C++ OOPs Concepts

OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming.

Procedural programming is about functions that perform operations

on the data.

Object-oriented programming is about creating objects that

contain both data and functions.

OOP is faster and easier to execute

OOP provides a clear structure for the programs

OOP helps to keep the C++ code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes
the code easier to maintain, modify and debug

OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less

code and shorter development time.

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts

such as inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc.

Paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as truly

object-oriented programming language. Smalltalk is considered as the
first truly object-oriented programming language.

There are some basic concepts that act as the building blocks of OOPs.

Classes & Objects

Abstraction

Encapsulation

Inheritance

Polymorphism
OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)
Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to
design a program using classes and objects.

Class :Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class instance(“Object”) must be created in order to access and use

the user-defined data type's data members and member functions.

It is a user-defined data type, which holds its own data members and
member functions, which can be accessed and used by creating an
instance(Object) of that class.

A class is like a blueprint for an object.

Take the class of cars as an example. Even if different names and

brands may be used for different cars, all of them will have some
characteristics in common, such as four wheels, a speed limit, a
range of miles, etc.

Classes allow you to model complex real-world entities and provide a

way to organize and manage code.

They support principles of (OOP) such as encapsulation, inheritance,

and polymorphism, which help in creating more organized,
maintainable, and reusable code.

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table,

keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Here, state means data and behavior means functionality.

Object is a runtime entity, it is created at runtime.

An Object is an instance of a Class

When a class is defined, no memory is allocated but when it is

instantiated (object is created) memory is allocated.

To use the data and access functions defined in the class, you need to
create objects.
Class Data Members: are variables declared within a class. They
represent the attributes or properties of objects created from the class.
Each object of the class has its own copy of these data members.

Access Control: Data members can be designated as public, private,

or protected using access specifiers:

public: Data members declared as public can be accessed from outside

the class.

private: Data members declared as private are only accessible within

the class and cannot be accessed directly from outside the class.

protected: Data members declared as protected are similar to private

members but can be accessed by derived classes (in inheritance
relationships).

Member Functions (Methods): are functions declared within a

class. They represent the behaviors or operations that objects of
the class can perform. Member functions operate on the data members
of the class.

Access Control: public, private, or protected The access specifier

determines whether the member function can be called from outside the
class.

Usage: Member functions define the behavior of objects. They can be

used to manipulate the data members, perform computations, and
implement the functionality of the class.
3 types of constructors:

Default Constructors, Parameterized Constructors, Copy

Constructors:

Constructor : is a special method which is invoked automatically at

the time of object creation. It is used to initialize the data members of new
object generally.

Implicitly called when objects are created.

The constructor in C++ has the same name as class, always public,
and it does not have any return value.

Constructors are without any input parameter, no-argument, no-

return type, Not even void.

Procedure called a constructor is called automatically when an object is

created.

When an object is completed, the constructor is called.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent
object i.e. known as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to
achieve runtime polymorphism.
Sub class - Subclass or Derived Class refers to a class that receives
properties from another class.

Super class - The term "Base Class" or "Super Class" refers to the class
from which a subclass inherits its properties.

Reusability - As a result, when we wish to create a new class, but an

existing class already contains some of the code we need, we can
generate our new class from the old class thanks to inheritance. This
allows us to utilize the fields and methods of the pre-existing class.

Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as

polymorphism. For example: to convince the customer differently, to draw
something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

Different situations may cause an operation to behave differently. The

type of data utilized in the operation determines the behavior.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction.

Data abstraction is the process of exposing to the outside world only the
information that is absolutely necessary while concealing implementation
or background information.For example: phone call, we don't know the
internal processing.

In C++, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known
as encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different
medicines.

Encapsulation is typically understood as the grouping of related pieces of

information and data into a single entity. Encapsulation is the process of
tying together data and the functions that work with it in object-oriented
programming. Take a look at a practical illustration of encapsulation: at a
company, there are various divisions, including the sales division, the
finance division, and the accounts division. All financial transactions are
handled by the finance sector, which also maintains records of all financial
data. In a similar vein, the sales section is in charge of all tasks relating to
sales and maintains a record of each sale. Now, a scenario could occur
when, for some reason, a financial official requires all the information on
sales for a specific month. Under the umbrella term "sales section," all of
the employees who can influence the sales section's data are grouped
together. Data abstraction or concealing is another side effect of
encapsulation. In the same way that encapsulation hides the data. In the
aforementioned example, any other area cannot access any of the data
from any of the sections, such as sales, finance, or accounts.

Dynamic Binding - In dynamic binding, a decision is made at runtime

regarding the code that will be run in response to a function call. For this,
C++ supports virtual functions.

Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-

oriented programming language it is not easy to manage if code grows as
project size grows.

OOPs provide data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented programming

language a global data can be accessed from anywhere.

OOPs provide ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively.

We can provide the solution of real word problem if we are using the
Object-Oriented Programming language.

Why do we need oops in C++?

There were various drawbacks to the early methods of programming, as

well as poor performance. The approach couldn't effectively address real-
world issues since, similar to procedural-oriented programming, you
couldn't reuse the code within the program again, there was a difficulty
with global data access, and so on.

With the use of classes and objects, object-oriented programming makes

code maintenance simple. Because inheritance allows for code reuse, the
program is simpler because you don't have to write the same code
repeatedly. Data hiding is also provided by ideas like encapsulation and
abstraction.

Why is C++ a partial oop?

The object-oriented features of the C language were the primary

motivation behind the construction of the C++ language.

The C++ programming language is categorized as a partial object-

oriented programming language despite the fact that it supports OOP
concepts, including classes, objects, inheritance, encapsulation,
abstraction, and polymorphism.

1) The main function must always be outside the class in C++ and is
required. This means that we may do without classes and objects and
have a single main function in the application.
It is expressed as an object in this case, which is the first time Pure OOP
has been violated.

2) Global variables are a feature of the C++ programming language that

can be accessed by any other object within the program and are defined
outside of it. Encapsulation is broken here. Even though C++ encourages
encapsulation for classes and objects, it ignores it for global variables.

Overloading

Polymorphism also has a subset known as overloading. An existing

operator or function is said to be overloaded when it is forced to operate
on a new data type.

Conclusion

You will have gained an understanding of the need for object-oriented

programming, what C++ OOPs are, and the fundamentals of OOPs, such
as polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation, etc., after reading this
course on OOPS Concepts in C++. Along with instances of polymorphism
and inheritance, you also learned about the benefits of C++ OOPs.