D.E.

IB0ARDS
CLASS - XII IPH- 401 PHYSICS QUESTION BANK 2024-25

UNIT-I: RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

VERY SHORT
1 Define the focal length of a Concave and Convex mirror.
2. Can a convex or plane mirror form real image of an object? Explain.
3. Light of wavelength 5000Å is incident on a plane reflecting surface. Find the frequency of reflected
light.
4. Which mirror: Plane, convex or concave, have a real focus?
5 When does aconcave mirror form a virtualimage?
6 Why does refraction of light occur when light passes from one medium to another?
7. Define refractive index of glass in terms of the speed of light.
8 Can absolute refractive index of amedium be less than 1?
9. Can refractive index ofa medium relative to another medium be less than 1?
10. Calculate the speed of light in a medium whose critical angle is 30º.
11. What is the refractive index of diamond and its Critical angle? The refractive index of diamond is
much greater than that of ordinary glass. Is this fact of some use to a diamond cutter?
12. The refractive indices of glass, diamond and water are 1.5, 2.0 and 1.3 respectively. State, with
reason, in which of these the speed of light will be maximum?
13. When light is replaced by another light of longer wavelength, what is the efect on the refractive
index of a medium?
14. What is the Total internal reflection of light?
15. Write down the formula for the focal length of a thin lens in terms of the refractive index and the
radiiof curvature.
16. How does the focal length of a lens depend on the refractive index of the material of the lens?
17. What happens to the focal length of aconvex lens, when it is immersed in water?
18: Iff=0.5m foraglass lens, what is the power of the lens?
19. Write the condition of minimum deviation produced by a prism in a light-ray for different colours of
light?
20. On which factors does the minimum deviation produced by a thin prism depend?
21. How does the angle of minimum deviation of a glass prism vary, if the incident violet light is
replaced vwith red light?
22. For which colour of visible light the refractive index of a transparent material is maximum? For
which it is minimum?

SHORT ANSWERS 2
1. Why is concave mirror preferred to a plane mirror for shaving?
2. Why are mirrors used in searchlights parabolic and not concave spherical?
3. What type of mirror would you prefer in your car for observing trafic at your back and why?
4. What is the difference between real image and virtual image?
5. Arod immersed partially and obliquely in water appears to be bent. Explain.
6. Why do stars appear twinkling?
 7 An empty test-tube dipped obliquely into water appears
Why? silvery, when viewed in a suitable direction.
8. On a hot summer day in a desert, one sees the reflected image of distant parts of the
sky. Explain.
9 Show, by ray-diagrams,how a right-angled isosceles prism can be used to deviate a ray through
() 90° (i) 180° (iii) invert the ray.
10. What is meant by the principal axis of aspherical refracting surface?
11. What is meant by the optical center of alens?
12. Explain the meaning of the first and the second focus of a
convex lens, drawing separate ray
diagrams.
13. Define the first focus and second focus of aconcave lens, giving
suitable ray-diagrams.
14. What is meant by power of lens? Write the definition of diopter.
15. What is critical angle? Does it depend on colour of light? Explain. Give two
internal reflection. applications of total
16. Why do danger signal employ red light?
- 17. Explain why sky appears blue.
18 Explain Raman Effect.
19.) What is the difference between Primary and secondary Rainbow. Show with help of adiagram.
20. Draw the ray diagram for the image formed by aconcave mirror of an object placed at infinity.
21. Body runs with velocity v towards a plane mirror. With what velocity does his image move towards
him?
LONG ANSWERS 4
1. Prove that for a concave mirror, the radius of curvature is twice the focal length.
2. Draw a ray-diagram to show image formation of an object placed between the pole and focus of a
concave mirror. Derive the relation among u, v and f for this particular case. State the assumptions
and sign conventions used.
3. With the help of a suitable diagram, derive the mirror formula for a concave mirror.
4. Establish the relation between object distance, image distance and radius of curvature for a convex
mirror.

5 What is linear magnification? Obtain expressions for the linear magnification of the image fomed by
a spherical mirror.
6. Explain why does a swimming pool appears shallower than it actually is. Obtain an expression forthe
normal displacement of an object immersed in water.
7 Explain, with ray-diagram, total internal reflection of light. Give two conditions for it to take place.
Obtain relation between critical angle and refractive index of the denser medium.
8 Establish the formula relating to refraction for a convex spherical surface separating two media of
Refractive indices n,and n,
n 1
9. Derive the formula for refraction of light at a (concave or convex) spherical surface.
R

derive the
10. Write down the formula for refraction through a spherical surface and with the help of this
1
for a thin lens and also show that the focal length of aconcave
1
Relation = (n-1)-)
R1
lens comes out to be negative.
on both sides of lens is
11. Derive the formula of refraction of light by thin convex lens, if the medium
the same.
2
 12. Obtain the formula for the focal length of athin lens of reflective index n, when the
media on the two
sides of the lens are of different reflective indices ny and n2 respectively.
13. If a glass lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive index greater than the glass, how will its focal
length change?
14. Define linear magnification produced by a lens. Establish a formula for the magnification producedby
a lens.

15 Aconvex lens made of material of refractive index n, is kept in a medium of refractive index n. A parallel
beam of light is incident on the lens. Compare the path of rays of light emerging from the convex lens if
() nË <n2 (i) (ii) n>n2
16. Derive the formula for the equivalent focal length of two thin lenses placed in contact.
17. the
Proveimage
that should
inorderbetofour
get times
areal the
image by aconvex lens, the minimum distance between the objectand
focal length of the lens.
18. Consider aray of light passing through aprism (angle A) in the position of minimum deviation(angle
ð). Show that the angle of incidence and refraction are given by i=(4+8)/2, r =A/2.
19. Derive an expression for the refractive index of the material of a prism in terms of the angle of prism
and the angle of minimum deviation.
20.What do you understand by dispersion of light? How does the dispersion of sun's white light take
place by a prism? Explain.
21. Define dispersive power of an optical medium. Obtain a formula for the dispersive power of the
materialofa prism in terms of refractive indices.
22. Write down the formula for the refractive index of the material of a prism. Find out the formula for
the angular dispersion of a prism with the help of relevant ray diagram.
Numericals
1 Anobjects is placed in front of aconcave mirror of radius of curvature 40 cm at adistance of 10 cm.
Find the position, nature and magnification of the image.
2 A concave mirror produces a real image of half the size of an object placed at 60cm in front of it.
Where the object should be placed to obtain a virtual image of double the size of the object?
3. A2-cm long object is placed at a distance of 100cm from a convex mirror of radius of curvature
50cm. Find the position, nature and length of the image.
4. The image formed by a convex mirror of focal length 30cm is a quarter size of the object. Find the
location of the object with respect to the mirror.
5 Aray of light in air is incident on a glass plate at 45°. The refractive index of glass is 1.5. What is
Angle of refraction?
6 How deep willa 4m deep tank appear when seen in air due to optical refraction? The refractive index
of water is 4/3.
7.
Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are
wavelength, frequency and speed of (i) reflected light. (ii) Refracted light? The refractive index of
water is 1.33.

8. The absolute refractive index of air is 1.0003 and the wavelength of yellow light in vacuum is 6000
than in
¢. Find the thickness of air column which will have one more wavelength of the yellow light
the same thickness of vacuum.
index
9. The speed of light in air is 3x10°m/s. Calculate the speed of red light in water. The refractive
of water with respect to air for red light is 4/3.
of the speed of
10. The absolute refractive indices of glass and water are 3/2 and 4/3. Determine the ratio
speed of light in glass and water.
11. Find out the frequency of violet light of wavelength 1850¢.
 12. The wavelength of yellow light of sodium in air is 5890Å. (1) What is its frequency? (i) What is its
Wavelength in that glass whose refractive index is 1.5?
13. How much time the light will take in passing through a column of liquid of length 10 km. The
refractive index of liquid is 4/3.
14. The apparent depth of an object at the bottom of a tank filled with a liquid of refractive index 1.3 is
7.7cm. What is the actual depth?
15. Aray of light falls normally on the face of a glass prism (n=1.5) Find the angle of the prism if the ray
just fails to emerge from the second face.
16. The refractive index of glass relative to air is 1.5.What is critical angle for glass-air interface?
17. Work out the critical angle for the light at the boundary between the core and the cladding of afibre,
if the refractive index of thecore is 1.48, andof the cladding is 1.45.
18. Asmallbulb is placed at the bottom of atank containing water to adepth of 80cm. What is the areaof
the surface of water through which light of the bulb can emerge out? Refractive index of water is
1.33. Consider the bulb to be a point -source.
19. Parallel rays are incident on a solid sphere of glass of diameter 12cm. Where will the rays be
centralize after refraction finally? Show the ray-diagram also. Refractive index of glass- 1.5.
20. Aconvex lens has 20 cm focal length in air. What is focal length in water? (Refractive index of air
water = 1.33, refractive index for air-glass = 1.5)
21. The both radii of curvature of a double convex lens are 20cm and the refractive index of the glass of
the lens is 1.5.What willbe the focal length of the lens?
22, The radius of curvature of the convex surface of a thin plano-convex lens (refractive index 1.5) is
20cm. () Calculate the focal length of the lens, (i) Alsocalculate the distance of the image of a pin
placedon the axis 80cm form the lens and draw a ray-diagram. (iii) Determine the magnification of
the image.
23. AConvex lens made of glass and having afocal length of 1Scm is immersed in carbon-disulphide.
What willbe the focal length and the nature of this lens in this condition? Given that the refractive
index of glass and carbon-disulphide with respect to air are 3/2 and 5/3 respectively.
24. The radii of curvatures of a convex lens are i5cm and 30 cm respectively. The refractive index of
material of lens relative to air is 1.5. If this lens is immersed in a liquid of refractive index I.6 relative to air
then calculate its effective focal length.
25. An object is situated 60cm away from a screen. A convex lens placed between them in two positions,
turn by turn, gives a real image each time on the screen. The lengths of the images are9cm and 4cm.
Find the length of the object and the focal length of the lens.
36cm. If
26. A convex lens of focal length 12cm is placed in contact with a concave lens of focal length
position and
an object is placed at a distance of 27cm fromn the combined lens, find out the nature,
magnification of the image formed.
combination. Determine the focal
27. Two lenses of powers +6D and -7 D are combined to form a lens
length of this combination. State whether the combination will be convergent or divergent.
concave). Ifthe
28. convergent lens of 25cm focal length is made of two lenses (one convex and other
A
convex lens.
focal length of the concave lens is 25cm, then find the focal length of the
29. Find the position of the image formed by the lens combination given in the Fig below.

f= +l0, -10 +30 enn

B0cm
30. Aconvex lens forms the
image of the same size of an object placed at a
lens is placed in contact with the first, the image is formed at a distance of 20cm. If another
on the other side. What are the focal
lengths of the lenses used? distance of Scm from thecombination
31. Parallel rays of sun fall upon a concave lens of
lens, a convex lens of 15cm focal length is 10cm focal length. At a distance of 20cm from this
of the sun? placed. Where the screen should be placed to getthe image
32. A concave lens is place in the path of
the lens. Where would these rays have convergent rays. The rays are focused on the axis 15cmbehind
lens is 30cm. been focused in the absence of the lens? Focal
length of the
33. The angle of a prism of 60° and the angle of
index of the material of the prism? (sin 49.5° minimum deviation is 39°, What is the refractive
=0.76)
34. The refractive index of the glass of a prism is
Minimum deviation. 1.65 and the angle of prism is 5°. Find the
angle of
35. The refractive indices of crown glass for violet and red
colour are respectively 1.523 and 1.5 13.
36. Determine the dispersive power of this glass. If a crown -glass prism
40°, What will be the angular dispersion? produces a mean deviation of
37. An object is placed first at a distance of 25 cm and
The magnification in the first case is four times that in then
at distance of 40 cm from a concave mirror.
the second case, the image being real inboth cases.
What is the focal length of the mirror?
38. Athin prism of glass placed in air produces a minimum deviation of 4°in a
placed in water, how much deviation will it produce? (aNg=3/2 and aly =4/3ray). of light. If thisprism
39. Aglass prism whose refracting angle is 72° and refractive index 1.66 is kept in a liquid of
index 1.33. Calculate the angle of minimum deviation for the parallel beam refractive
prism. (Given : sin 36° =0.5878, sin 47.2° =0.7336 ) passing through the

UNIT- II HUMAN EYE AND DEFECTS OF VISION, TELESOPE,MICROCOPE

VERY SHORT
1. Why the power of the objective lens of a telescope is kept as small as possible?
2. What is the angular magnification of a Simple microscope?
3. An astronomicaltelescope uses lenses of power 10D and ID. What is its magnifying power inNormal
adjustment?
4. The magnifying powers of two telescopes are same but the apertures of their objectives aredifferent.
What will be the difference in the finalimages formed by them?
5. Define Resolving power of a telescope. On what factors does the resolving power of atelescope
depend? Writedown its formula.

SHORT ANSWER
1. Why is, in amicroscope, objective lens of asmall aperture is taken?
2. In acompound microscope, both ;objective and the eye-piece should be of small focal lengths, why?
3. Define magnifying power of a telescope.
6. Express the magnifying power (angular magnification) of an astronomical telescope in terms of the
focal lengths of the objective and the eye piece.
7. What is angular dispersion? Draw the path of a ray of white light passing through a prism and mark
Angular dispersion on it.
5
 8. Define dispersive power of an optical medium. Write the
equation of dispersive-power.
9. What is meant by the resolving power of an optical instrument? Write the
resolution of a telescope. expression for the limitof
10. The resolving power of anormal human eye is 1' (one minute).
Explain its meaning.
11. In what ratio will intensity of the image increase when the
aperture of the objective of an astronomical
telescope is doubled? What willbe the effect on the resolving power of the telescope?
12. Why is the resolving power of an electron microscope greater than that of an
optical microscope?
LONG ANSWERS
4

1. Draw the ray-diagram of acompound microscope and obtain an

powerof the microscope when a final image is formed at the leastexpression for the magnifying
distance of distinct vision. Why is
its objective of a very small aperture?
2. Draw a ray-diagram of an astronomical telescope and derive an
power when: (i) the image is formed at infinity, (i) the image
expression for its
formed at the least magnifying
distance of
distinct vision
3. Draw a neat diagram of an astronomical telescope in normal adjustment position.
Explain briefly
it'sworking.
4. In a telescope the focal length of the objective is large while that of the eye-piece is small. Explain
itsreason, giving the necessary formula. Why the aperture of the objective is taken large?
5. Draw ray diagram of reflecting telescope and write an expression of magnifying power of such a
What is meant by the resolving power of an optical instrument? Write an expression for the
resolvingpower of a microscope. How can the resolving power of microscope be increased?
6. The resolving power of an electron microscope is too greater in comparison to optical microscope.
Explain this statement.
7. telescope, when image is formed (i) at infinity and (ii) at least distance of distinct vision.

Numericals
1. In compound microscope the objective and the eye-piece have focal lengths 0.95 em and Scm
respectively and are kept at a distance of 20cm. The final image is formed at a distance of 25cm
from the eye-piece. Calculate the position of the object and the total magnification.
2. In an astronomical refracting telescope the focal-lengths of the objective and the eye-piece are
80cm and 4cm respectively. If the final image is formed at infinity, calculate the magnifying power
of the telescope and the distance between the objective and the eye-piece.
3. The focal-length of the objective of an astronomical telescope is 1.0metre. If the magnifying power
of telescope is 20, then determine the focal length of the eye-piece and the length of thetelescope for
relaxed eye.
4. Atelescope objective has a focal-lenth 1.00 meter. When the final image is formed at the least
distance of distinct vision, the distance between the lenses is I1.05 meter. Calculate the focal- length
of the eye-piece and the magnifying -power of the telescope.
5. The objective of a telescope for the least distance of distinct vision forms the image 0.75 meterbehind
it.The distance between the two lenses is 0.80 metre. What is the magnifying power of the telescope?
For seeing with relaxed eye, by how much distance willthe eye-piece have to bemoved back? What
will be the magnifying power then?
6.
The distance between the objective of acompound microscope and the real image formed by it is 18
cm. If f, = 0.4cm, fe = 2.0 cm then calculate the magnifying power of the microscope for (i) relaxed
eye, (ii) final image formed at the least distance of distinct vision.
6
7. The focal-lengths of the objective and the eye-piece of atelescope are S0em and Scm respectively.
Least distance of distinct vision is 25cm. The telescope is focused for distinct vision on a scale place
at a distance 200cm away from the objective is 898cm. Calculate: () separation between the
objective and the eye-piece, (ii) magnification.
8. Atelescope is used to resolve two stars having an angular separation of 5.0 x10° radian. What
should be the aperture of the objective lens of the telescope? Take wavelength of light to be S000¢.
9. The wavelength of light is 6000Å and aperture of objective of amicroscope is 0.1 metre. Calculate
its resolving limit.

UNIT- III: WAVE OPTICS

VERY SHORT 1
1. Define the term wave front. Can two wave fronts of the same wave cross each other?
2. What is the phase difference between any two points on a wave front?
3. What is the shape of wave front emerging from a () point-source of light, (i) linear source oflight
like a slit?
4 Draw the shape of the wave front coming out of a convex lens and concave miror, when a plane
wave is incident on it.

5. Which physical quantities affect the fringe-width in the Young's experiment?

6. Out of speed, frequency, wavelength and amplitude, which parameter (s) does (do) not change on
(1) reflection, (i) refraction?
7. Which physical quantities affect the fringe-width in the Young's experiment?
of
8. What is the effect on the interference fringes if the monochromatic source is replaced by a source
white light?
ofsodium
9. In Youngs experiment what willbe the effect on fringe-width on using yellow colour light
lamp in place of violet colour light?
10. For which light, red or blue, the fringe-width will be more in Young's experimeni?
oflight,
11. If, in Young's experiment, the distance between the slit is kept smaller than the wavelength
will the interference pattern be seen? Why?
fringes when athìn glassplate
12. In Young's interference experiment, what happens to the width of the
is put in the path of one of the two sources?
Young's experiment, if thedistance
13. How does the angular separation of interference fringes change in
between the slits is increased?
for diffraction of light waves?
14. What should be the order of the size of the hole or obstacle
the diffraction pattern obtained from asingle
15. Write down the formula for the positions of minima in
slit.
nature (transverse or longitudinal) oflight
16. Does the diffraction of light give any information about the
-wave?
How
width of the slit is reduced to half its original width.
17. In a single slit diffraction experinment, the
central maximum?
would this affect the size and intensity of the
resolution of an optical instrument related?
18. How are Resolving power and limit of
about the wave-nature of light.
19. Write any two physical phenomena that tell us
waves from the polarization of light?
20. What information do you get about the nature of light
() Is light from sodium lamp plane polarized?
7
 (i) Which of the following waves can be polarized
(a) Heat waves (b) Sound waves? Give reason to support your answer.
21. Which among X rays; Sound waves and radio waves can be polarized? Give reason for youranswer.
22. At what angle of incidence should a light beam strike a glass slab of refractive index 3-1, suchthat
the reflected and the refracted rays are perpendicular to each other?
23. What is the relation between the angle of polarization and the refractive index of the medium?
24. Why are two images observed of an object, which is being seen through a calcite crystal?
25. Two Polaroid's A and B are parallel. How can be a third Polaroid C placed between A and B sothat
the intensity of the emergent light be (i) zero, (ii) maximum?
SHORT ANSWER
1. State Huygens' postulates of wvave theory.
2. Does the speed of light (a) in vacuum, (b) in an isotropic medium, depend upon () nature of source,
(ii) direction of propagation, (iii) intensity of the wave, (iv) motion of the source/observer, (v)
wavelength?
3. When light travels from a rarer to a denser medium, its speed decreases. Does this decrease inspeed
imply adecrease in energy carried by light wave? Justify your answer?
4 What are the necessary conditions for the constructive and destructive interference of light waves?
5. Explain Huygens principle of secondary wavelets.
6 State the necessary conditions for observing the interference of two waves.
7 What do youmean by coherent sources? Can two independent sources of light produce interference?
Give reason in support of your answer.
8 What is meant by diffraction of light?
9. Write any two physical phenomena that tell us about light waves are transverse while sound waves
cannot be. Why?
10. Define plane of vibration and plane of polarization. What is meant by polarizing angle?
15. State Malus law of Polarisation of light. Draw a graph showing the variation of intensity (1) of
polarised light transmitted by an analyser with angle (0) between polariser and analyser.
16. Show with the help of a diagram, how unpolarised sunlight gets polarized due to Scattering. Explain
transmitted light
why on viewing clear blue portion of the sky through a polaroid the intensity of
varies as polaroid is rotated.
absorption.
17. What do you mean by dichroism? Explain polarization by selective
18. When ordinary light passes through a Polaroid, the intensity of the emergent polarized light is half the
and the plane of transmission of the
intensity of the light incident on the electric vector of light
What will be the intensity
Polaroid. Two polaroids A and B are parallel and ordinary light falls on A. perpendicular, then?
compared to that of ordinary light? IfA and B are
of light emerging from B
19. Two polaroids A andB are so adjusted that the polarized light emerging from A cannot pass through
polaroid's so that some light may passthrough the
B. Can a third polaroid C be placed between the first two
polaroid B?
a third polaroid 'C' be placed
20. TwoPolaroid's 'A'and Bare kept in crossed position. How should
polaroid B reduces to I/8th of the
between them so that the intensity of polarized light transmitted by (45)
intensity of unpolarized light incident on A?
4
LONG ANSWER
to explain reflection of light waves.
1. Write Huygens' Principle of secondary wavelets, and use it
8
 2. State Huygens' Principle of secondary wavelets. Explain refraction of light on its basis.
3. Describe Young's experiment for interference of light. Obtain the formula for
the shape of fringes? fringe-width. What is
4 In Young's double-slit interference experiment, the distance
between the two parallelslits is d and
thedistance of the screen from them is D. If the wavelength of light be 2, then obtain
distance of () a bright fringe, (ii) a dark fringe from the central fringe on the a formula for the
fringe-width from the above formula. screen. Calculate the
5 Derive the necessary formula for the measurement of wavelength of light from
experiment. Write the expression for the angular width of fringe. Young's double-slit
6 Derive an expression for the displacement of fringes when a thin
path of one of the interfering beams. How the thickness of the platetransparent plate is introduced in the
is obtained by it?
7. What is meant by diffraction of light? Draw the ray-diagram of
geometrical arrangement to find the
diffraction-pattern due to a single slit and deduce the equation of angular width of central maximum.
8 State the difference between the diffraction and interference.
9. Which phenomenon verifies transverse nature of light? On the basis of this
transverse nature of light experimentally.
phenomenon, verify
10. Differentiate between polarized and unpolarised light. Discuss how you would produce and analyse a
plane polarized light by aPolaroid.
11. What is polarization angle? Prove that at the polarizing angle, the reflected and refracted rays are
perpendicular to each other.
12. State and explain Brewster's law? What conclusion can be drawn about reflected and refracted rays
on the basis of this law?

13. What is a polaroid? How can it be used to determine whether a beam of light unpolarised, plane
polarised or partially-polarised?

Numericals
1. In an experiment on interference of light, the distance between two slits is 0.2 mm. By interference
of light emerging from the slits, 3.0 mm wide fringes are produced on a screen placed at a distance of
1.0m away from the slit. Calculate: (i) the wavelength of light incident on the slits, (i) the distance
of the third dark fringe from the central bright fringe.
2. InYoung's experiment, the distance between two slit is 0.3mm. Findthe wavelength oflight used if
tenth bright fringe is situated at a distance of 1.2cm from the central fringe, on a screen placed 0.6m
away from the slits.,
3. In Young's doubled-slit experiment, the fringe-width of interference fringes is found to be 0.02cm
when the screen is kept at the distance of 1.0 metre from the slits. If the wavelength of light is 6000Å,
find the distance between two slits.

4. In Young's double-slit experiment, the distance between source and screen is 1.5m, wavelength of
light is 6000Å and separation between the two slits is 0.15cm, calculate the fringe-width. If the
distance between source and screen is doubled and separation between slits is halved then what is the
fringe-width?
width 'a'. If the
5. A parallel beam of light of wavelength 600 nm is incident normally on a slit of from the
distance between the slits and the screen is 0.8 m and the distance of 2nd order maximum
center of the screen is 15 mm, calculate the width of the slit. (Ans: 80 um)
of
6. The ratio of the widths of two slits in Young's double slit experiment is 4 : 1. Evaluate the ratio
intensities at maximaand nminima in the interference pattern. (9:1)
7.
Laser light of wavelength 640 nm incident on a pair of slits produces an interference pattern in which
which
the bright fringes are separated by 7.2 mm. Calculate the wavelength of another source of light
 produces interference fringes separated by 8.1 mm using same
Light of wavelength 5800 ¢ is incident arrangement. (720 nm)
normally on two
formed on a screen placed at a distance of Im from the slits. slits at a separation of 2mm. Fringes are
distance of the Sh bright fringe from the central fringe. Calculate the (i) fringe-width and (ii)
9 Adouble-slit is illuminated by sodium
two slits is 0.050 cm. The interference light ( is =5893 ¢). In the double-slit, the distance between the
pattern obtained on a screen placed at a
Calculate the distance between the fifth bright fringe on one side of distance of 1.00metre.
on the other side. the central fringe andthe fifth bright fringe
10. In Young's experiment, if light of
screen is 0.75mm wide. What will bewavelength 5000 is used, then bright
the fringe width, if whole instrument is fringe appeared on the
refractive index 1.5? immersed in a liquid of
11. In Young's double slit experiment, the two
slits 0.
light of wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 maway15 mnm apart are illuminated by monochromatic
from the slits.
(a) Find the distance of the second (i)
bright fringe (ii) dark fringe from the central
(b) How willthe fringe pattern change if the screen is maximum.
moved away from the slits? (6mm, 4.5 mm)
12. A beam of light of wavelength 600nm from a distant
the resulting diffraction pattern is observed on a screensource falls on a single slit 1.00mm wide and
2m away. Calculate the distance between the
first dark fringes on either side of the central bright
fringe.
13. A Fraunhofer diffraction pattern due to a single slit of
width 0.2 mm is being obtained on a screen
placed at adistance of 2metre from the slit. The first minima lie at 5mm on either side of the central
maximum on the screen. Find the wavelength of light.
14. Yellow light (a= 6000Å) illuminates a single slit of width l x 10* m.
Calculate
() the distance between the two dark lines on either side of the central
maximum, when the
diffraction pattern is viewed on a screen kept 1.5 m away from the slit:
(ii) the angular spread of the first diffraction minimnum. (18mn; 6x10l radians)
15. (a) In asingle slit diffraction experiment, a slit of width 'd is illuminated by red light of wavelength
650nm. For what value of d will
() the first minimum fall at an angle of diffraction of 30°, and
(i1) the first maximum fallat an angle of di ffraction of 300? (1300 nn; 1950x10 nm)
16. Alight of wavelength 5000 ¢ is falling normally on aslit of width 2x10-m. At how much angular
width will the first minima be situated from the central maxima in the diffiaction patern? Find also
the angular width of the central maxima.
17. The polarizing angle for a medium is 30°. Find its refractive index.
18. When light rays are incident at 60° on a medium, the reflected rays are maximum polarized. Find out
the refractive index of the medium.
19. What is the angle of incidence if the reflected sun-rays falling on a thick glass plate (n = 1.732) are
completely polarized? nis the refractive index of glass (tan 60° -1.732).
20. A light -ray is incident on a glass plate of refractive index 1.54. If the reflected ray is completely
plane-polarized then determine: (i) angle of incidence, (ii) angle of refractionand (ii) critical angle.
(Given : tan 57° = 1.54 and sin 40. 5° =0.6493)
21. Plane-polarised light of intensity 8 Wm falls on a Polaroid such that the vibrations of its electric
vector make an angle of 30° with the transmission axis of the Polaroid. Find the intensity of light
emerging from the Polaroid.
22. Plane-polarised light falls on a Polaroid making an angle of 60° with the polarizing direction of the
Polaroid. What percentage of the intensity of the incident light will be transmitted through the
Polaroid?

10
23. Two Polaroid's are so placed that the intensity of light emerging from them is
Polaroid's is rotated thought (1) 30° (i1) 45° (ii) 60°. WIhat percentage of the maximum. One of the
maximum intensity will
now emerge in each case?
25. Two polaroids P, and P, are placed with their pass axes perpendicular to each other.
of intensity lo is incident on Pi. A third polaroid P. is kept in between Pand PsuchUnpolarised light
that its passaxis
makes an angle of 30° with that of Pi. Determine the intensity of light transmitted through P,, P. and
Ps. (I/2; 31,/8 ; 3/32 1o)
UNIT-IV: ATOMS &NUCLEI
VERY SHORT 1
1 Why was 'gold' foil used in a. -scattering experiment?
2. Write the conclusion of Rutherford's a -particle scattering experiment.
3. What was major shortcoming of Rutherford's atomic model?
4. Which scientist studied the spectrum of hydrogen atom lying in the visible region for the first time?
5 The wavelengths of some of the spectral lines obtained in hydrogen spectrum are given below. Select
out the wavelengths corresponding to the Lyman series.
6563Å, 1216Å, 9546Å, 4861Å and 1026Å.
6. Write the wavelength of the first member of Lyman series of hydrogen spectrum in terms of Rydberg
constant.

7. What information does the formula for the nitrogen nucleus give youabout this nucleus?
8. Write down the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the following atoms:
() 2He' (i) cl (ii)
(iv) 82P206
(v) 90TH232
9. The electronic configuration of germanium is 2, 8, 18, 4.If the mass-number of this element be 72,
what willbe the number of neutrons in its nucleus?
10. Write down the names and the formulae of the three isotopes of hydrogen.
11. Select the pairs of isobars and isotones from the following nuclei:
Na, 12Mg 1Na", 1oNe
11 10

12. Whodiscovered natural Radioactivity? Who discovered radium?

13. The radioactive decay of a material can neither be accelerated nor slowed by any physical or
chemicalmeans. Why?
14. What is the order of velocity of a - particles?
15. Amongsta-, Band y -rays, which one has (i) least ionising power, (ii) least penetrating power?
gamma
16. Write down the following radiations in the order of increasing penetrating power: X-rays,
raysand ultraviolet light.
X-ray of wavelength
17. What will be the difference in speed of a gamma ray of wavelength 0.01 and an
3¢?
18. Which of the radiations a -rays, B - rays, Y-rays:
(i) are similar to X-rays (ii) are easily absorbed by matter
(iv) are similar in nature to cathode rays?
(iii) travel with the greatest speed
will the maximum frequency of X-radiation
19. If the cathode-anode potential difference is increased
increase or decrease? Minimum wavelength?
spectrum depend?
20. On what factor does the minimum wavelength of the continuous X-ray
21. Between cathode rays and X-rays, which have a greater velocity?
 22. In X-ray of wavelength 0.01Å and 0.5Å, which have higher energy. Find the ratio of energies.
23. Write down Einstein's energy-mass relation.
24. If the speed of light were half of its present value, what effect it would have on the binding energy of
nucleus?
25. In the reactions given below:
) ;C’B+x+v
(ii) }C+2 C’ Ne +$He
Find the values of X, y, and z and a, b and c. I(0 y-5:z=ll; () 10,24|
26. Name and define SI unit of Radioactivity? Write its relation with other units.
27. Why heavy water is generally used as a moderator in a nuclear reactor?
28. Name the absorbing material used to control the reaction rate of neutrons ina nuclear reactor.
29. State four characteristic properties of nuclear force.
30. Calculate the energy in fusion reaction :
¡H +}H H e + n,
where BE of ?H = 2.23 MeV and of
}He= 7.73 MeV (3.27 MeV)
31. Why is nuclear fusion difficult to carry out?
SHORT ANSWERS 2

1. In what respects does Bohr's atom model differ from Rutherford s model?
2. What is the meaning of the distance of closest approach of the particle?
3 What is meant by ionization potential and the first excitation potential of hydrogen atom? Find values
of them.
4 What is the shortest wavelength present in the Paschen series of spectral lines?
5 A difference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. What is the frequency of radiation
emitted when the atom make a transition from the upper level to the lower level?
6. A 12.5 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. What series of
wavelengths will be emitted?
7. Hydrogen atom has only one electron, but its emission spectrum has many lines. Explain with reason.
8. Prove that the density of matter in nuclei is independent of the mass number A.
9. What is meant by 'nucleon'?
10. If both the number of protons and the number of neutrons are conserved in each nuclear reaction, in
what way is mass converted into energy (or vice-versa) in a nuclear reaction?
11. What do you understand by atomic number Z and mass number A. Explain giving examples? If, in a
nucleus, the number of protons and neutrons be respectively p and n, what will be it atomic number
and mass-number?
12. Aradioactive nucleus A' undergoes a series of decays according to the following scheme:
A C A, A, A, I A,
The mass number and atomic number of A are 190 and 75 respectively. What are these numbers for
A?
13. Give main properties of alpha; Brays and y rays.
 14. The ScquencC of stepwise decay of a
radioactive nucleus is
D -’ D,
If the atomic number and mass
number of D:, are 71 and 176 respectively, what are
Corresponding values for D their
(72; 180)
15. The mass of a nucleus in its ground state is
always less than the total mass of its constituents
neutrons and protons. Explain.
16. What do you meant by half-life of aradioactive element?
17. What is meant by radioactive decay?
18. Draw a plot of potential energy of a
pair of nucleons as a
important conclusions which you can draw regarding the naturefunction of their separation. Write two
of nuclear forces.
19. Prove that after 10 half-lives, the mass of a
mass.
radioactive element remains 1/1000 part of its original
20. "X-rays are obtained by electrons and electrons can be produced by X-ray".
brief. Discuss this statement in
21. What is meant by mass-defect' of a nucleons? How is it related with the
nucleus?
binding energy' of the

22. Why are neutrons (and not protons or ct -particles) used to initiate fission?
23. Why is U238 not used as a fuel and U 235 is used in nuclear power plants?
24. Distinguish between nuclear fission and fusion. Explain how the energy is released in both the
processes.

25. The value of e/m of beta particle emitted by a radioactive substance is less than e/m of electrons
flowing in a cathode ray tube. Why?
LONG ANSWERS 4

1. Describe Rutherford's a -particle scattering experiment in brief. How was nucleus discovered from
it?

2. Explain how the size ofa nucleus is estimated from the scattering ofa -particles by heavy nucleus.
3. Describe Rutherford's model of atom and point out its shortcomings. How were theseshort comings
removed by Bohr in his model? Give details.
4. State and explain Bohr'spostulates for hydrogen atom.
5. Write down postulates of Bohr's atomic theory. Prove that radius of nth orbit of electron (r) is
proportional to n'.
6. What do you understand by ionization potential of an atom? Write down formula for the energy of the
diagram for hydrogen. Find the first excitation potential and the
electron in the nth orbit. Drawenergy-level
ionization potential of hydrogen from it.
Write two important
7. Describe Franck and Hertz experiment regarding the energy-levels of atom. the spectrum?
series of the hydrogen spectrum formed which lies in the visible region of
radiation emitted as aresult
8 Obtain, on the basis of Bohr's theory, an expression for the wavelength of
of transition of atom between two energy states.
9. With the help of suitable energy-level diagram, explain the formation of the line emission and line
absorption spectra. Why is the number of lines in the absorption spectrum less as compared to the
emission spectrum?
 10. Explain the formation of Balmer series in
hydrogen spectrum with the help of
Write the formula for the frequency of the lines of this series. energy-leveldiagram.
11. Draw the energy-level diagram for a hydrogen atom,
and explain the origin of Lyman, Balmerand
Paschen series spectral lines . In which regions of the spectrum do these series lie?
12. What are characteristic X-rays? How are they
different from continuous X-rays? Give onedifference.
13. What do you mean by minimum
prove that the shortest wavelengthwavelength
limit X-rays ? If an X-ray tube is operated at V voltthen
of the X-rays emitted will be given by
12375
min
14. What is meant by inter-nuclear forces? What facts
were obtained regarding the nature of theseforces?
15. What are nuclear forces? How are they
produced? Discuss in brief.
16. Compare the properties of the three types of rays found in the
natural radioactivity.
17. What do you understand by radioactive decay? Write the
radioactive decay? Derive the relation N=Noe Rutherford-Soddy law related with
18. Define l curie. Also write the Rutherford-Soddy law of
radioactivity.
19. What is the meant by half-life of a radioactive element? Establish the relation between half- life and
decay (disintegration) constant. Plot a graph showing the no (N) of decayed nuclei as afunction of
time (t) for a given Radioactive sample having half-life Ti2.
20. Explain Half-Life and "Mean-Life Time" for radioactive substances and write the
them. relationbetween
21. Obtain the relation N=Noe-àt for asample of radioactive material having decay constant .. where N
is the number of nuclei present at constant .. Hence obtain the relation between decay constant.and
half-life T2of the sample.
22. Show that the decay rate R of a sample of a radionuclide is related to the number of radioactivenuclei
Nat the same instant by the expression R= N.
23. (a) Draw the plot of binding energy per nucleon (BE/A) as a function of mass number A. Writetwo
important conclusions that can be drawn regarding the nature of nuclear force.
(a) Use this graph to explain the release of energy in both the processes of nuclear fusion and
fission.
(b) Write the basic nuclear process of neutron undergoing B-decay. Why is the detection of
neutrinos found very difficult?
Numericals
1 The energy of an a -particles is 1.2 x 10 J. Up towhat closest distance it can reach the nucleus of
silver (Z = 47)?
2. Determine the nearest distance of approach of an a. -particles of energy 2.5 eVbeing scattered bya
gold nucleus (Z =79).
3 a -particles of 5 MeV are being scattered by a thin copper (Z= 29) foil. Upto what closest distance
these particles can reach the nucleus of copper? If there be protons of same energy, then?
4. The energy of the hydrogen atom in its ground state is -13.6eV. Determine the energy of the energy
level whose quantum number is 2.
5. The energy of hydrogen atom in ground state is -13.6eV. Find the energy of levels for which the
quantum numbers are 1 and 2. How much energy in eV will be emitted or absorbed if the electron
makes transition between these levels?

14
 6. Adifference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an
atom.
emitted when the atom make a transition from the upper level to theWhat is the frequency of radiation
lower level?
7 The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. What are the kinetic and
the electron in this state? potential energies of
8. A hydrogen atom initially in the ground level absorbs a photon,
which excites it to the n = 4 level.
Determine the wavelength and frequency of photon.
9 The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is
the n =2 and n =3 orbits? 5.3x10" m. What are the radii of
10.
The energy of electron revolving in the nth orbit of hydrogen
En =
13-6 atom is expressed by the formula
n2 eV. Find out (i) energy released in transition of an electron from second orbit to first orbit

(i) wavelength of the emitted light in this transition, (ii) energy required for the
ionisation of theatom.
11. Show the transition for the second member of Lyman series of
diagram.Calculate the wavelength of this line (R = 1.1x10'm').hydrogen spectrum on energy-level
12. Calculate the wavelength of the H, and the last lines of the
Balmer series.
13. The energy transition in hydrogen atom takes place from energy-level n = 8 to n
=1. alculate the
wavelength of the emitted photon. To which spectral series will this photon belong? To which part of
electromagnetic spectrum will this photon belong? (R= 1.09x10'mly
14.The wavelength of ayellow line of sodium is 5896Å. Give its wave number.
15. What will be the ratio of the energies of X-ray of wavelength 0.01 Äand 0.5 .
16. In a Coolidge tube, the potential difference between the cathode and the target is 120 kV. What will
be the minimum wavelength of X-ray emitted?
17. What p.d. must be applied across on X-ray tube so that the minimum wavelength of the emitted X
rays be 6.6 ¢?
18. For producing X-ray, electron beam accelerated by a potential difference Vstrikes a target ofmetal.
For which value of V, the minimum wavelength , of emitted X-ray is 0.3094Å?
19. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen atom is about -3.4 eV. (a)
What is the kinetic energy of the clectron in this state? (b) What is the potentialenergy o. the clectron
in this state? (c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the zero of potential
energy is changed?
20. The half-life of radium is 1600years. What fraction of a sample of radium will be disintegrated after
6400 years.
21.The half-life of a nucleus is 20 hours. What fraction of original activity will remain after 60 hours?
22. The half-life of aradioactive substance is 20 minutes. In how much time willits activity drop to th 16

of its initial valse?

23. How long will aradioactive isotope, whose half-life is Tyears, take for its activity to reduce tol/8 of
its initial value? (3T years)
24. The half lifeof radium is 1600years. Inwhat time, 25% of the radium will remain undisintegrated?
25. The half-life of a radioactive element is 693 years. Calculate the decay constant of the material.
26. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for deuteron nucleus, given that the masses of proton,
neutron and deuteron are 1.673x10 kg, 1.675x10 kg and 3.344x10 kg, respectively.
27. Calculate the mass defect and binding energy per nucleon of gO" nucleus. Given: mass of oxygen
nucleus gO°= 15.9949 l u, mass of proton = 1.00728 u, ma_s of neutron = 1.00867u, lu =931 MeV.
28. Obtain the binding energy (in MeV) of anitrogen nucleus N7,given m ( N)=14.00307 u

15
 29. If we form a lithium nucleus (3 Li) by 4 neutrons and 3 protons, then how many
volt of energy will be released? Mass of lithium (aLi) nucleus =7.01436 u. million electron
30. A heavy nucleus X of mass number 240 and binding energy per nucleon 7.6 MeV is split into two
fragments Y and Z of mass numbers 110 and 130. The binding energy of nucleons in Yand Z is 8.5
MeV per nucleon. Calculate the energy Q released per fission in MeV. (216 MeV)

UNIT-V: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

VERY SHORT
1. What are energy bands in solids? Define Valence and conduction band?
2. How does the energy gap in an intrinsic semiconductor vary, when doped with a
impurity? pentavalent
3. Name two impurities that will make pure Sian extrinsic semiconductor.
4. What is meant by p-type semiconductor? What are charge-carriers in them?
5 What is the effect of temperature rise on the resistivity and conductivity of a pure
semiconductor?
6. Which type of extrinsic semiconductor is formed when germanium, or silicon, is doped with indium?
7. What is the magnitude of the potential barrier across a p-n junction?
8. What is depletion region in a p-n junction diode?
9. Name the type of biasing which results in a very high resistance of a p-n junction diode.
10. How does the width of the depletion region of a p-n junction vary, if the reverse bías applied to it
decreases?
11. Draw the [-V characteristic of aZener diode anddefine avalanche breakdown.
12. How does a photo diode used to detect the optical signals?
13. What is the phase difference between the input andoutput signals ofa common-emitteramplifier?
14. Which gate is universal gate and why?
15. Draw the logic symbol of AND gate and give its truth table.
16. Draw the logic symbol of NOT gate and give its truth table.
SHORT ANSWERS 2
1. Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
2. What is meant by the term °doping' of an intrinsic semiconductor? How does it afect theconductivity
of a semiconductor?
3. What is Fermi energy level? What is its position incase of an Intrinsic semiconductor?
4. Why does a pure semiconductor behave like an insulator at absolute zero temperature?
5.
With the help of suitable diagram, explain the formation of depletion region in a p-n junction. How
does its width change when the junction is (i) forward biased, and (i) reverse biased?
6. Explain the formation of 'potential barrier' and 'depletion region' for a p-n junction.
7. Which of the Diodes are forward biased, justify?

-10P

-|oV
 8. Define dynamic resistance' of a p-n junction diode.
9. What is a rectifier?
10. Which diode can act as a voltage regulator? Give its symbol and draw the characteristic curve.
11. Draw a circuit diagram showing the biasing of an LED. State the factor which controls
() wavelength of light. (i) Intensity of light emitted by the diode.
12. State the reason, why Ga As is most commonly used in making of asolar cell.
13. Draw the symbols to illustrate p-n-p and n-p-n transistors. What is the direction of
arrow and where
isit placed in them?
14. Explain why the input resistance ofa transistor is low while the output resistance is high.
15. Write the function of base region of a transistor. Why this region is made thin
and slightly doped?
16. Define Transconductance of atransistor. On what factors does it depend?
17. Define current gains a and ß ofa transistor. How are they related?
18. Draw the logic symbol of OR gate and give its truth table.
19. Draw the logic symbol of AND gate and give its truth table.
20. Draw the logic symbol and write the truth table of NOT gate.
21. Draw the logic symbol of a2-input NAND gate and write its truth table.
22. Draw the logic symbol of a 2-input NOR gate and write its truth table.
23. A logic gate has been obtained by applying the negation (NOT) operation after OR gate. Name the
gate so formed. Give symbol and truth table of this gate.
24. The output of a 2-input AND gate is feà to a NOT gate. Draw the logic circuit of this combination of
gates. Give its logic symbol and write its truth table.
LONG ANSWER 4
1. What are energy bands? How are they formed? Distinguish between conductors (metals), insulators
and semiconductors on the basis of their energy band diagrams.
2. Explain the formation of energy bands insolids. Draw energy banddiagram for (i) a conductor, (i)an
intrinsic semiconductor.
3 How is ap-type semiconductor formed? Name the major charge carriers in it. Draw energy band
diagram of p-type semiconductor.
4. How is an n-type semiconductor formed? What type of charge carriers are there in it? Draw energy
band diagram of a n-type semiconductor.
5 Using the concept of electron and hole currents, derive expression for the conductivity of a
semiconductor.
6 What is the fundamental difference between conductor and semiconductor?
7. What is meant by forward-bias and reverse-bias in the case of p-n junction diode? Give necessary
diagrams. How does current flow in p-n junction diode in forward -biased and reverse-biased?
Explain it.
8. Draw the circuit diagram for a half-wave rectifier using p-n junction diode and explain its working.
9. What is a junction diode? Draw the circuit diagram of afull-wave rectifier usinga p-n junction pure
d.c. voltage?
10. Why does a small current flow through a reverse-biased junction diode? Discuss the working of
junction diode as full-wave rectifier, giving circuit diagram.
11. What is a Zener diode? Draw I-V characteristics and explain briefly breakdown voltage. With the
help of a circuit diagram, explain the use of Zener diode as a voltage stabilizer.
17
 DDiode.
diagram, the principle and working of a Light Emiting
device/ Write
12. Explain with the help ofa schematic material for such a
What criterion is kept in mind while choosing the semiconductor
conventional incandescent lamps.
any two advantages of Light Emitting Diode over configuraion
and working of n-p-n transistor in CE
13. What is a transistor? Describe the construction
expression for Vol tage gain. Explain how input and outpul
With the help of a diagram. Write an transistor amplifier.
voltages are out of phase by 180 for a CE and current
Giving circuit diagram, explain its working
14. Describe the process of a p-n-p transistor. in comparison to triode valve.
flow. Write down two advantages of transistor
amplifier. Explain its working.
15. Draw a circuit diagram of acommon-base transistor

working of a common-emitter p-n-p transistor amplifier as an amplifier, drawing acircuit

16. Explain the
diagram.
labeled circuit diagram, explain how an n-p-n transistor is used to produce self
17. With the help of a
sustained oscillations?
diodes?
one realize OR and AND gate in actual practice by using two p-n junction
18. Howcan gate.
symbols and truth tables of OR, AND gate, NOR gate and NAND
19. Give the logic Table.
equivalent gate for the following circuit and write its Truth
20. Identify the
(NOT A) OR(B ANDC)

Numericals On doping with certain

concentrations of 6 x10 /m.semiconductor
equal electron and hole obtained
1 A semiconductor has to 9x10 /m.) Identify the new
concentration increases
impurity, electron concentration.
Calculate the new hole change in
after doping, (ii) diode is increased from 0.65V to 0.70V, the
across a p-n junction
2.. When the voltage drop What is the dynamic resistance of the diode?
5mA.
the diode current is
the given circuit?
3 Calculate the current through

Dy

30 V 10 2
S10 2
voltage of
configuration. At a collector-emitter
transistor is connected in
common-emitter
The collector-current correspondingly
An n-p-n 100 u4 to 200 u4.
4.
is changed from transistor.
2V,the base- current 16.5mA. Find the current-gain ß ofthe base-current changes by
changes from 9.0mA to common-emitter configuration is 50. The
transistor in emitter-current?
5. The current-gain of a change in the collector-current? What in find the
50 u4. What will
bethe
If the base-current is 250 L4, thencollector
50.
common-emitter amplifier is then what will be the change in the
current -gain of a common-base amplifier,
6. The used as
emitter-current. If it mA?
theemitter-current is changed by 3 is 20 and the emitter-
current is 7
current when current gain
transistor, d.c.
common-emitter mode of a collector-current.
5. In a base-current, and (ii)
mA.Calculate (i)
1