FUNDAMENTALS OF MANAGEMENT

Management :
Management existed ever since man has been organised in to communities.
Whenever people have to work together in groups- to grow crops, to buy and
sell, to wage war, to build a temple etc there was management.
Management is old and universal. It has no agreeged
single definition. The shortest definition is “ Management is getting things
done through people”
Management is the art of effective utilisation of optimum resources for
achieveing goals.
Management is the purposeful and effective use of resources
The three resources are
 Man
 Material
 Money
These are called the three Ms of management
Man power :
The work force used to achieve goal. It is the man who carries out
work ,makes product,sells it and make profit.
Material:
It is the equipments and supplies used for or consumed for achieviing
objectives.
Money:
Something that is accepted as a medium of exchange. It is an essential
instrument for satisfying needs.It is the resources without which the first two
resources would not be available
Careful balance of the above three resources is efficient managemant

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 Administritation V/S Management
Administration is the orderly application of routine procedures
with in the existing rules,regulations and policies. Where as management is
getting things done throgh people to achieve objectives. Management has
certain amount of flexibility to adjust according to the needs of situation.
Management is an art & science
Art Science
Personal application of Systemised body of knowledge pertaining to a
skills perticular field of enquiry
Needs practice to achieve Contains principles & theories developed through
concrete skills continuous observation research and experiment
Creative –in his own Universal
approach and innovation
Needs long period of Can be taught inside and outside a class
experience in achieving
mastery

Management is exercising knowledge through skill . Management

is an oldest art and youngest science.

Essence of management is
To get a work done effectively With in the time allotted With
in minimum expense With maximum output
Functions of management
1. Planning
2. Organising
3. Staffing
4. Directing
5. Coordinating
6. Reporting

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 7. Budgeting
8. Controlling
9. Innovation
Management job may be broken down into functional areas that will
make it possible to clearly see what knowledge and skill a modern manager
needs.
The functions of management can be expressed in short form POSDCORBCI
1. Planning
Core area of all functions.Planning is the fundamental
managerial function.Planning is an attempt to answer the questions before they
arise in real life.
Planning is desiding in advance “what is to be done?” , “Who
has to do it? .” How is to be done?” When is to be done?”, “Where is to be
done?”
This is the first and foremost function of management.
Steps
I. Determining the objective
II. Selecting method of action
III. Sorting short term & long term objectives
IV. Laying out standards of performance
Merits of planning
I. Planning gives a sense of direction
II. Proper planning avoids a situation of drifting & floating aimlessly
III. Saves time energy and manpower
IV. Duplication can be avoided
Planning is a continuous process. Good planning is the
foundation of efficient managemant.
Health Planning

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 It is the process of determining health objectives & assessing
the way by which those objectives can be best achieved.
Steps in planning
 Meet the community
 Identify the problem
 Prioritise
 Planning
 Implimentation
 Evaluation

2. Organising ( Back bone of managemant)

It is the translation of plans into action.Without implimentaion
plans remain theoritical.The manager must carryout plan by organising
resource (Manpower, supplies, transport , finance etc).Organising involves
grouping of activities necessary to accomplish plans & goals.
Steps in organising
 Identifying - What are the main decisions to be implimented at
present

Grouping
Grouping of Grouping of finance Grouping of communication.
manpower ( allocation of (job discription, Establishing
( bringing man funds for carrying relationship to enable people to
power into out plans) work togetherfor achieving the goal)
action)
 Grouping

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 Without efficient organising no management can function smoothly.
3.Staffing
It is the process of putting the right man on the right job. Staffing is
a continuous process.Vacancies arise due to retirement, promotion,transfer,
resignation, death and creation of post.Staff is appointed through PSC,
Deputation , working arrangement, campus recruitment, walk in interview
etc.Candidates are selected by means of test, interview, physical examination,
background investigation, medical examination etc.Skill of a worker increases
by training and proper supervision.
Training is of two types
I. Orientation training : It is the training given to an employee at the
beginning of the job to make him understand the nature of duty and
working environment.
II. Inservice training : It is the training given to employee while he is in
service . It is given to update the latest development in the area of his
work.

4. Directing ( Heart of management)

Directing is desiding what is to be done in a situation and
guiding subordinates to do it.The primary task of any managemant is
maintaining effective functioning of an organisation ,for that the manager has
to influence the people through following sub functions
I. Command : Giving instruction to the people
II. Communication : Give them an idea about the goals of an organisation
and how to accomplish it.
III. Leadership : Should guide and lead the people to achieve objectives.
IV. Motivation: Inspire the behaviour of a person towards improved
performance.
Regular pay alone is not sufficient to keep people work satisfactorily , for
that the following factors are necessary.
a) Work must be interesting

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 b) Working condition and environment should be good
c) Relation amoung the team members and between the team members and
management should be cordial.
We can motivate people to achieve work objectives by the following ways
a) By giving clear instructions, facilities and supplies to work
b) Appreciate good work – Lack of recognition is discouraging
c) Help them to take responsibilities
d) Help them to be trained for better performance
Managing people is more complex than manging materials or
money.To work harmoniously with people demands understanding and
skill.People like to feel useful and appreciated.They become discouraged when
ignored or unjustly criticised. Make people feel that they are
important.Direction is concerned with getting things done. One can plan
organise and staff but nothing is accomplished until people are taught what to
do.
5.Coordination ( Essence of mangement)
Coordination is inter-relating various activities
contributing to the achievement of an objective. Coordination deals with the
task of blending all activities in a unified action to achieve
objectives.Coordination is arranging the work so that the right things are done
at right place at the right time in the right way by the right people.
Steps of coordination
Coordination is the process of integration. Cootdination
among individuals and groups. Cootdination of activitie sof people and
coordination of communication
Coordination check list
I. Coordination of following activities
 What is to be done?
 Where will be the action take place?
 When will be the action?

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  What are the materials and supplies required?
II. Coordination of staff
 Who will take part?
 Who will do what?
 Who will lead?
III. Coordination of communication
 Whether al information available?
 Has the information being communicated to the concerned?
6.Reporting
The manager has to report the progress to his
supervisors regularly.The progress need to be assessed from the reports and
records.
Reporting is a process of giving information regarding
the progress achieved to the higher authority.
Types of report
Oral, By telephone, by fax, message (email,sms) or in written.
Reports becomes records when given in printed form.

Merits of reporting
The management can understand
 Achievement
 Lapses
 Difficullties in carrying out functions
 Corrective actions needed
Reporting system is also known as managemant information

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 system or feed back system of control.Reporting system is helpful to
higher levels of managemant.
7. Budgeting
The word budget is derived from french word ‘ Bougette ‘ means leather
bag. Budget is a quantitative expression of plan of action. Bidget is an
estimate of future needs arranged in an order,covering all the activities for a
definite period of time.
Budget is a financial plan which helps to measure the output of
the coming year.Budget is a tool by which desired changes are made in the
economy.
8. Controlling
Controlling is measuring and correcting the activities of
subordinates to ensure that the work is done according to the standards in the
plans.
Steps
 Setting standards for desired performance
 Comparison of current performance with actual standards
 Taking corrective action
Merits of controlling
 To verify whether the work done is as per plans to ensure proper working
of an organisation
 To arrange training for staff to improve standards of work
 To verify whether the resource provoded are adequate & properly used
 To find out the causes of lapse
 To recognise and reward good wotk

Features of controlling
A good control should be timely,simple,minimal,continuous and flexible.
Methods of controlling

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  Giving instructions describing objectives and target
 Using work shedule
 Visits by supervisor

9.Innovation
A good manager is always an innovator. Manager has to develop new ideas by
himself , combine old ideas into new ones, pick up ideas from other field and
adapt to his own field.
Also acts as a catalyst and stimulate other to develop and carry out innovation.
Management is a creative task rather than an adaptive task.Management must
try to create a new product, a new practice, new ideas and new structure
looking into the needs of future.
All the planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling in practice is
intermingled and is difficult to locate which is performed first and which is next
Actually it is a circular process it is used to accomplish results in any
organisation.

PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Principles are fundamental statements to rule which have value in
predicting the results of a managerial action.Henry fayol introduced 14
principles of management , presently known as “principles of managemant”.
1. Division of work
2. Authority & Responsibility
3. Discipline
4. Unity of comand
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest
7. Remunaration of the personal
8. Centralisation of authority

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 9. Scalar chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12.Stability of tenure
13.Initiative
14.Espirit-de-corps

Division of Work
Means dividing the work among staff
 Ensures quality of work
 Saves time and manpower
 Everyone’s participation is ensured

2. Authority and respobsibility

Authority is the power due to a position.It is thepower to make
decisions.It is also the power to issue orders where asresponsibilityis applicable
to everyone.It is an attitude of fulfilling one’s obligation.The manager and
subordinate should be responsible to there own duties.Authority and
responsibility should be hand in hand.Authority without responsibility will
affect the efficiency of subordinates.Responsibility woithout authority will
affect the quality of work.
3. Discipline
It is an agreement designed to secure obedience.It must
prevail throughout an organisation for smooth functioning. Discipline requires
clear and fair instructions,proper observanceof rules,regulation,norm,values,
code of ethics,good supervision and judicious applicationof penalties.
4. Unity of command
Employees must receive orders from one authority only.There should

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be unity of command in an organisation to avoid chaos and confusion.

5. Unity of direction
There should be one head and one plan for each group of activities
having the same objectives.In other words there should be one common plan for
an organisation.Deviation if any should be identified and paralised
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest
Interestof an individual should not be permitted to superseed upon
the general interest of an organisation.Efforts should be made to reconsile
individual interest with common interest.
7.Remuneration of the personnel
It is the price paid to the employees for the service rendered by
him. It should be fair and bring maximum satisfaction to the employee and the
employer . Remuneration should be fixed taking into account the workload, job
hazard, efficiency and quality of performance.
8.Centralisation of authority
Even though the job authorities and responsibilities are
distributed among officials the supreme authority should be with only one
person. Decentralisation of authority should be on the basis of necessity.
9.Scalar chain
There should be an unbroken line of authority and command throgh all levels
from top to bottom.
10.Order
Everything in an organisation, men, materials should have a proper
place. Disorder affects the efficiency of an organisation.
11.Equity
Manager should deal his subordinates equally. Subordinates should be
treated with kindness and justice
12.Stability of tenure
The workers should have stability of tenure. Employees

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should not be transferred or appointed frequently and unnecessarily. This
adversely affects the efficiency
13.Initiative
It is one of the signs of intelligence and
creativity.Manager should allow the subordinates to exercise their own
initiatives.
14.Esprit de corps
This refers to mutual understanding among members of an
organisation. Unity among the members is foundation of success in an
organisation.
Levels of management
Level Functions
Top level Administrative function sets of objectives
policymaking, frames rules and
regualtions
The intermediate Installation of units, departments,
level selection of staff
Middle level To co-operate to achieve the goals, to
management buildup efficient staff

operating level Gives instruction, guidance, training etc to

management(supervisory level) staff to make the objectives come into
reality

Manpower management ( Personnel management)

Personnel management is skillful use of human resources it is
the process of acquiring developing into any and utilising human resources.It is
the skillful planning of how human capital can be best used to reach the set
goals. Amazing output can be achieved when manpower is properly used by
training developing capacities and proper motivation. Human resource is the
most valuable asset of an organisation.
Steps

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 1. Planning personal needs
2. Recruitment
3. Selecting right people for the job
4. Orientation training
5. Determining wages and salaries
6. Providing benefits and incentives
7. Appraising performance
8. Resolving disputes
9. Communicating with employees at all level

1. Planning personal needs( Job analysis and Job design)

It is a process of accessing the manpower required for
achieving goals.That is the number, quality, qualification and, experience of
the staff required. This is the first step in personal management
2. Recruitment
When manpower requirement are determined
recruitment begins. Recruitment is the process of attracting potential employees
to an organisation. The main aim of recruitment is to create a pool of
candidate from which the required manpower can be selected.
3. Selecting right people for the job
When adequate number of candidates are
obtained through recruitment selection process begins. Selection means choosing
the best candidate for the job from the pool of available candidates.
 Source of selection
Through PSC. By advertisement, through
employment exchange, through campus recruitment personal consultants,
walk in interview.
 Methods of selection
Test, interview, physical fitness examination,

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 background investigation( this is done to check the skills and abilities
which are needed for efficient performance of the job) by working
arrangement by deputation, appointment by transfer, by promotion
4. Orientation training
orientation training or induction training is a process for
increasing the knowledge and skills of people for doing a particular job.
Orientation training is a training given to new employees. it gives the employee
an idea about the policies, procedures, rules and regulations of the
organisation. It helps the employees to get adjusted with the work, working
environment and fellow workers. In service training is given to employee who is
in service to update current development in his field of work
In health
health sector training is necessary to understand the changes in technology,
better understanding of health and emerging diseases
5. Determining wages and salary
It is a process of developing a salary
structure and benefit package to attract ,to hire and to retain an employee in
an organisation Pay should be given to an employee as equitable in comparison
with those others in similar institutions. Should be fair and should give
satisfaction to the employee and employer.
6. Providing benefits and incentives.
It is meant to attract retain and motivate employees in
an organisation
7. Aprising performance
Appraisal involves verifying the present performance with set standards
Appraisal is the basis of identifying the persons who are fit for promotion.
Appraisal of performance as well as character of an employee is considered for
the promotion. Appraisal identifies the deviation in the performance standards
which can be corrected by training or other manner. When quality is maintained
during selection process less is the need for correcting undesirable deviation
from performance standards .
8. Resolving disputes
Disputes among their employees and between the
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 employees and management should be resolved justly. Clean smooth functioning
of an organisation depends upon the unity among the staff and the
management. By creating a healthy environment and interpersonal relationship
among staff minimise conflicts.
9. communicating with employees at all levels
The purpose of communication in an organisation is to
effect change and influence action towards welfare of an organisation. A good
communication system helps in making short-term and long-term plans and
implementing programmes . It is monitoring and evaluation to find out the
lackunae for effective implementation of programme. Communication is necessary
to lead, to direct ,to motivate and create a climate in which people want to
contribute.

Personnel management function

1. Managerial function
 Planning personal needs
 Appraising performance
 Resolving disputes
2. Operating function
 Procurement
 Recruitment
 Selecting the right people for job
 Training
 Proper compensation wages and salaries benefits incentives
and communication

TIME MANAGEMENT

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 Using time effectively is time management. Getting
things done effectively in one’s time . Time management is the key to efficient
working. It is the skill to plan how time is being spent.
How to plant use time according to the work done
Time is a resource. It is available equally
to all. Time is a non renewable resource. It cannot be preserved or purchased.
Why time management is needed
Time management is needed for those who
have
 No time
 Bad time
 Misfortune
 Late attendance
 Absenteeism
 Procrastination
 Pending work
 Tension
 Less hours of sleep and sleeplessness
 Forgetting to do things
 Missing buses regularly
 Over work
 Complaints from family members
 Disorder
 Setting time in watch or clock in advance as answer
Principles of time management
If you follow the principles of time
management noted below you can achieve mastery over time.

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 1. Principles of brevity
Make it a habit to tell your personal things briefly
2. principle of habit
Make it a habit to do things in time.
3. principle of a proper planning
Decide what to do in advance
4. Principles of prioritisation
Prioritise and do things according to importance
5. Principles of effectiveness
Do things in an effective manner to get good results
and to avoid repetition .Have a clear vision about the things you are
going to do at the time available for that.
6. Principal of equal distribution
Try to distribute things time for official as well
as other purposes accordingly
7. Principle of time estimate
Estimate how much time it will take for
completion of task. Plan accordingly
8. Principle of delegation of authority
Delegates duties to other people also
9. Principle of time estimate
Try to analyse how much time you spend on each issue and
make changes if found necessary.
10. Principle of management of exemption
Try to exempt things which you need not want to interfere

TIPS OF TIME MANAGEMENT

 Find out where you are wasting time( Facebook WhatsApp calling simply

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 spending time with peer group)
 Use time management tools
Time tables, alarms reminder etc. You can
remember things in advance making your time management easier.
 Prioritise :
If you have a 20 tasks to do for a day how many of them
you truly need to accomplish then prioritise.
 Learn to delegate or outsource
For effective management of time you can let other
people also to carry some load.
 Get in the habit of setting time limit for task
set a time limit for a task and stick to it.
 Make sure your systems are organised
Filing system,, handling data, studying
notes etc.
 Don't waste time for waiting
 Learn to say NO
NO saves much time
 Unplug when necessary
don't get too much involved.You are not
supposed to be available to all persons in front of you and the art of
getting out smartly
From all the above we
can understand that actually we are not managing the time but we are
modifying a behaviour for its effective management
MATERIAL MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH SERVICES
the aim of material management in
health care system is the delivery of materials for health care in the right
place, at the right quantity, at the right time for effective implementation of

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the programme.For that adequate stock should be maintained.Proper
maintenance of equipment should also be done.
Materials for health care are of 2 types
1. consumables example medicines disposables
2. non consumable (capital)
1. Expendables
2. Non Expendable (example vehicles furniture all hospital equipments bed,
bedding
3. Consumables- materials that are used in short time
STEPS IN MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
The four main steps in material management
are
1. Ordering
2. Storing
3. Issuing
4. Controlling and maintenance
Procedure for material management
1. Ordering
Obtaining the materials required from higher
authorities, stores, shops etc. The list of requirements are prepared from the
knowledge of the past use and estimated present use, make cost, estimates and
place orders (intending)
Last year's Balance if Present Estimate Place order
use any needs

Order form
Sl Name of article Type Quality Price/ unit Total
no
1 Paracetamol Tablet 100000 2.5 ps 2500
2 BP Apparatus Equipments 20 Rs 2000 40000

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 3 Disposable needle Disposables 10000 Rs.3 30000

Quality of materials and equipments required

can be intended in prescribed forms. The help of catalogue can be made used
in preparing orders. Catalogue is a book that contains a list of articles
available for purchase from a certain place
2. Storing
Recording the material received in stock, labelling , keeping the
equipments in store rooms every item received should be taken in to stock, The
drug received from supply agencies should be inspected and checked before
storage for expiry date, colour, consistency of coating tablets, appearance of
liquids VVM for vaccines
 invoice of the materials received should be filed properly
 Most of the drugs should be stored in a cool dry place away from direct
sunlight
 Keep tablets in airtight containers properly labelled in alphabetical order
 Use drugs first which has an early expiry date
 Vaccine should be stored maintaining the prescribed cold chain system
direction
 Place the drugs which has an early expiry date

Equipment
Check the working of the equipments before entering into
stock. Details regarding warranty and AMC (annual maintenance contract)
should be verified
Format for storing drugs
Sl Invoice number& Name of item quantity Cost of the date of name and
no Date of receipt item expiry address of
the
supplier
firm
1 No 234 Paracetamol 100000 Ps.25/ 2.12.2022 M/S DVC
Dt 5.12.2020 unit Pharma

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 New delhi
2 No.255 Polio Vaccine 100Vials Rs 50/ 6.5.2021 Bharath
Dt 6.12.2020 ampule biotech Ltd
Mumbai

Equipment format
Sl Invoice Name of quantity Cost of date of Name and Name and
no number& Date equipment the expiry of address of address of
of receipt item warranty the supplier contact
firm person
1 No 238 BP 12 Ps.2500/ 2.12.2022 M/S Dev
Dt 5.2.2020 Apparatus unit Pharma New
delhi

Issuing material/Equipment
It is a process of giving materials to the required personnal( staff) as
per request. the health worker in charge of each section (treatment room
maternity ward , laboratory etc) is responsible for materials and equipements
under his care.

Points to remember
 Issue should be made only on the basis of request
 It should be recorded in the issue register
 The person who signs the issue register should take care of the apparatus
/ equipment / material he has received
Issue register format
Date of Date of issue Item issued To whome Signature of
request issued receipent
14.03.2020 14.03.2020 BP.Apparatus Revathy Sd/
Staff Nurse

Controlling and maintenance

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 This process involves controlling the use of
consumable items and proper maintenance and repair of non consumable items.
Consumable item should be controlled in order to avoid wastage Non consumable
items/ materials need to be maintained in good working condition.
1. Convince the staff the importance of keeping equipments clean and in
good condition
2. Keep the equipments properly serviced
3. If any repairabl problems are found get it repaired at the earliest
4. If any equipment is found ir-repairable it should be recommended for
condemnation.
Inventory is a list of items that are kept
at a certain place and inventory is used to check the items in stock or the
contents of a building

Maintenance are of two types

1. Preventive maintenance
Maintenance done to prevent a breakdown . Eg:
Annual
maintained of equipment, servicing of vehicles.
2. Breakdown maintenance

Maintenance , done to correct a breakdown. Eg.Small

hospital equipments repair through HER (hospital equipments repair)
units in the department

High end equipments are repaired

through the supplier firms

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

Monitoring and evaluation are two important sub

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functions of management

Monitoring and evaluation are closely related. This helps the manager in
control function. These are the tools of control function. Monitoring means
watching the programme and standards of work in programme. It is overseeing
the programme

Evaluation is the finding out the value of what

has to be done. It measures the degree to which target & objectives are
fulfilled, and the quality of results achieved.

Monitoring Evaluation

Is done frequently or daily during the Cumulative result of monitoring over a

implementation of the programme. It period of time
is one of the managers day to day
responsibility

Done by direct observation, It is the assessment of the quality

discussion, receiving statistics and quantity of work done as an
reporting & recording day to day individual
activities

Meant to oversee ongoing operations concerned with the final outcome

Daily process Periodical process

STEPS OF EVALUATION

1. Measurement of objectives

2. Comparison of the person’s position with the set objective

3. Assessment of progress

4. Decision making as to whether any change is needed

METHODS OF EVALUATION

1. Observation & feedback

2. Review of reports and statistics

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 3. Assigning time schedules

4. Implementation of decision

When to evaluate

1. At the beginning of the programme

2. During the program

3. At the end of the programme

HOW EVALUATION IS HELPFUL IN CONTROL FUNCTION

Evaluation helps to know whether the programme has achieved

set goals and also helps you find out the strength and weakness of the
programme so that steps can be taken to strengthen the weak points

All the health programmes require continuous evaluation to

measure effectiveness of achieving the objectives & to assess the programme
performance. It also measures the knowledge , attitude , behaviour change and
beneficiary satisfaction

Money management
Managing money means gaining control over
spending of money. Effective money management occurs when the objectives are
achieved with minimum effort and cost
Managing money in health
services is a complex and responsible work which is done mainly by accounts
officer or finance officer . A health worker usually have a very little
responsibility of spending money. There are two types of money. Visible money
and invisible money money.
Visible money invisible money
this money is seen or handled This money is not seen or handled
this money is called cash, currency This money is paper credit
or coins
Visible money in small amount is Eg. Cheque, draft, online transaction
called petty cash etc
Plastic money- ATM cards, credit
cards, debit card
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Features of money
 Money is an essential instrument of transaction
 Money has exchange value can be exchanged for goods and services
 Money has a symbolic appeal,it stands for prestige and power
 Helps to fulfill values of life like education, charity, social service it
gives strength to save poor, build up nationals and economic
development
 Money is a motivator but money is not always a motivator

Finance
Finance is the science of money management and it is an
out of rising and spending money
Finance
Budgetting Accounting Auditting
It is estimate of future It is a system of Auditing the process of
needs. It is the financial keeping and recording of ensuring whether the
plan of aquicision and all financial transactions expenditure of one's
distribution of money expenditure is done by
observing the rules and
regulations which covers
the expenditure

POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE HANDLING GOVERNMENT MONEY

 The money allotted for a specific purpose should be spend for the
purpose only
 A register should be kept for recording the details of amount allocated
and its expenditure
 All receipts regarding expenditure should be filed and kept properly
 Petty cash should be spent in support of petty cash voucher.These
vouchers should be numberd and filed in order. A petty cash register

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 should be maintained.
 If we get services of a person on payment,a receipt should be obtained
from that person for amount paid for his services
 Government cash in small amount should be kept under lock and key .
Big amount should be deposited in authorised banks and withdrawn
through cheque as and when required.
 Government money should not be kept in hand. every Government money
transaction is subjected to audit .
 Government money can be insured against theft
 In any case government money is found stolen from an institution that
fact should be reported by the to the nearest police station and higher
authorities immediately
Actually govt money is a trust and it should be
spend for the purpose of good of the society and not for personal gain of
any individual Whenever we spend money for their purpose make sure that
the money is paid for the purpose already specified.If any changes purpose
is required it should be informed to the group. Keep a good accounting
system properly record the expenditure.

Cash voucher
Cash voucher is a receipt received from a person for goods or
serveces
TEAM WORK
Team work is the work done by a group of people for a common goal.
Team
Team is a group of people working together to achieve a common
goal.
Group
Group is a collection of people. They need not have a common goal.

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Health team
Health team is a group of people working together to provide healthcare to
individuals and community. Health team includes medical officer, nurses medical
attendance, community health workers, cleaners, drivers etc.
Health team consists of a group
of people with different levels of knowledge and abilities. Persons who
compliment each other and share a common goal. The abilities of the members
can be utilised for implementation of health programs.

Features of team
 A team consists of a group of persons
 All persons coming from different disciplinary have different
personalities different levels of knweledge abilities by which they
compliement eachother.
 The members should have good interpersonal communication and
coordination
 Tthey should have faith in each other
 They should put aside individual differences to groups interest.
 All share a common goal.
 We feeling is to be kept for the success of the team

Advantages (benefits) of team work

 Economy of time
 Economy of energy or manpower
 Utilisation individual skills
 We feeling or team spirit avoides conflicts
 Avoid burden of over work, hatred and escapism

Team leader
The person who leads a team to achieve a

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common goal.
Qualities of a team leader
1. Ability to bring together the members of the team to share their
potential
2. Self confidence
3. Good communication skills
4. Good decision-making capacity
5. Emotional stability
6. Equality to all members
7. Make final decision in consultation with the members
8. Ability to develop team spirit among members
9. Ability to maintain harmony among members
10. Ability to develop joint responsibility both on success and failure
11. Good cordonation skill
12.The team leader should also work along with the members
LEADERSHIP
Leadership Is getting other people to follow you and to make
them do the things you want to do.Leadership is the ability to persuade others
so that people work enthusiastic to achieve the goals. From the above definition
it is clear that leading is a process of influencing a group of people to work
for goals. The most effective manager will be the most effective leader.

Leader
Leader is an agent who leads a group to achieve goals.
Factors involved in the ability to lead
 Insight into human behaviour

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  Decision-making ability
 Ability to plan, organise, directing
 Ability to face problems
 Good communication skills
What are the points that a leader should understand about human behaviour
which will enable you to have an influence on subordinates
 No two persons are alike. Each person has different levels of knowledge,
skill, potential , and emotions.
 People always try to uphold their dignity.Leader should never violate the
dignity of subordinates
 People have different roles to play in society they are not mearly the
workers of the manager the leaders has to understand the different roles
that the people have to assume in social system.
 Empathize others .Always think how this act would have affected you if
you were in their side
Types of leadership
Leadership
Autocratic or Democratic or Laissezfair
authoritarian participatory

Autocratic or authoritarian leader

One who comands. Expects compliance from his
subordinates. He focuses only on the work alone.He sets the objectives and
pushes them to get the work done. He thinks that he is the one to give orders
and the staff should obey them. This leadership is negative because the
subordinates remain uninformed.They feel insecure and remain affried of the
leader.

Merits and advantages of autocratic or authoritarian leadership

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  Decisions can be taken quickly
 Some people who workes simply out of fear of punishment they remain
disciplined and get the task done in time
This type of leadership is found in
military paramilitary and some government organisations
Demerits or disadvantages
 The abilities of members of the group cannot be fully utilised.
 The members cannot take decisions in the absence of a leaders as they
are groomed so
2.Democratic or participatory leader
This leader consults with subordinates on proposed
actions and decisions. He encourages participation from them.This is the most
popular form of leadership. This leaders also listen to the subordinates opinion
and encourages them to contribute their ideas and helps them to improve their
skills.This leaders gives them responsibilities
Merits and advantages
 Under this type of leadership the members feel that they belong to a
team and will work hard.
 Members will be more motivated as they can contribute their ideas
 Quality of decision taken will be improved as the ideas and experiences
of the entire group is taken into account.
 All members feel that they are important in the group
Demerits or disadvantages
 Quick decision making is not possible
 This type is not suitable for situations where confidential decisions are to
be taken
3.Lazzisfair leaders
Derived from the french word meaning let go ( free ride). This
type of leader is not really a leader at all . He leaves to his subordinates
the task of planning, organising and executing work as they like.He is a person
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who is reluctant to play the role of a leader. This leadership works where every
individual knows about his assignments and has adequate knowledge and skill to
carry out his duties independently. Here the leader acts as one to gives
financial, infrastructurel and information support. The computer software
development companies are working on this type of leadership. Each
programmer or system analysist is usually highly competent professional and
carries out his work willingly and only getting the financial support from the
project leader.
Advantages and merits
That it's ideal for highly intellectual group where both the other
leadership styles won’t workout
Disadvantages/demrits
These type of leadership fails to give a leader inspired
mottivation.

Qualities of a leader
1. Dedication
2. Knowledge both technical and intelectual
3. Acceptability
4. Intelligence
5. Ability to face problems
6. Honesty
7. Sincerity
8. Ability to plan organise and implement
9. Ability to delegate duties
10. Good decision making capacity
11. Good health
12.Approachability
13.Enthusiasm

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 14.Optimism
15.Loyalty
16. Able to develop team spirit
17.Self-confidence
18.Good communication skill
19.Good vision
20. Good insight into human relations
21.Ability to motivate team members
22. Control of temper
Importance of leadership
Man is a social being hence it is easy to achieve things
while working together rather than alone. When a single person strives to
achieve goal, the group achieves it easily. Each group needs a leader to lead
and co-ordinate the efforts of members of the team.
Leader is a person who can influence
and motivate the members of a group.He is the agent who communicates with
the higher authorities regarding the needs of the team.The higher authorities
can also communicate to the team about the policies and decisions through the
leader. The leader is a person who takes decisions for the team members who
remains calm and timid to present their problems publicly can approach a
leader for the solutions. Hense the leader acts as a planner, organiser
coordinator, motivator and also a bridge between the higher authorities and
subordinates.

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