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Animal Behaviour

The document provides an overview of animal behavior, introducing the term ethology as the scientific study of behavior, which has evolved from earlier concepts like animal psychology. It discusses the importance of understanding animal behavior for various human interactions, including hunting, farming, and pet care, while highlighting the complexity and ongoing mysteries within the field. Additionally, it outlines different branches of ethology, including behavioral physiology and genetics, and contrasts the approaches of ethologists and psychologists in studying animal behavior.

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165 views5 pages

Animal Behaviour

The document provides an overview of animal behavior, introducing the term ethology as the scientific study of behavior, which has evolved from earlier concepts like animal psychology. It discusses the importance of understanding animal behavior for various human interactions, including hunting, farming, and pet care, while highlighting the complexity and ongoing mysteries within the field. Additionally, it outlines different branches of ethology, including behavioral physiology and genetics, and contrasts the approaches of ethologists and psychologists in studying animal behavior.

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yadevama
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Introduction to th e Animal Beha Study oe Viour tists: 01 of . oa The word behaviour is used in a v “xc y is the scientific, biological an i oy gical and specific study of behaviour of all externally.recognizable changes tae ban Ot ig. about to alll 7 jcation and which can release behavi animals, er tt i viour patterns in oth ody or portions, facial D0dy or p. ; expressio as well as changes in colouration, release oy eee ery broad sens refers age_all include =, © Behaviour is_not_only restri oie. ments, even the freeze reaction in a pigeon after seeing an approaching move" fanding motionless on specific arca by male antel i a ee of that area as Ory, lope indicating his a territory; and remaining still by pre wet rodator are (0 part Of behaviour. Chemicals play an jn behaviour female butterfly releases an odour so attracts _a »_is _also_an integral and important ae their yeproductive behaviour. The term Ethology (from the Greek word Ethos - habit, convention ), as is used today for the biological study‘of behaviour, is quite ‘old. It first appeared in the middle of the 18th century in publications of the French Academy of Sciences, later by 19th century, the term was used tovexpress the'life styles of animals. The use of the term ethology or the study of behaviour in its correct perspective was introduced in 1950 by Niko Tint In early years, instead of ethology, the synonym-Animal Psychology (in German: Tierpsychologie) was also used. In USA and UK ethology is usually referred to by the term Animal Behaviour. However, presently the most widely accepted term is Ethology. Animal behaviour is a continuing source of awe and mystery that sparks the imagination of Scientists and public alike. This subject, though recently introduced as a scientific branch, has been known to a commoner for many ice ee pe ae (eo 23) p Introanche™ oa et experts of behavioy, thy 2) ent all of us are of a muscle in th to some an minntest movement : yacle in, '® alks or the ch about the mood he or tthe |, fie cl ns; we can distinguis),* int t from the one that want, ithe « and domestic animal, ° bes % ate % know much about far be, » their owner! bout this point ph, ie tm, carefully by plc's knowledge ends at Yi details is an co kes ‘ imals in greater COMNS IS AN extren, about the behaviour cr animioss. When we enjoy the fascinay, ™*, s icntific process. . wh consuming and scientil ed knowing that, it may have taken hu, M4 films on television, it is before these points of interest were cant, hours of careful Cea snterested in the behaviour of the aq) en . Mi ‘ film, We have always d recreation and also beacay., "4; vee in angry one, a hungry ca te, The behaviour of pet the s, The farmers for our benefit an ay very inquisitive. The sense of wonder has always been a Pa i eh, jentific enquiry. . a a ‘adanestcn lasses that why is it necessary for us to sty dy , behaviour? It is because, the vast majority of people, wherever they, ‘whatever may be their occupation, come_1n contact with anim, alt obvious that the hunter has to know the ways of his er_must_be_aware_of_the_ » poultry, piggery, fish as industries for the b behaviour of creatures lik os Beicedbnitind jo controling , them. Even the modern city dweller, encounters with animals; they may want to ward off the cockrns _and termites from their houses or keep a dog, cat or birds for Tecreation;| healthy keeping of pets their behaviour must be understood. Man alse A ‘amusentént ‘parks to get pleasure of observing animals Last must share our world with fellow creatures and that is possible cu understanding their ecology and behaviour to ensure that animals can| ms are has somehow eas avourable everywhere ont ‘ ple, small Or maintaining itself in sv! placed in thei cape stures._ like bacteria will not enter? culture medium, they will move away ffo# ., Sensitive to negative or positive stimuli! Cec ea mmals behave for their benelil ‘ed right from the simplest, single to the Study of Animal Behaviour ur pect" ost intelligent and hight eto most i ly deve! 7 , i pte an extremely important aspect for ae Primates, ee Ree Fits (nama sh) habia bul 9 tubular neat ar val: The mate Te gGOHMCG the river, ater inducing one or more Tenantras 80 wed in of Tale fertilizes the epas and guards them by swimming (0 {P2™ in it, a ale Hrently would be seen fanning the epgs with des pond the next nd is, it directs water towards the fertilized ¢ aot Pectoral = te dissolved oxygen. As the cpgs grow they rene fresh a pt othe male increases its intensity of fanning and fore Ute, More 7 gem enings in the roof of the nest to make ventilation more eyo Of fe openitemoved, the cgs will dic. This isa simple and divecy wtcient. If on te how behaviour is necessary for survival. In fact, ani es and flec'to survive; fleeing from danger, fight for ane feed, drink, re bt Mor young ones, fecding fledglings, helping conspecifies Serpe ot Sithge progeny are all important behavioural forms for s eseeanees pore are many questions which remain unanswered. Nature is seo al tescinati g and some of the things that animals do, are encase ey c ePhogting. Why do animals migrate 7 How do they fnd thet way ¢ Why ee pest some flowers more than others? Do animals sacrifice sees se ethers? At one point study of behaviour appears very simple, but saat dj akes years to come to a conclusion regarding abebaviou (Poste ; vausations or explanations can be assigned to a parti fou y Ak inal. ‘One is the proximate causation “and the otber is sits 1, oars question like why does a dog cat ? The proximate causation would s because it i8 hungry, it must cat" which is an immediate short and } Pe ew sighted explanation whereas, the ultimate causation has_ thi : y_ expan: . that~ the dog ‘eats, because it must not die of ; roduce and _leave_its_ progeny forthe ; etuation of spe A : Tt bas not been easy to define behaviour in totality. It has been defined | differently by various workers : and quantifiable events constitute behaviour. It is a sary for survival. al is defined as the totality of its movements, ns_and body postures; also the externally noticeable changes such as hange, secretions of odorous ‘substances that ~ bilateral” d_can_ therefore, release other (1) Observable directional activity neces: (2) The behaviour of an anim form of stimulus. se ter to some es.the he response of living mat includes all those processes by which an animal sens: world and adopts itself to that environment. : ovement of whole animal because of some external stimulus is known ts behaviour or activities of an animal's effector organs (muscles) is alled behaviour. ~ cy ction vo the Study of Animal Behaviour ntrodd 1 Aer, cee , : ier oer cna ae bl This in alse not is consierent line of enquiry, We can mot say that an animal ety” *icntitic Hi tert pat it escapes because it is afraid, inn 1! Fipdts beanttieally animal attacks (o express its Agpresei Me thing ion ange scribed 1° failure to face the apgressor. Bart "8 can he acer his book titled Brehms Theriot” workers ae eta @ ad animal behaviour using anthropomorphic arreP™s Animal nid explawmatic and proud. Though anthropomericr™ tt it sly. aon interesting, yet their use is not recommend forms make at 0 inquisitive human mind, dedication, and m led, m’s An like clove, t I; ible to define scveral arcas of ethology state research i ae ssi become realized branches and there is much over], ay ethot i erlap wi logy has many Be as ecology, physiology, and genetics, with other areas 2 biology Branches of Ethology ;ETHOLOGY is a comparatively new branch of oo raestins otween the. behaviour of" spec and eh he iB an living components of environment arc investigated. ad one of two ways; it can emphasize or ieee jes or on a particular habitat. In focussing on the habitat @ group of interested in the parallel behavioural adaptations that arc igure; Omid be habitats, for example, deserts or tropical rain forests. This is of interest even jn species that are not closely related, with an interest in how the sets 7 5 ipecies.differ from one another and how such differences can be considered adaptations to various habitats, ey what is the "biological" significance of a behaviour or study of similar adaptations by animals of different species livag in the same habitat. Especially interesting results can be execu when within a related group of species there is one that lives in an entirely different habitat and whose behaviour deviates substantially from the behaviour typical for the group or study of difference in behaviour within single species found in different habitats. BEHAVIOURAL PHYSIOLOGY OR ETHOPHYSIOLOGY deals with the physiological basis of behaviour. Two of its main branches are concerned with the two large control systems of an organism that are ‘also imporant in the area of behaviour. NEUROETHOLOGY deals with the sensory process and the central nervous system that underlie a particular behaviour. ETHOENDOCRINOLOGY deals with the relations between hormones and behaviour. Behaviour Genetics is called ETHOGENETICS, and it investigates the icibasis of behaviour, using simple concepts of single or multiple gene - Its goal is to prove empirically the relationship between genetic cir influence on behaviour. . ime. The reas of ethology deal with the change of behaviour over time. eat IGENY OF BEHAVIOUR traces the evolutionary origin thology can jon to the Study of Animal Behaviour nero jained by the theory of natural selection, peer. o pchaviour (sacrificing behaviour), * SUCH as the ex; alersist other ficlds that border cthology are BIC ‘istenc wo PRIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS. The goal >ACOUsTICs a sdy OF on of sound production with the help Of Mise iOACOUstieg investiaet iad tape recorders. The ability to produc igh quality +o cai jn an objective and reproducible Presentation wn’

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