WILL

- To make a prediction, to say what we believe will happen in the future. We usually use
it with expressions such as I think, I believe, I bet, I am sure/ afraid, I suppose, I
hope or adverbs such as probably, perhaps, possibly, certainly, etc.
I’m sure she’ll pass the exam.
I’ll probably be at school early tomorrow morning.
- For decisions that we make spontaneously, at the time when we are speaking.
The phone is ringing. I’ll answer it.
- To offer our help to somebody: I’ll help you with your homework.
- To make a promise: I promise I won’t be late.
- To ask somebody to do something for you: Will you open the door for me?
- To warn somebody about something: Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself with that knife.
- To talk about something that will definitely happen in the future because it is
inevitable, we cannot change or control it using external factors:
The sun will rise at 6.35 tomorrow.
The temperature will drop during the weekend.

BE +GOING TO
- When we refer to future plans, to something that we intend to do in the future.
We’re going to buy a new car next month.
- When we know that something is going to happen in the future because there is
something in the present that show us this, an indication.
Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
- When we are talking about what we have already arranged to do.
What are you doing tomorrow evening? I’m going to the theatre.
Are you playing football tomorrow?
- There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that
some preparation has already happened.
I'm meeting Jim at the airport = and both Jim and I have discussed this.
I am leaving tomorrow. = and I've already bought my train ticket.
- The time is nearly always given and is usually in the immediate future.
He is playing in the concert tonight.
We are meeting him after the performance.
 FUTURE TENSES EXERCISES

Fill in the correct future tense - will future, going to or present continuous.
1. They ________ (drive) to New York tomorrow morning.
2. I hope the weather _______ (be) nice.
3. I offered him this job. I think he _______ (take) it.
4. I promise I _________ (not tell) your secret to anyone.
5. Take your umbrella with you. It ________ (rain).
6. They _______ (play) cards this evening.
7. I ________ (go) to the cinema tomorrow.
8. They __________ (fly) to Seattle next summer holidays.
9. I _______ (invite) 50 people to the party, and I hope everyone __________ (come).
10. That exercise looks difficult. I ___________ (help) you.
11. _______ he ______ (go) to the football match?
12. Are you sure they ________ (win) the match?
13. She _____ probably ______ (stay) till Thursday.
14. He _________(not leave) tomorrow.
15. We think he __________ (come) home late in the night.

Fill in GOING TO or WILL future.

1. When the weather is fine, we ___________ a picnic in our garden. (probably have)
2. _________ to ask him for help? (you ask)
3. Susan __________ the bathroom next weekend. (paint)
4. I think he __________ her name. (find out)
5. I ___________ a walk in the garden this evening. (take)
6. Let's hope that the wind ________ away the clouds. (blow)
7. Mary _________ a good mark because she has studied hard. (get).
8. Are you sure, you __________ in a tent in your holidays? (sleep)
9. Peter ___________ his new bike in the park. (ride)
10. I hope Jane _________ me to her party. (invite).
11. I _____________ dad's car tomorrow afternoon. (wash)
12. Mum thinks dad ________ home early tonight. (come)
13. It __________ very cold in the mountains. Take a sweater with you. (probably be)
14. We __________ our bikes in the park. Can you come with us? (ride)
15. It's my birthday next Friday. Mum ___________ a cake. (bake)

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 MODAL VERBS

Form:
These verbs have certain differences from the rest of the verbs:

• They are followed by a bare infinitive; this means an infinitive without ‘TO’.
• They don’t add an –‘S’ in the present for the 3rd singular person.
• They don’t have any auxiliaries for negative and interrogative.

Use:
Simple tenses:

MODAL USES EXAMPLES

CAN • General ability in the present or future I can speak Spanish. I can help you later.

• Request (informal) Can I use your car?

• Impossibility (negative only) You can’t see the dentist now.

(Can’t = cannot)
• Permission (informal) You can take the car tomorrow.

COULD • General ability in the past She could swim well at the age of four.

• Possibility (not certain) The keys could be in the car.

• Polite request Could I have a word with you?

• Impossibility (in the past) I couldn’t open the door.

MAY • Future possibility/hypothesis It may rain tomorrow.

(Puede que llueva mañana)
• Negative possibility He may not arrive tonight.

• Polite request (formal) May I call you later?.

• Permission (formal) You may take the car.

• Prohibition You may not smoke in the library.

MIGHT • Remote Possibility It might rain tomorrow/ It may not rain

tomorrow
• Very polite request Might I use your phone?

WILL • Certainty, prediction based on He will arrive at six o’clock.

oponions, beliefs.

• Willingness, spontaneous decision, I’ll answer the door. I’ll send you a
promises postcard

• Polite request Will you pass the sugar, please?

Adapted from :Thomson & Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use.
WOULD • Polite request Would you move your car, please?

• Repeated past action (= used to) I would walk on the beach every morning.

• Past form of WILL (reported speech) We wondered when he would join us.

• Expressing preference (WOULD I would rather have tea. (I’d rather =

RATHER) preferiría)

SHALL • Suggestion or offer of help Shall I carry this bag?

• Future with I / We as subject (not I shall (will) find a hotel when I get there.
common, legal, formal)

SHOULD / • Giving advice You should (ought to) see a doctor.

OUGHT TO (Deberías)
• Telling somebody that it is right / You shouldn’t lose your temper with
wrong to do something people.
• Polite suggestion when unsure of Should I put the bags here?
answer
• 90% certainty / prediction He should (ought to) do well the exam.

MUST • Obligation, future intention I must write a letter to my aunt.

(HAD TO) • Strong necessity You must observe the speed limit.

• Almost certainty‐deduction The lights are on. She must be at home.

You must go and see that film.
• Persuasion, strong recommendation

• Prohibition, something forbidden You mustn’t smoke in this hospital.

MUSTN’T
HAVE / HAS • Obligation/necessity We have to wear school uniforms.
TO
• Lack of necessity I don’t have to pay this until September.

• Past necessity He had to leave early.

• Future necessity We will have to leave soon.

NEEDN’T • Lack of necessity (= don’t have to) You needn’t come today if you don’t want
to.
BE ABLE TO • General ability (= can) He is able to dress himself.
We will be able to visit you next week.
• Specific past ability, managing to do We were able to find the house although
something despite difficulty we had no map.

Adapted from :Thomson & Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use.
Perfect tenses:

MUST HAVE + participle • When we are certain about Paul didn’t answer my calls. He
past actions or draw logical must have been out all day.
conclusions‐deduction
CAN’T HAVE + past participle • When we are certain He must not have heard about the
something did not happen earthquake. (= Can’t have heard)

MAY / MIGHT / COULD • When we are not sure Paul is late for work. He may have
+ HAVE + past participle because we do not actually missed the bus. He might have
know what happened in the left his house late.
past

COULD HAVE + past participle • When we had the ability to do I could have gone to the party but
something in the past but we I didn’t want to.
didn’t do it

SHOULD HAVE + past participle • When expectations are not He should have arrived by now,
fulfilled but he still isn’t here.
• When sensible advice wasn’t You should have checked the
followed brakes on your car before starting
SHOULD NOT HAVE + past out.
participle • To refer to a foolish past You shouldn’t have taken the car
action without asking.

WOULD HAVE + past participle • When we were willing to do I would have helped you, but I
something, but we didn’t do it was away for the weekend.

WILL HAVE + past participle • When we talk about an action By this time next year I will have
(Future Perfect) that will be completed by passed all my exams.
some point in the future

EXERCISES:

REPHRASING_ MODAL VERBS

1. I think the answer in the book is wrong.

The answer...
2. To hold my breath for more than a minute is impossible for me.
I...
3. The book is optional. We can read it if we want to.
We...
4. I'm sure that he is exhausted after such a long flight.
He...
5. It was impossible to do the job if you didn't speak German fluently.
You...
6. I think you worry too much.
You...
7. The PC isn't working. I think it has been damaged during the move.
It...

Adapted from :Thomson & Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use.
Homework
Modal Verbs of Deduction Intermediate

A. Underline the correct Modal Verb of Deduction form in the sentences below.

1. Joe must have walked / must walk to school today. He wasn't on the bus.

2. I think they might be / can't be related. They have the same surname.

3. Sam can't be / must be away. I just bumped into him yesterday.

4. I wonder whose red car that was. It can't have been / must have been Anna's. Her car is green.

5. Gary and Alice were having dinner together. I think they might be / might have been on a date.

B. Complete the sentences using Modal Verbs of Deduction plus the verb 'be' in a suitable
form.

1. They are carrying heavy bags. They ………………………………………………………………………………………… shopping.

2. She's wearing a wedding ring, so she ……………………………………………………………………………………… married!

3. I wonder what's inside this box. It …………………………………………… a ring, but it could also be a bracelet.

4. I'm not sure what bit me, but I think it ………………………………………………………………………………………… an ant.

5. This ……………………………………………………………………………………………… his house. His name is on the mailbox.

6. I'm not sure what that bird was. It ……………………………………………………………………………………………… a parrot.

7. That cat has a collar on. It ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… a stray.

8. I haven't got my glasses on, so I can't see clearly, but I think that …………………………………………… Jim.

9. I think Alice and Tim ………………………………………………………… on holiday. I haven't seen them in a while.

10. I wonder what made him so ill. It …………………………………………… the fish because he didn't have any.

C. Complete the sentences below using Verbs of Deduction plus one of the verbs below in
the correct form.

go lose take be (2)

1. That guy …………………………………………………………………………………………………… single! He’s far too handsome.

2. The team don't look happy. They ………………………………………………………………………………………… their match.

3. I'm not sure what that herb is. It …………………………………………………… coriander. Or perhaps it's parsley.

4. We're not sure where she went. She ……………………………………………………………………… to buy some lunch.

5. James is at home today. He …………………………………………………………………………………………………… the day off.

More on this topic: eclub.to/md

A freely photocopiable EnglishClub printable © englishclub.com. Download at englishclub.com/homework

 TEST 8 Modals
1. Why didn’t you help him? You ___ have done it. 17. Visitors ___ stay in the hospital after ten pm.
A) must B) can C) could A) might not B) needn’t C) couldn’t
D) were to E) was able to D) must not E) didn’t have to

2. A: ___ I phone you tonight? 18. We had an appointment yesterday afternoon but he ___ see me.
B: Yes, you ___ . A) might not B) cannot C) have to
A) may / may B) must / might D) mustn’t E) wasn’t able to
C) could / can’t D) shouldn’t / shouldn’t
E) have to / had to 19. I didn’t ___ ring her up for she did it herself.
A) had to B) could C) be to
3. But I ___ stay in England for six months, and not for a fortnight as D) have to E) must
I had planned.
A) had to B) have to C) am able to 20. The rain was so sudden that everybody ___ take a shelter.
D) can E) shall have A) can B) could C) have to
D) are to E) had to
4. -I ___ draw a circle with a pencil only, and you?
-Neither can I. 21. If you ___ fix a radio, you ___ repair a TV too.
A) can’t B) can C) may A) can / will be able to B) must / may C) couldn’t / can
D) shan’t E) couldn’t D) need / has to E) may / needn’t to

5. Last week I ___ go to town on business trip as the Ministry of 22. -I’ve examined you very carefully. I think all you ___ is a good
Education had asked me to come. rest.
A) had to B) might C) should -But I’m still feeling sick. Why don’t you look at my tongue?
D) could E) was able to -It ___ a rest too.
A) must / may B) might / can C) need / could
6. If one person is careless with a library book, then it ___ be read D) should / have to E) need / needs
by others.
A) can’t B) couldn’t C) may 23. You ___ do this work yourself, if you try.
D) can E) mightn’t A) can B) had to C) must
D) was able to E) were to do
7. After a book is written, it passes through the heads of very many
different workers. Each worker works carefully, for there ___ not 24. Guests of the hotel ___ warn the clerk in advance when they
be any mistakes. leave.
A) must B) couldn’t C) could A) can B) may C) must
D) might E) has to D) is to E) had to

8. He tried, but ___ persuade nobody. 25. My mother ___ neither read nor write after the operation and
A) could B) couldn’t C) can now I ___ help her.
D) might E) won’t A) have to / must B) could / have to
C) couldn’t / had to D) were able / can
9. People who know a foreign language ___ learn a second one E) might / need
easily.
A) may B) should C) mustn’t 26. ___ I borrow your text-book? I’ve left mine at home.
D) can E) needn’t A) am able to B) must C) have to
D) need E) may
10. ___ I have a word with you, please?
A) may B) had to C) have to 27. People ___ exercise regularly, otherwise they will get out of
D) must E) am able to shape.
A) must not B) should C) can
11. At first I ___ skate well, now I ___ . D) might E) has to
A) couldn’t / can B) may / can C) mustn’t / can
D) should / shouldn’t E) must / needn’t 28. “Ma,” said a little girl, “Willie wants the biggest piece of cake,
and I think I ___ have it, because he was eating cakes two years
12. She said they ___ go to the cinema if they liked. before I was born.”
A) must B) may C) can A) couldn’t B) has to C) is to
D) had to E) could D) should E) had to

13. - What is your sister doing? 29. -I live near my work.

- She ___ be watching TV. -So you ___ go to the office by crowded buses.
A) may B) can’t C) needn’t A) have to B) are able to C) don’t have to
D) has to E) could D) would have to E) can’t

14. I didn’t want to go there but I ___ . 30. -I ___ go to the cinema yesterday.
A) must B) might C) shall -Why?
D) can’t E) had to -Because I ___ complete my work.
A) can’t / must B) couldn’t / had to
15. - ___ I go there now? C) didn’t have to / may D) wasn’t to / need
- No, you ___ . E) should / have to
A) can / hadn’t to B) am / aren’t C) must / needn’t
D) might / could E) should / will 31. The skier broke his leg and ___ compete in the recent Olympic
Games.
16. - Where is he? A) couldn’t B) mustn’t C) had to
- He ___ be walking in the park. D) can’t E) might
A) can’t B) is able to C) has to
D) must E) ought to

Book 1 Part C 124 Modals

32. I ___ not translate this text yesterday. ___ you help me to translate it 49. “Never put off till tomorrow what you ___ do today.”
tonight? A) have to B) must C) might
A) could / can B) can / can C) may / may D) can E) should
D) had to / could E) can / must
50. -I ___ understand the rule; ___ I take the examination another
33. Does Larry ___ leave home at 7.30? time?
A) have to B) must C) has to -Yes, of course.
D) need E) should A) could / can B) may / may C) can’t / may
D) mustn’t / must E) may / can
34. -___ any of you speak Italian?
-No, but we are learning it and I hope we ___ speak it next year. 51. Pupils ___ speak only English at their English lessons.
A) must / will have to B) may / have got to A) must not B) must C) cannot
C) can / shall be able to D) could / could D) has to E) had to
E) might / had to
52. The lecturer mentioned the name of the town several times, but
35. - ___ I take your pen for a moment? unfortunately I ___ remember it.
- Certainly. A) can B) could C) may
A) must B) may C) might D) could not E) may not
D) should E) will
53. -Must I do this exercise too?
36. I ___ speak English last year but I ___ do it now. -No, you ___ . It isn’t necessary.
A) must / can B) could / can C) might / may A) can’t B) may not C) mustn’t
D) couldn’t / can E) might / could D) needn’t E) oughtn’t to

37. Mother, ___ I go for a walk? I’ve done all my work. 54. Mother, look, I ___ skate well.
A) have to B) am to C) may A) can B) may C) must
D) must E) might D) have to E) ought to

38. I was ill and ___ go to school for some days. 55. I’m sorry you ___ smoke here.
A) can’t B) must C) could A) had to B) can’t C) could
D) couldn’t E) can D) must E) have to

39. - ___ we do this work now? 56. We ___ protect our nature from pollution.
- ___ . You can do it tomorrow. A) need B) had to C) are to
A) Can / Yes, you can B) Must / No, you needn’t D) may E) must
C) May / Yes, you may D) Could / Yes, you must
E) Might / No, you might not 57. He is very helpless, I ___ help him.
A) need B) might C) have to
40. “___ I do anything for you?”, the secretary asked the stranger. D) can E) may
A) can B) had to C) must
D) have to E) am 58. Excuse me, ___ you tell me the time?
A) may B) must C) might
41. - ___ we finish our work today? D) can E) are able to
- No, you ___ .
A) Can / couldn’t B) May / can C) Have to / can 59. My grandfather’s ill and I ___ go to see him today, I ___ go with
D) Must / needn’t E) Had / needn’t you.
A) can / can’t B) have to / can’t C) may / have to
42. I ___ go to the library for books as I often write compositions at school. D) need / must E) be able to / may not
A) can B) could C) may
D) might E) have to 60. The Browns ___ not return on Sunday, as the weather was bad.
A) may B) could C) have to
43. It ___ rain this afternoon. D) must E) can’t
A) had to B) may C) is able to
D) could E) might 61. I looked through this book about 2 hours, but ___ find anything
interesting.
44. ___ the director receive me now? A) can’t B) couldn’t C) had to
A) Have to B) Is able C) Can D) can E) hadn’t to
D) Is to E) Has to
62. You ___ do this for it’s necessary.
45. Who ___ help him at 2 yesterday? A) may B) can C) have to
A) have to B) is to C) can D) has E) could
D) need E) had to
63. You ___ work hard at your English.
46. I said that after all that had happened I ___ run away to my aunt’s. A) must B) mustn’t C) can’t
A) could B) might C) had to D) has to E) may not
D) need E) was able to
64. We ___ read much in the original if we want to learn a foreign
47. - ___ I go to the cinema? language.
- No, you ___ . The film is for grown ups. A) had to B) can C) must
A) may / mustn’t B) can / needn’t C) could / can’t D) may E) could
D) must / may not E) shall / haven’t
65. We ___ do it by midday if we had the instruments.
48. Teacher: “You ___ ring me up when you ___ my advice. A) may B) can C) must
A) could / need B) may / need C) can / will need D) could E) might
D) must / needed E) have to / need
66. You ___ get a visa before you go abroad next summer.
A) may B) can C) could
D) have to E) will have to

Book 1 Part C 125 Modals