Chpater3 --Python Fundamentals

 Python Character Set :- Character set is a set of valid characters that a language
can recognize.
A character represents any letter, digit or any other symbol. Python supports Unicode
encoding standard.
Eg-
Letters A-Z, a-z
Digits 0-9
Special symbols Space + -* / ** \()[ ] { }//=! = == <, > . ‘ “” , ; :% ! $ #
<= >= @ _ (underscore)
Whitespaces Blank space, tabs , new line
Other characters Python can process all ASCII and Unicode
Character as part of data or literals.

 Token – The smallest individual unit in a program is known as a Token.

 Kewords – Are the words that convey a special meaning to the language compiler
o These are reserved for special purpose and must not be used as normal
identifier.
o Eg- Fals, del, in, or, while , for etc

 Identifiers- Are fundamental building blocks of a program and are used as the
general terminology for the names given to different parts of the program eg
variables, objects , classes, functions, arrays etc.
 Identifiers can have alphabets, digits and underscore and doller sign
characters.
 They must not be a keyword or Boolean literal or null literal
 They must not begin with digit.
 They can be of any length.
 Java is case sensitive i.e upper-case letters and lower-case letters are
treated differently.

Conventions

 The names of public methods and instance variables should brgin with a
lower case letter.
Eg maximum sum
  For names having multiple words, second and subsequent words beginning
character is made capital so as to enhance readability eg
avgSalaryOfEmployees
 Private and local variables should use lower case letters eg width, results,
final_score
 Class names and interface names begin with an upper case letter eg
Employee
 The constants should be named using all capital letters and underscores eg
MAX_VALUE, MAX_MARKS, SPECIAL_SALARY, TOTAL

 Literals(CONSTANT)

 Literals (often referred to as constants) are data items that are fixed data
values.
 Python allow several kinds of literals (i) String literals (ii)Numeric literals (iii)
Boolean literals
(iv)Special Literal None (v)Literal Collections

 Punctuators are symbols that are used in programming languages to organize

programming –sentence, structures and indicate the rhythm and emphasis of
expressions, statements and program structure. eg ( ) {} [ ] . ,

 OPERATORS The operations (specific tasks)are represented by operators and the

objects
of the operations(s) are referred to as operands eg arithmetic Operators,
Relational Operators, Logical Operators, Assignment Operators, Conditional
Operator ?
o “Operators are token that trigger some computation / action when applied to
variables and other objects in an expression.

Unary Operators
+ Unary plus
- Unary minus
~ Bitwise complement
not Logical negation
Binary Operators
+,-,*,/,%,**,// Addition,Subtraction,Multiplication,Division,Remainder/Modulus,**
exponent, floor division

Bitwise Operators
& , ^, | Bitwise AND, Bitwise exclusive OR(XOR) Bitwise OR
Shift operators
<< Shift left
>> Shift right
 Identity operators
Is , is not Is the identity same ? , is the identity not same?
Relational operators
<, >, <=,>=,==,!= Less than, greater than, less than or equal to, Greater than or
equal to, equal to, not equal to
Logical operator
AND, OR Logical AND , Logical OR
Assignment operators
=,/=,+=,*=,%=,- Assignment , Assign quotient , Assign sum, Assign product,
=,**=,//= Assign remainder, Assign difference, Assign Exponent , Assign
Floor division
Membership operators

In , not in Whether variable in sequence , whether variable not in sequence

(i) Expressions---An expression is any legal combination of symbols that

represents a value.
Eg 15 ,2.9 } expressions that are values only
A+5 complex expressions that produce a value when
evaluated
(3+5)/4

(ii) Statement – A statement is a programming instruction that does something

i.e some action takes place. Eg print(“Hello”)

(iii) Comments- Comments are the additional readable information to clarify the
source code. Comments in Python begin with symbol # and generally end
with end of the physical line.

(iv) Functions – A function is a code that has a name and it can be

reused(executed again) by specifying its name in the program, where
needed.

(v) Blocks and Indentation- “A group of statements which are part of another
statement or a function are called block or code –block or suite in Python.”

 Variables - Named labels , whose values can be used and processed during program
run, are called variables.
 Variable creation :- Python variables are created by assigning value of desired type
to them, eg to create a numeric variable, assign a numeric value to variable_name ;
to create a string variable, assign a string value to variable_name and so on.
Eg Student =’Jacob’
Age =16
Lvalues and Rvalues---Lvalues are the objects to which we can assign a value
or expression. Lvalues can come on lhs or rhs of an assignments statement.
Rvalues are the literals and expressions that are assigned to lvalues. Rvalues
can come on rhs of an assignment statement.
  Multiple Assignments – a=b=c=10 , x,y,z=10,20,30
 Variable definition---a variable is defined only when we assign some value
to it. Using an underdefined variable in an expression /statement causes
an error called NameError.

 Dynamic Typing –“A variable pointing to a value of a certain type , can be

made to point to a value/object of different type. This is called Dynamic Typing.
Eg
X=10 Here variable X is fist pointing to /referring to an integer value 10 and then
to a string value “Sainik” . Here variable X does not have a type but the
Print(x) value it points to does have a type. So we can make a variable point to a
X=” Sainik” value of different type by reassigning a value of that type ; Python will not
raise any error . This is called Dynamic Typing feature of Python .
Print(x)

 Simple Input and output—To get input from user interactively, we can use built
–in function input().

>>> name=input(“Enter your Name” >>> marks=input(“Enter marks:”)

Enter your name= Sainik Enter marks :89

>>> age=input(“Enter your age:”

Program to obtainEnter
threeyour age: 17 and print their sum
numbers

# to input 3 numbers and print their sum Output

Num1=int(input(“Enter number 1:”)) Enter number1: 7

Num2=int(input(“Enter number2:”)) Enter number2:3

Num3=int(input(“Enter number3:”)) Enter number3:13

Sum=num1+num2+num3 Three numbers are : 3 3 13

Print(“three numbers are :”,num1,num2,num3) Sum is = 23

Program to obtain length and breadth of a rectangle and calculate its area
Print(“Sum is:”,Sum)
# to input length and breadth of a rectangle and calculate its area Output

Length=float(input(“Enter length of the rectangle:”)) Enter length of the rectangle:8.75

Breadth=Float(input(“Enter breadth of the rectangle:”)) Enter breadth of the rectangle:35.0

Area=length * breadth Rectangle Specifications

Print(“Rectangle specification”) Length=8.75 Breadth =35.0

Print(“length=”,length,end=””) Area =306.25