 2, 3}, Y = {4, 5, 6, 7}
The following are proper definitions of functions from X to Y:
i. { (0, 6), (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 7) }
ii. { (2, 6), (3, 6), (1, 6), (0, 6) }
but the following are not:
iii. { (3, 7), (0, 4), (2, 5) }
iv. { (0, 6), (1, 4), (3, 4), (2, 7),(2,4) }
v. { (0, 4), (1, 7), (5, 5), (2, 6), (3, 6) }
vi. { (0, 4), (1, 8), (2, 6), (3, 5) }
Any Questions?
 Domain (1):
• For a function f(x), x is the input and y = f(x) is the
output.
• The set of input values x is called the domain of
the function.
• The set of output values y is called the range of
the function.
• Some functions have restriction on values of x and
hence the domain does not contain all real numbers.
Domain (2):
Consider a polynomial equation such as
y = x3 + 2x2 – 5x + 3
There is no restriction on x because any real number can
be cubed, squared, multiplied and combined.
The domain is a set of all real numbers.
This means that the value of input can be chosen to be
any real number.
Domain (3):
Consider the case where input x is under the square
root such as
y  x 1
There is a restriction on x because the number placed
under the square root cannot be negative.
Therefore, x – 1 ≥ 0
x≥1
any
This means that the possible values of inputs are
real number that is greater than or
equal to 1.
Domain (4):
Consider when the input x is in the denominator such as
1
y 
x6
There is a restriction on x since the denominator cannot
be zero.

Hence, x-60
x6
The domain is any real number except 6.
Exercise:
Try this by yourself.
Find the domain of the function defined by each equation:

7x
(a) y  x 2 x  5 (b) y 
5x  3

a.There is no restriction on x outside square root.

2x + 5 ≥ 0  x ≥ -5/2

b.There is no restriction on x in numerator.

5x + 3  0  x  -3/5
Exercise:
Try this by yourself. 2

Let f ( x)  4 x
( x  3)( x  2)
(a) Find the domain of f(x) (b) Evaluate f(2)

a. The denominator is zero when x = 3, -2.

The domain is any real number except 3 and -2.
That is x  3, -2.

b. f(2)= 4(2)2/(2-3)(2+2) = - 4
Any Questions?
Composite Functions (1):

• Often one quantity is a function of a second quantity that

depends, in turn, on a third quantity.
• For example, the cost of car trip is a function of the gasoline
consumed. The amount of gasoline consumed, in turn, is a
function of the number of miles driven.
• The chains of dependence are known as composition of
functions.
Composite Functions (2):

• Suppose that y = f(x) and y = g(x) define two

functions.
• A value of x inserted in function g will produce
an output g(x).
• This output g(x) is then inserted in function f to
produce an output f(g(x))
• The outcome f(g(x)) is written as
( f  g )( x) Composite function
Composite Functions (4):
Note that the composition of functions is not commutative.
To illustrate this, let f(x) = 5x + 1 and g(x) = 4x – 3
By definition,
( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))

( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x)) ( g  f )( x)  g ( f ( x))
 f ( 4 x  3)  g (5 x  1)
 5(4 x  3)  1  4(5 x  1)  3
 20 x  14  20 x  1

(f  g)(x)  (g  f)(x)
Composite Functions (5):
Example: If f(x) = 2x2 + 1 and g(x) = x + 1, then find
( f  g )( x) and ( f  g )(3)

By definition, ( f  g )( x)  f ( g ( x))
 f ( x  1)
 2( x  1) 2  1
 2( x 2  2 x  1)  1
 2x2  4x  3

Hence, ( f  g )(3)  2(3) 2  4(3)  3

 33
Types of function…
INJECTIONS:
• Let f : A  B be a function. The function f is called an
injective function, or an injection,
if  x, y  A, f(x)  f(y) implies x = y.
• Graphically this means that if two arrows arrive at the
same point in B, they must come from the same point
in A, and therefore they are the same.
• An injective function is also called a one-to-one
function, or a 1 1 function.
INJECTIONS (Contd.):
1 a
• Example :
Graph represent an
injective function 2 b

3 c

one-to-one function
SURJECTIONS:
• The function f is called a Surjective Function, or a
Surjection,
if for all y  B  x  A f ( x )  y


• Graphically this means there must be an arrow arriving

at each point of B.
• A surjective function is also called an onto
function.
• If the co-domain set is equal to range set,
then the function is surjective or on to .
SURJECTIONS (Contd.):
1
• Example :
Graph represent a a
surjective function

2 b

3
onto function
BIJECTIONS:
• A function can also be neither 1 - 1 nor onto, or it can
be both 1 - 1 and onto.
• If a function is both 1 - 1 and onto it is called a
Bijection or Bijective Function.
BIJECTIONS (Contd.):
• Example : Graph represent a Bijective Function

a x a x

b y or b y

c z c z
Any Questions?
Inverse Functions (1):
• Function f maps each number in x1 f
y1
the domain of f to the x2 y2
corresponding number in the x3 y3
Domain Range
range of f.
• Inverse function, symbol f-1, x1 f-1 y1
reverses the correspondence and x2 y2
maps each number in the range of x3 y3
f to the number in the domain. Domain Range
Inverse Functions (2):

• To find f-1, we follow these steps:

1. Replace f(x) with y
2. Interchange variables x and y
3. Solve the resulting equation for y
4. Replace y with f-1(x)
Inverse Functions (3):
Example: Find the inverse of f(x) = 3x + 2.
• Step 1: Replace f(x) with y.
y = 3x + 2
• Step 2: Interchange variables y and x.
x = 3y + 2
• Step 3: Solve the resulting equation for y.
y =(x – 2)/3
• Step 4: Replace y with f-1(x).
f-1(x) = (x – 2)/3
Inverse Functions (4):
• From the above example,
f(x) = 3x + 2 gives f-1(x) = (x – 2)/3
Consider,
( f  f 1 )( x)  f ( f 1 ( x))
( f 1  f )( x)  f 1 ( f ( x))
 x2 (3x  2)  2
 3 2 
 3  3
 x  x

( f  f 1 )( x)  ( f 1  f )( x)  x

Hence,
If the inverse of any function f (x) is again a function,
then f(x) is known as Invertible Function.
Any Questions?
Exercise:
Try this by yourself.
1. Find the inverse of:
• g(x) = x3 +1
• p(x) = x2 – 1
• h(x) = (2x – 3)/(5x-7) where x ≠ 7/5

2.The following functions are defined on the integers.

State whether they are one-to-one, onto, or bijective
functions, and explain your reasons in each case.
• g(x) = x3 – x
• f(x) = x2
What to Expect: Week 16 Tutorials
•Review and practice Relations & Functions
problems through in-class assignments to acquire
them.

• Practice problems to know how concept of

relations & functions can be useful in
solving various mathematical problems.
Thank you