1.11 A 100-m race is run on a 200-m-circumference circular track.
The
runners run eastward at the start and bend
south. What is the displacement of the endpoint of the race from the
starting point?
, The runners move as shown in Fig. 1-3. The race is halfway around the
track so the displacement is one
diameter = 2oo/:rc= 6_3_.7_mdu_e south.
1.12 W,hat is a component of a vector? A component of a vector is its
"shadow" (perpendicular drop) on an axis in a given direction. For
example, the p-component of a displacement is the distance along the p
axis corresponding to the given
displacement. It is a scalar quantity, being positive or negative as it is
positively or negatively directed along
the axis in question. In Fig. 1-4, Ap is positive. (One sometimes defines a
vector component as a vector
pointing along the axis and having the size of the scalar component. If the
scalar component is negative
the vector component points in the negative direction along the axis.) It is
customary, and useful, to resolve a
vector into components along mutually perpendicular directions
(rectangular components).
1.13 What is the component method for adding vectors?
, Each vector is resolved into its x, y, and z components, with negatively
directed components taken as
negative. The x component of the resultant, Rx, is the algebraic sum of all
the x components. The y and z
components of the resultant are found in a similar way.
1.14 Define the multiplication of a vector by a scalar.
, The quantity bF is a vector having magnitude Ibl F (the absolute value of
b times the magnitude of F); the
direction of bF is that of For -F, depending on whether b is positive or
negative.
1.15 Using the graphical method, find the resultant of the following two
displacements: 2 mat 40° and 4 mat 127°,
,the angles being taken relative to the +x axis. Choose x, y axes as shown
in Fig. 1-5 and layout the displacements to scale tip to tail from the origin.
Note that all angles are measured from the +x axis. The resultant vector,
R, points from starting point to
endpoint as shown. Measure its length on the scale diagram to find its
magnitude, 4.6 m. Using a protractor,
measure its angle e to be 101°, The resultant displacement is therefore
4.6 mat 101°.
1.16 Find the x and y components of a 25-m displacement at an angle of
210°.
I The vector displacement and its components are shown in Fig. 1-6. The
components are
x component = - 25 cos 30°= - 21.7 m y component = - 25 sin 30°= -12.5 m
Note in particular that each component points in the negative coordinate
direction and must therefore be
taken as negative.
1.17 Solve Prob. 1.15 by use of rectangular components.
I Resolve each vector into rectangular components as shown in Fig. 1-7(a)
and (b). (Place a cross-hatch
symbol on the original vector to show that it can be replaced by the sum
of its vector components.) The
resultant has the scalar components
1.20 (a) Let F have a magnitude of 300 N and make angle e = 30° with the
positive x direction. Find F'x and Fy.
(b) Suppose that F = 300 Nand e = 145° (F is here in the second
quadrant). Find F'x and Fy.
I (a) F'x = 300 cos 30° = 2_5_9._8_FNy,= 300 sin 30° = _15_0_N(b.) F'x =
300 cos 145°= (300)( -0.8192) = -245.75 N
(in the negative direction of X), Fy = 300 sin 145°= (300)( +0.5736) =
172.07 N
