Indices
which provide fast access to data items that hold particular
values.
Statistical data
Which stores statistical information about the data in the
database.
b. Query Processor Components
DML compiler
It translates DML statements in a query language into low level
instructions that a query evaluation engine understands.
DML Compiler
Query language Low level
Instructions
(Input) (Output)
Embedded DML Precompiler
It converts DML statements embedded in an application program
to normal procedure calls in the host language .The precompiler
must interact with DML compiler to generate appropriate code.
DDL interpreter
It interprets DDL statements and records them in a set of tables
containing meta data.
Query Evaluation Engine
It executes low level instructions generated by the DML compiler.
1.12 DATABASE USERS AND ADMINISTRATORS
Primary goal of database system is to retrieve information from
stored database. A person who is working with database can be
categorized into two types.
Database Users
Database Administrators
Database Users:-
Database system users classified into four types:-
Naïve users
Application programmers
Sophisticated users
Specialized users
Naïve Users:-
They are unsophisticated users.
They interact with the system by invoking the application programs.
Application programmers:-
They are computer professionals who are specialized in writing,
developing or maintaining application programs.
Sophisticated Users:-
These types of users are interacting with the system without writing
programs.
They form their request in a database query language.
Analyst comes under this category.
They use two types of tools for their analysis task.
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP): This tool simplifies analyst’s tasks
by viewing summaries of data in different views.
Data mining: This tool helps to find the certain kinds of patterns in data.
Specialized Users:-
They are sophisticated users who write specialized database
applications that do not fit into the traditional data-processing framework.
Database Administrators:-
A person who is responsible for the design, development, operation
protection, management, maintenance, and use of a database is called
database administrator. The functions of DBA includes:
Schema Definition:-
It creates the original database schema and executing a set of data
definition statements in the DDL. Storage structure and Access – method
Definition
A DBA creates appropriate storage structure and access methods by
writing a set of definitions, which is a translated by data-storage and data
definition language compiler.
Schema and physical organization modification:-
DBA carries changes to the schema and physical organization to reflect
changes needed by organization.
Granting of authorization for data access:-
The authorization information is kept in a special system structure.
The database system consults whenever someone attempts to access the
data in the system.
Routine maintenance:-
Ensuring that enough free disk space is available for normal operations
and upgrading space as required Periodically backing up the data.
Monitoring jobs.
1.13 HISTORY OF DATABASE SYSTEM
Database Management System allows a person to organize, store, and
retrieve data from a computer. It is a way of communicating with a
computer’s “stored memory.” In the very early years of computers,
“punch cards” were used for input, output, and data storage.
Punch cards offered a fast way to enter data, and to retrieve it.
Herman Hollerith is given credit for adapting the punch cards used for
weaving looms to act as the memory for a mechanical tabulating
machine, in 1890. Much later, databases came along.
Databases (or DBs) have played a very important part in the recent evolution
of computers. The first computer programs were developed in the early
1950s, and focused almost completely on coding languages and algorithms
