CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project on “To Study Working of an
AC Generator” is submitted by Sarthak Gupta of class XII A
to Mrs. Rekha Sharma and Mr. Rajesh Keshwani. This
project is considered a part of practical exam of AISSCE
2024-25 of Subject-Physics (Subject Code-042) conducted by
the Central Board of Secondary Education, is a bonafide
record of project work carried out under our guidance and
supervision at Delhi Public School Kolar Road.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
VICE PRINCIPAL PRINCIPAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my gratitude towards my guide Mrs.
Rekha Sharma and Mr. Rajesh Keshwani for her
extended guidance and support in completion of
this Project Report. I would like to thank Madam
Principal and Madam Vice Principal for their great
support and encouragement. Last but not the least I
thank my parents and God Almighty for their
support and blessings.
Student’s Name: SARTHAK GUPTA
Class and Section: XII ‘A’
CBSE Roll Number:
INDEX
TABLE OF CONTENT
S.No CONTENT PAGE No.
1. AIM
2. INTRODUCTION
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. WORKING
7. EXPRESSION FOR INST. EMF PRODUCED
8. RESULTS
9. APPLICATION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM:
“To Study Working of
an AC Generator”
INTRODUCTION
An AC Generator also called the Alternating Current
Generator is a type of device that converts the
mechanical energy that is present into alternating
energy for daily use in various appliances. AC
generators contain slip rings to produce alternating
currents whereas DC generators tend to use direct
current as the result of the DC generator. Bicycles,
electric scooters, microwaves, and sailboats all use
the AC generator to produce AC current.
Mechanical energy is provided by steam and gas
turbines as well as internal combustion engines to
the AC generators. These are also highly useful in
wind turbines and small hydropower plants in order
to convert the high-pressure gas streams to lower
pressure zones
PRINCIPLE
The principle of an AC generator is based on
Electromagnetic Induction, which was first described by
Michael Faraday. Here's how it works:
1. Magnetic Field Interaction: When a coil of wire
rotates in a magnetic field, or the magnetic field
around a conductor changes, an electromotive force
(EMF) is induced in the conductor.
2. Electromagnetic Induction: As the rotor (coil of wire
or permanent magnet) rotates through the magnetic
field created by the stator, the magnetic flux through
the rotor changes.
3. Induced EMF: According to Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction, the changing magnetic
flux induces an EMF in the rotor or stator coils.
4. Alternating Current: The induced EMF causes an
alternating current to flow in the external circuit
connected to the coils.
CONSTRUCTION
The roles of each of these AC generator components
are listed below :-
1. Field: The field is made up of conductor coils that
receive electricity from the source and generate
magnetic flux. The armature is cut by the magnetic
flux in the field, which produces a voltage. This
voltage is the AC generator’s output voltage.
2. Armature: The portion of an AC generator that
produces voltage is known as the armature. This
component largely comprises of wire coils large
enough to handle the generator’s full-load current.
3. Prime Mover: The prime mover is the component
that drives the AC generator. A diesel engine, a
steam turbine, or a motor might all be used as the
prime mover.
4. Rotor: The rotor is the rotating component of the
generator. The rotor is driven by the generator’s
prime mover.
5. Stator: An AC generator’s stator is the stationary
component. To reduce eddy current losses, the
stator core is made up of a lamination of steel alloys
or magnetic iron.
6. Slip Rings: Slip rings are electrical connectors that
transport electricity from and to an AC generator’s
rotor. They are primarily used to transfer electricity
from a fixed device to a revolving one.
THEORY
Here's how an AC generator operates:
Mechanical Input: A mechanical source (such as a
turbine or engine) drives the rotor, causing it to spin.
Magnetic Field Interaction: The rotor (a coil of wire or
magnet) rotates within a stationary magnetic field,
changing the magnetic flux through the rotor.
Electromagnetic Induction: According to Faraday’s
Law, the changing magnetic flux induces an EMF in the
coil.
AC Generation: The induced EMF drives an alternating
current in the external circuit connected to the stator.
Sine Waveform: The current produced by the
generator oscillates in a sinusoidal pattern,
characteristic of alternating current.
WORKING
1.Starting Point: A mechanical power source
(like a steam turbine, wind turbine, or engine)
provides the energy to rotate the rotor.
2.Rotor Movement: As the rotor spins within
the magnetic field, the magnetic flux through
the stator windings changes.
3.EMF Induction: According to Faraday's Law,
the changing magnetic flux induces an EMF in
the stator windings.
4.Current Generation: The induced EMF drives
an alternating current in the external circuit
connected to the stator windings.
5.Transmission: The alternating current can be
transmitted to power devices, electrical.
EXPRESSION FOR
INSTANTANOUS EMF PRODUCED
The expression for instantaneous value of induced
EMF:
Consider the number of turns in the coil of the A.C.
generator are N, its face area for each turn is A, the
magnitude of the magnetic field is B and θ is the
angle which normal to the coil makes with magnetic
field B at any instant t. Let the angular velocity with
which the coil rotates be ω.
Then the magnetic flux linked with the coil of the
𝜙=𝑁𝐵𝐴cosθ
A.C. generator at any instant t will be given by:
or, 𝜙=𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔𝑡
By Faraday’s flux rule, the induced EMF is given by:
⇒ε = −d(NBAcosωt)/ dt
ε= −d𝜙/dt
⇒ε = NBAωsinω
∴ ε = ε∘sinωt
Where ε∘=NBAω. This equation gives the expression
for instantaneous value of induced EMF
RESULTS
Hence the maximum value of instantaneous EMF in AC
Generator is given by: ε = ε∘sinωt
APPLICATIONS
1. Diesel-electric locomotive alternators: Locomotives
need electric and mechanical power simultaneously,
and this power is provided by AC Generators.
2. Marine Alternators: These alternators are used for
generating power in marine equipment.
3. Brushless Alternators: These alternators are the
main source of power in electrical power plants.
4. Automobile Alternators: Automobiles use
generators for electric power. This electric power in
the vehicles and charging battery is generated in AC
generators.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
https://byjus.com
www.vedantu.com
Practical Physics by Laxmi Publications
