Tatrodaction

Sattatton:- Samtttloy sthe Prraclice of Prevenling

disease causirg agents ,acttuu.
4 Samitation mvouey oith Several Compoments guch as
simks , wter closts dranage pipes te
naste-
Waste Ps a useless Com Poumd ohieh fs mot
Teeycled also
Alaste s ot too typy
1) soltd uaste
") 4yuid waste
ay soltd laste ) Gqarbage
") Rubbish
b) iquid laste Cor) alaste Water Cor) Swage

Suonge;
Stwage is twotypus.
Sami tory stwage (ry wãthr low)
1) storm Sewage (wit weather flow)

Samtarye
* aste water -rom Do me stte mdustrial , Commeral

stormSewagei
t haste water due -to ralnta! nthe torra of
Run otf
 Sultage:
4 wlaste Which s less ofem give. Calted a3 Sutlage
te.
eg:- kAt chem as
Seweg: Catted
The Pipc ohich Carries the Sewage

SewerasA3ysten of
-A Stwers Caued as Sewerage

YPes of Stwers:
Laleral/re ’ Submainmainrnk
House Stwe r ’ SewetScw
outful Sewer
-Trealment J¬treptng
D0Sposa| - Swey Stwtr

Trumk Sewer!
Seuer ohich obtalns ts discharge romtoo
Or more main Sewers
CutPuI Sewei
The lemgth of maim ontrumh Stuer btweey
Conmctton of louest bramch in commumity
the
to dis posa! Point.
Inlereepemg Sewer:
-The Sewr which Collett discharge. -fTomttoo

Soil Pipc
Pipe cwhich Carrieg discharge -frog So5|
-fttirgs Such as Urimals waler closls.
 nlaste PiP:
Pipe ohi ch Carries dis chorge from Salory
te,
-ftitrgs Such as Simks , kitchens

wohich provided -from Vesttlatton

Prpe.
Purfose
TOp most Pbr l1on o- Sewer Pipe is calted a
ImVert:
Bottorn mmost portlon of st went Rs catued ay
TnVerl.
In matchimg Of Sewer lImes Crowm - Crown maleh
1 the bet which prelents -tha backing Of
-ftow.

9mvert Crown

Smet mvert

Which avries both discharqe ot

Sanitary amd stormn.
seperte Seer:
Stwer Caries eithey storm water or
Sorttory wnter
Corn bined Seueragysten;
’The swerage Systerm provided wlth fui o!
Conbined Sewers.
 -’ Tha Systemm is Suitable -for Uniform Tainfa
QTtas where ainy 8&aj on estricte d to 3to
months.
’ Combined Seweraqs Systern git good sults oith
"39 Shafed"
Se Peval Swerage System:
’ emtire System is laid with SePerte SewrS
-)This Systen Ps Suitable wheYe mon- onifornm
TaimtaII Qmd Taintal! or Short Period.
’ Sperate Stwers "Cireular n shap.
PartrayComm bimed Partlaly ScPerated:
StwYS and
’ sygtem is latd wth Partlal Combimed
Parttal st Perate sewers.
Pes ot waite Collection:
) Dy on SerVamCy System;
for Solfd waste b
4 Suitable amd
ttman ece |es Colleated Pm Seperate pla ces
CemMeyed by trucks.
-Advantages : Simplu @ economniea!
Dis ad Vam tagd; Un hyg emi C, waste Can spread over
eftoils,
Commumity easily whiletrans portimg tuman
areîmvolved ?n Coltectton.

5 Sustable -Aor hauid waste"

-Advamtags:- Hygemic ,ttumam etforts are replaced
by cat break of epidemi C
Ols aduamtagy:- Comple and oiit economical
 -tortormulastrom
water ’ 6) ’
catchmemts s ’ As EStimal1onoay
waste ate
This Estaliom
Strom laste
aly. Pey Qo Populationi)
Catchmentare
R hectars A- Catenemts Estimjattor
dischage
mlsecQ’ s Indian RouE
ntensity
maim-f'allot Tm am water POpulaYor
Coefcemt
Yumoff AIR
of
Poyraabidty 360 Comonmit?es
whose'
empea! fromkmown let Populalatton of
un x Samit
ara catcments f
otwxathey Pycaprta amy
ag
formul Tesutng waler
factoY is wet 10-80%. x
Pydemamd Per
les
-tfow; capita
R
mn weather
butetfmated aptta Dry (o
tham from aty waste x
ondepttmhr ot unva Comvojsion cwaste talhy
Con
tactor/ 5000 Howvbam Vejted watey water
by ttoot
hectars.
afpticable factor
ratoral Prito
SIhtensHty of- man fal! deoveas with
-time
’ depth of ainfas PnCreak. with
-time
t
Tme of Comcon
Comcemtallon;
tallo
reach -the.
qauge
quenge Pofat trom
-51me reoyulred -to
the memote potnt te
50-20 nin 30
R= Q5-44 yaomin 20
tc+ b

cty is lakh , e arta ls too hedars.

4) Popalatton ot a tped,the run ot
the dty is 200o
Rate of Supply for
05 e Crittcal rainfatt Ptensity ig
CoFicrtCky is o5 Com Verslom rate as 5Y.
-nd
+50mim assune -the width

ay DwE (a) b= 429

b Hnd Strom walq discharge when a comblme d
c) what is the design dischorg e
sewey is desigm
Dot Poputattom aPey captta deman Conve3lo, fa ctor

24Y 3600

O.l136 mlsec
Seuses ofem Chamns tiow Clongidyed)
dischage Pey umit width
o1136
 AIR
360

25.4Xa
25:4X4D
R = 50+2D
t.+b

00 X0.5 X14.5|
QwwF 360
2.015 m/see
) Qcombtmed
=3QDwr t QwwF
man hou4 = (3x -(736 +2-015
-low
2.53 mY /sec
Cineule settoy s lafd to be &erue
A Combined Sewu of cireulay
with
too hecfans with a populaton ot 0, 000
Suppied Mith atey at aoo pod.ASauming on
Ympermabity -fato of oi5 e ttme ol. Concetratton ot
Yalmtas as 20mim. CalCulate te s)2e o the swy
when t hay un fuln wlth a Veloc ty Dt o3 mlsec.
Assume Suitable Coeft certt for a, &b Rm the tayuat ton
O intesity ot main tau mdatrng to the tme Ot
Coneentrat tom.
4 90,000x 0-75x 1D°20D
24e3600
G7500000X200

ol56 /sec
 ALR
360

R Q5-4x30 T6
30

Q5.4

100X 0-5 x25-4

360
1270
360
3.52

Rcombimed
3 X0-15 G3-52t

Qe<o 39156 mlsc

2.9156

34954
o.3

Dsign ot Stwos ;
FewtngU are diffrert frog distbutton sytg
l-sotd Concontratton Pm wate oaty s Vey much high
s lompone d to waty distibutton Systen
2- Stwey Ps based upo) oPtn hame! Comeept whe
grauty fovte adomiratrng.
 the f low of wate at ey in sewy fs steady and
Untforn
-) DUsign of Sewy 9s based on Peak f low dls ChaTges/
wheeuey we wamt to desigm a sewy wt
’
-to timd Dut Slopeslo pe of the itw tine; dp th o¢
How (or) dianndey of stw Stctton.
Vartalfons n Seuag ttouwi
4 Stuage 4Mg- daily Htow: (Oousg t QuooF
man dally to: 2x Q daily
mar hourly tow: 3xQ aya daily Cor)
+Sewage
How
daily avg daily
+Swage Min hourly -Itoco : %XQavg daity (ov)

hourly {low
’ Sewers are dsigmed -tor manmum
(3x Qavg ) amd checked fox mimimum hourly
-tow Qavg)
designed as gravity ftows (ov) ope
ehamer ftouos

Stwn depth feue mai+laimed a

depth
 Vetocity.-formuh:

S= Slope
manningy on3lant
R tHydrautic badiu e
-ttow ufn be there manins
>Whtneve gravity
formula otu alunjs be Suttable. reallstc Value, as
9ivu more
>Marmings formute grves formulas fs
torrnulog as this
Compared to other
enpinealauy eritied.
dãta '
Desigm data
tows Cor) open Chomml
designed as ravity
’ Sewy3 are
-ftows.

+Suoage mrthe Sewq -ftouo thmough grauty Cpuming ?s

mot fmvotved ?n Conging 2eoage)
Seuser depth lwel mataimed to V fuu to 3/fuy
depth. depth levei [design leve
/ful depth
2t3 tuy dtpth
tun depth.
 lofulalioprak fadlor
opto 20, 000
25
D0,00o to 5D,000
50, 000 to 1,50,000
y 7,50,000

-7 Seuoer always mun oith Partlay ttos Conditiom.

They hardy flow Ir -lut Condition
Pro vlded Pn -the. Sewer abSor be unto1seen
Beuage ftod
-’ For a 4Ven area CirCala Seottan Dr0VIdy least
Perimqeter.
’ cireulog Stwer ?s easy -to Clean amd maitaimace
-’ Due -to least Purlrmeter Cot of Con gtructon
which makey -thig Cross - sett¡n e Conomical.
Ealernal toad Carrying Capacity ?s more, -for
Cireula eetton
) AS there Rs les pertrneter Cineula? sectton wî u
Provide mormum dis charge ich matey it moYe
ef?cient:
cleonslmgn
’Miimurn too al which mo stitimg
and scourng vuocity nside the. Sewers îs
known as gut- clean3im ve locity
8k (s-)d
 S=Specifc gravity 0 Partcles.
ke Sediment aCtor
f--frietqon factor
d Sie 0f
Sedimeitot
= aceleration due to graui ty
Non-s Cour?mg Nebcity (
Manimum ftoo Velocity at which mo souring
’ ofthe Sewer
W! 0CCurs m terior Surface
-tHow Neloci ty n the sewer Shodi
Therefore the and
be any oherc blw guf clamg weuocity
Mon- seouring viocity
gPe of- Sewer Non-scouring
Cemint om orite Cele) Cor) 2.5to 3 msec
Rcc Sewer

Cast ron Seuwr 8.5 to 45 mlsee

Deslgm of 8wer:

R
A
9cosO B

-Area Sector oAB - Ar(o AB)

A
 A (20- Sin20)

Peyimjter
P - 27
Top width IT rsin® -) AB
R= AT%
A (20- sin 20)
2r9

R
40

, (20-Simao)
22r3ime

(10-sin20)
Caselly
’When half H0w 0Ccus n Sewer.

R=
HCA)
( - sin )
QTT (sim - D)

R (or) D/4
 o - ( 2("A) - Sigst))
4

Casen :- hen tow occr Pm fewy is -funl=)

R T (27T -Sim( )
4m

R= (or)

(2- (T -81927T )
4Simu
D

tormula.
Note!- ule kmow that mam

As -thee Îs mo scop. tor m's?

Vhalt
DisChonge CA)
Aul
 Ay Q hat

A20cm diemety stwe s laid at a slope ot. o oo4

amd is desigmed to Caty a dis change ta depth ot
ID C). 9 n- oo14, the dsigm discharge, ts
tit/sce
Slopu -o: 004
de pth = locm = 0. \g
dianet - *:R- Dl4

TID

(D4) (ooo4)
0-014

0.o14
6

9.63 x103 msec

9-63x100
3

= 9.63 ertlsec
 0-00|2 4
0-2025 3y0.l45= -)'
0-156
(s) L.1o
X
0158 045
)) 83-33
|4als) o-78s(0-45)x
xS (o.45) T
4
O.l45F
4
l4)
msec 0.145 -
0.04l6 x3.5 -
QDOF 3-5X
600d
O8XlD I50 x 30,00oX
-3
Px
c Px
Convesion
rate lPed, =t50
807.. = when Stwy
y rate
ot 0-012-, -fu
n= munmlng
-the Prouided Should
be what +tow.
to Cary
slof desiqned
to
dy theSs'timts 5
amd 30,
0o0 populitton ot-town fora
way sewy
igmed was dia +5
C
 3.144 0- 2025 x (o.l|253

3"ly 0.) 025 X0.233

(o. 477
O. 00

S l448
Notei Clearimg Velocttiy
havimg btter
) egg Shaped Sewer 1s
SO adppted tor Combned Systty
discharge ot- Waste Dater ttorse shoe
n) For large
Shaped stwrs are Suttable
m) Non SCour VeLDCity of Sewer dePends on material of
8ewr.

Desgnom Pomenta o cwaste atr:

’ Seuwage treatment planls are desigme d tor
ANg- daily demand.
Stwers are desiged -foy mardnun hourly demand
ComPomernt design Period
realmentt units 15-20 yes
Pumping Units 5 -lb yea
Houst llateral full devetorint|
Trumk maim 40-50 gea
Submain/ittrepton
*Area (lnit Lor Rationa for mula 15heatar, teso
Area limi- toY ty drograph ’ sO0o kom
 1.Stulage Charactevistes
choraclerslies of Seuwoge:
Prior to -trcatnemt amd dis posa! Of waste
Charater
waterr P 1s mecsary -to knoo -the
-the matue of. the wnzte water.
4 Based on -the male and Quanity of St wage
yeat ntot-the dis Pos al of- toaste watey ?s desded
hyslcad emanimgtlong of ewage :
l Colo

-fresh Seage - hlgh yenowto ight bvown

Sepic amd gtale Seuage -- Dark brouon to black
Q.Odow)
fruh Sewage must? odour
8eptie Seuwage - oul Smeu
3. Turbidlty
-trsh Seoaqe lessotL
TüMBdA Septic Se woage- high

-Iresh suoge - apromaey eauali to 30

Septe e stale Stwage- appro dmale ly eaualyto '
Chemica Charadlerigtis :-
1. PH
-resh Seuag-3ightty reatey than +
SepHc am4
ad STale Stuoage- gg nty
 chemi cal eaminmallon of sSewage s Com ducted to
t orgamic ckndel ot seusage
2. In ogani c cothact of Sewage
3. Dissoived qasts ?m Stwage
NOte:
I. orgamic mltey Peyet Pn uaste. waty or Conposed
ot fat,oi, Car bohydales ,Proleins etc,
2. Oue to Sos many ditteveñt
dffficult to in out the organ) Compomerts t is Very
c mattey Concintraion
n Waste waley
3. Bul onganic atter Can oidised ty presence of
4there fore Chamge 9n oaygem levet Rn uoaste coat Can
be used as am mdicator (or)
Parameter to meajge
ogamie matteo; ConCeTtrat ton n ?n dinect
5 Baged on ouygem demand way.
Can be Catouläted.odo
rganie matte Con cÑabraton
G. These ame -the folloumg
ygen dernan dsd, hich ae
Jenerauy uyd n waste oatey treatmerit.
I. BoD

2. CoD
Bíochen?cal Orygen dernand
ChemiCad yge demand
3.
ThoD-Theorttcal
4.TO D - Total Orygen demamd
oygen
demand
L 80D : Cio Chemmi (ad Oraygen
cdemand)
+ TH 19 deined ag -the
Qmount ot oxYgen
demmonded by the micro orgomismg to onldised the
bo- degr@ble orgamic mattey Pesent: y wiste atey
Pn aeroblc. Condittom.
 Tsnd gtage Ceot)
BoD
CNHM-ficad ton cdemand)
B
-Autotrophic. bateia
st cBoD)
Car bona Ceasdemamd )
Hetrotropic
bateria

40A 8 - (st stage of BoD Cuqve

stage of BoD CLavehegrs
4 0Ac Combimed BoD Cve
’ BoD oiu betakon tor 5days e 20eBoD
sdays
hy 5 dayg BoD 1s Preter
’ I n 5 days 68 - 10I. of ot olttmate BoD is
Obtajned.
At 9o'e t Promiotes groath ot micro-orgamisms
amd also this tempuratue s limite d.

D.Omin
Doitial

(D.ointila -D.Otinal ) xDF

Co.F) DiralionAactor= timal Volume 300

Inttal Votule. (or)
(Volu ke ottury
 (or)

-for 5days
RM -foumd to -te
100
Dilualforn-factor 1,ot diuat ion

50

Bo Dsday
Q 2 ml ot Sewage havtng Bobe 5ooppm was, dint ed
to Do0nl Pn tm ou baled -for s5days &26c.f the Do
Content aft sday is found to be 5ngla uwhat
was -the itialDo Content of dituated Sanpk.
200
2

Bop2de
Bo D (ooPnttal - Dofil ) DF
500PPn = (D.o intia - 5) ID0
W0 5 : D-0jntiaj5
D.O imtiol
Analy tcal
-Ayptaties method to estmate the BoD:

ratty LoLt
removed &t time'4 BODTemoved

ime (das) Thne (da)y

 bopemainlng oTgonic wmalter renatn aty time't!

L utfmate BoD oTgamic mattyat time

Orgaml. matt ) emin afty-time 4'

Rate. of- de ozygenal ton s Propotat lonal to organtc
alt e esest at the the, time to gct otdised.
dL
dt

dLk.L
dt
Cdecreas ing ot o M)
wlhye i is orqamic matty memaingng to get

k'- deonygeatfo Corst ant lunits -oldey)

day
=-k'dt
Trteqratimg on both sldey

B appying Prntial bourmdary ConditHoms.

at t-o,l=o
at tt,l-!

Lo
 Cov)

4 BoD en eited ()

(or)

4 De-onYgenatton Congtañt Ck'tor) k) Vorriy oith

-trmperalq
kr koo (ro4z)0
Gassivat

Vogiy with-ttrafaty
(u,),,-o,, (o.
(bonT4b)
0TAD:4)
what is the UIlirate Bop!
= 300
 Lo(b858) 200
Q00
tokt) Lol-
4200mmgle
sdays. memainng
ate Boo and BoD ultiate
the stohat lday2 o-
ogeatto
o is deot ate
amd 2oomg 1s 31 atBop days 55 the I Q)
mgle 202-77
mgl212.20 =ho 0-063) (1- Lo =140
64s) Lo(O. t90
(1-10)
Lo 90 Lo 40
BoD,
day 024 k-20
24 0ol k=
BoD2 UHimate -the Find hr. Ool mg|,
k-
(90 sample
is wty wwaste ao4Bop day 5n )
Lo
I-5al) Lo( 300
) (I-
1o L, -Bo0
 ) mgl 72t.66
(I-100o19 tolo-5 3 -
15e
Is'c atBoD 1day
PPrn to.53 10
ho=
(0"tpo) o 425=
lo3) (l- Lo 425
) kt to(-Lol J4
425mgle =15c atBoD
3day
15-20
(1o41)-2o
ts°c. atBoD days 1 it's bewin
what mg, 425 1s° at BoD day 3 th4)1+
to5 232.5x
nglt. 232.5 ho