‫‪Logic 2 Report‬‬

‫)‪Programmable Logic Device (PLD‬‬

‫‪Electronics and Communications Eng. Dept.‬‬
‫‪Prepared by: TEAM‬‬
‫‪-1‬احمد رضا مبارك‬
‫‪ -2‬احمد سامي غريب‬
‫‪ -3‬محمد جمال دياب‬
‫‪ -4‬يوسف مجدي ابو الفضل‬
‫‪ -5‬معاذ احمد محمد‬
‫‪ -6‬مصطفى محمد عثمان محمد‬
‫‪ -7‬محمد احمد ابراهيم احمد خليل‬
‫‪ -8‬بيشوي ماهر بخيت‬
‫‪-9‬محمد سمير منصور‬
‫‪-10‬علي ايمن علي‬
‫‪-11‬عبدهللا محمد صباح‬
‫‪-12‬عبدهللا محمد عبدهللا سليم‬
‫‪-13‬ابراهيم حمدي عبد الدايم‬
‫‪-14‬احمد اشرف محمد عطية‬
‫‪-15‬احمد فالح محمد حجاب‬
 Definition
A Programmable Logic Device (PLD) is a type of electronic component
used in digital circuits to implement logical operations. Unlike fixed-
function integrated circuits (ICs), such as logic gates, a PLD can be
programmed to perform specific functions after manufacturing. This
programmability allows designers to create custom logic configurations,
making PLDs versatile tools for various applications in electronics and
digital design.
PLDs are designed with a matrix of logic elements, which can be
configured to form different digital circuits. The ability to reconfigure
these elements is what gives PLDs their flexibility and adaptability,
allowing for changes in design without the need for new hardware.

Architecture
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are fundamental components in the
field of digital electronics, providing a flexible approach to designing
and implementing custom logic functions. This survey explores the
architecture of PLDs, examining their basic structures, different types,
and key components that enable programmability and flexibility.
Overview of PLD Architecture
PLDs are designed with a configurable hardware architecture that
allows users to create custom digital logic circuits. At the core, PLD
architecture typically includes:
1-Logic Elements (LEs): The building blocks of PLDs, which consist of
programmable logic gates, flip-flops, multiplexers, and other basic
components. LEs can be configured to perform various logical
operations and can be interconnected in flexible ways to form complex
circuits.
2-Interconnection Matrix: A network of programmable
interconnections that allows LEs to communicate with each other. This
matrix is a key component of PLDs, providing the flexibility to design
and modify circuits without changing the physical hardware.
3-I/O Blocks: These interface blocks connect the PLD's internal logic to
external signals, allowing communication with other components or
systems.
4-Configuration Memory: This memory stores the programming data
that defines the PLD's logic configuration. Depending on the type of
PLD, this configuration can be permanent or reprogrammable.

Types of PLD

Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are critical components in digital

electronics, offering flexibility and reconfigurability to implement
custom logic functions. They vary in terms of complexity, structure, and
use cases. This survey discusses the major types of PLDs and provides
an overview of their key characteristics, applications, and design
advantages.
1. Simple Programmable Logic Devices (SPLDs)
SPLDs represent the most basic type of PLD. They are generally used for
simpler digital logic applications and have the following characteristics:
Structure: SPLDs typically consist of a limited number of programmable
logic gates, flip-flops, and a programmable interconnection structure.
They often use a simple architecture like a Programmable Array Logic
(PAL) or a Programmable Logic Array (PLA).
Configurability: SPLDs are often programmed once and cannot be
reprogrammed. This is suitable for applications where the design
requirements are stable.
Applications: SPLDs are used for basic logic operations, such as small-
scale combinational and sequential logic circuits, address decoders,
simple state machines, and basic control logic.
Examples: Common SPLDs include PALs, Generic Array Logic (GAL), and
PLAs.
2. Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs)
CPLDs are more complex than SPLDs and offer greater logic capacity
and flexibility. Key characteristics of CPLDs include:
Structure: CPLDs consist of multiple blocks of programmable logic, each
with its own set of logic gates, flip-flops, and programmable
interconnections. The blocks are connected via a high-level
interconnection matrix.
Configurability: CPLDs often use non-volatile memory for programming,
allowing the device to retain its configuration even when powered off.
This makes CPLDs suitable for applications that require persistent logic
designs.
Applications: CPLDs are used in more complex digital logic applications,
such as data processing, complex state machines, interfacing, and glue
logic in embedded systems.
Examples: Popular CPLDs come from manufacturers like Xilinx, Intel
(formerly Altera), and Lattice Semiconductor.
3. Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
FPGAs are the most flexible and complex type of PLD, with a large array
of configurable logic blocks and extensive programmable
interconnections. Key characteristics of FPGAs include:
Structure: FPGAs have a highly configurable array of logic elements,
including look-up tables (LUTs), flip-flops, multipliers, and more. The
interconnection matrix in FPGAs is highly adaptable, allowing for
complex routing and custom circuit designs.
Configurability: FPGAs generally use volatile configuration memory,
requiring reprogramming upon power-up. However, they can use
external non-volatile memory to automatically reprogram the FPGA
upon startup. This flexibility makes FPGAs ideal for applications
requiring frequent reconfiguration.
Applications: FPGAs are used in a wide range of applications, from
simple digital circuits to complex system-on-chip (SoC) designs. They are
commonly employed in signal processing, telecommunications, digital
filtering, reconfigurable computing, and prototyping.
Examples: Major FPGA manufacturers include Xilinx, Intel (formerly
Altera), and Lattice Semiconductor.
Key Differences Between SPLDs, CPLDs, and FPGAs
Complexity: SPLDs are the simplest, with limited logic capacity. CPLDs
are more complex, with multiple logic blocks, while FPGAs are the most
complex, with vast arrays of configurable logic elements.
Configurability: SPLDs are typically one-time programmable, while
CPLDs are non-volatile and can retain configurations. FPGAs are usually
reprogrammable, making them suitable for applications requiring
frequent updates.
Applications: SPLDs are used in basic logic applications, CPLDs in
moderate complexity applications, and FPGAs in highly complex
applications that require adaptability and reconfigurability.

Applications used PLD

Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) have emerged as versatile
components in the electronics and digital design industry. They offer
flexibility, allowing engineers to design custom digital circuits without
the need for custom hardware. This survey explores the wide range of
applications where PLDs are utilized, from basic logic functions to
complex system-on-chip (SoC) designs.
1. Prototyping and Development
One of the most common applications for PLDs is prototyping and
development. Engineers and designers use PLDs to create and test new
digital circuits before committing to a final hardware design. The ability
to reprogram PLDs allows for rapid iteration and reduces the need for
costly custom chip fabrication.
Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are extensively used in
prototyping because they offer flexibility and high logic capacity.
Designers can quickly test different configurations, make adjustments,
and validate designs.
Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs) are also used for
prototyping, especially when the required logic is moderate in
complexity.
2. Custom Logic and Glue Logic
PLDs are frequently used to implement custom logic functions, allowing
designers to create specialized circuits tailored to specific requirements.
CPLDs are commonly used to implement glue logic, which integrates
multiple digital components into a cohesive system. Glue logic often
includes address decoders, data routing, and simple combinational
logic.
Simple Programmable Logic Devices (SPLDs) are used for basic custom
logic applications, such as simple state machines, signal conditioning,
and basic control logic.
3. Embedded Systems and System-on-Chip (SoC)
PLDs play a significant role in embedded systems, where they are used
to create custom hardware functionalities and manage various system
components.
FPGAs are frequently used in embedded systems due to their
reconfigurable nature. They can implement custom hardware
accelerators, specialized data processing units, and flexible interfaces
for sensors and other peripherals.
CPLDs are used in embedded systems where non-volatile logic is
required, such as for system initialization, configuration management,
and basic control logic.
4. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
PLDs, especially FPGAs, are widely used in digital signal processing
applications. Their ability to implement complex mathematical
operations in hardware makes them ideal for signal processing tasks.
FPGAs are used in applications like software-defined radios, digital
filtering, image processing, and audio processing. They can perform
real-time signal processing with low latency, making them suitable for
applications requiring high performance.
CPLDs can be used for simpler DSP tasks, such as basic filtering and
signal conditioning.
5. Communications and Networking
PLDs find extensive use in communications and networking, where they
are employed to create custom communication protocols, data routing,
and network infrastructure.
FPGAs are used to implement custom communication interfaces, high-
speed data routers, and packet processing engines. Their flexibility
allows for rapid adaptation to evolving communication standards.
CPLDs are used in communications for tasks like signal multiplexing,
basic data routing, and managing communication interfaces.
6. Reconfigurable Computing
Reconfigurable computing involves using PLDs to create adaptable
hardware that can be reprogrammed to perform different tasks. This
approach is used to optimize performance and energy efficiency.
FPGAs are the primary choice for reconfigurable computing due to their
high flexibility and configurability. They are used in applications like
hardware accelerators, adaptive signal processing, and field-upgradable
systems.
CPLDs can also be used for simpler reconfigurable tasks, where non-
volatile configuration is advantageous.