SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION

DEPARTMENT OF ECE
1152EC151- NEXT GENERATION MOBILE NETWORKS

CO1: Describe and explain the evolution of 5G, system concepts and spectrum challenges

UNIT I DRIVERS FOR 5G

Historical Trend for Wireless Communication - Mobile Communications Generations:
1G to 4G Evolution of LTE Technology to beyond 4G Pillars of 5G Standardization
Activities -Use cases and Requirements System Concept Spectrum and Regulations:
Spectrum for 4G Spectrum Challenges in 5G Spectrum Landscape and Requirements
Spectrum Access Modes and Sharing Scenarios

Historical trends in Wireless Communication

The history of the wireless communications started with the understanding of magnetic and
electric properties observed during the early days by the Chinese, Roman and Greek cultures
and experiments carried out in the 17th and 18th centuries. A short history of wireless
communication is presented in the tabular form:

Yea Description
r

1880 Hertz-Radio Communication

1897 Marconi- Radio Transmission

1933 FCC (Federal Communication Commission)

1938 FCC rules for regular services

1946 Bell telephone laboratories 52 MHz

1956 FCC - 450MHz (Simplex)

1964 Bell telephone active research 800 MHz

1964 FCC - 450 MHz (Full Duplex)

1969 FCC - 40 MHz bandwidth

1981 FCC ? release of cellular land phone in the 40 MHz

 1982 At & T divested and Server RBOC (Regional Bell Operation Companies) formed to
manage the cellular operation.

1984 Most RBOC market in operations

1986 FCC allocates 5MHz extended band.

1988 TDMA voted as digital cellular standard in North America.

1992 GSM (Group Special Mobile) operable Germany D2 system.

1993 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

1994 PDCC (Personal Digital Cellular Operable) in Tokyo, Japan

1995 CDMA operable in Hong Kong

1996 Six Broad Band PCS (Personal Communication Services) licensed bands (120 MHz)
almost reader 20 billion US dollar

1997 Broad band CDMA constructed and of the 3rd generation mobile.

1999 Powerful WLAN systems were evolved, such as Bluetooth. This uses 2.4 MHz
spectrum.

Generations of Wireless Communication

1G
o This is the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications, which was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979.
o The main technological development in this generation that distinguished the First
Generation mobile phones from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell
sites, and the ability to transfer calls from one site to the next site as the user travelled
between cells during a conversation.
o It uses analog signals.
oIt allows the voice calls in one country.
Disadvantages
o Poor quality of voice
o Poor life of Battery
o Size of phone was very large
o No security
o Capacity was limited
o Poor handoff reliability
2G
o This is the second generation of mobile telecommunication was launched in Finland
in 1991.
o It was based on GSM standard.
o It enables data transmission like as text messaging (SMS - Short Message Service),
transfer or photos or pictures (MMS ? Multimedia Messaging Service), but not
videos.
o The later versions of this generation, which were called 2.5G using GPRS (General
Packet Radio Service) and 2.75G using EDGE (Enhanced data rates for GSM
Evolution) networks.
oIt provides better quality and capacity.
Disadvantages
o Unable to handle complex data such as Video
o Requires strong digital signals
3G
o 3G is the third generation was introduced in early 2000s.
o The transmission of data was increased up to 2Mbits/s, which allows you to sending
or receiving large email messages.
o The main difference between 3G and 2G is the use of packet switching rather than
circuit switching for data transmission.
o Faster communication
o High speed web or more security
o Video conferencing
o 3D gaming
oTV streaming, Mobile TV, phone calls etc. are the features of 3G.
Disadvantages
o Costly
o Requirement of high bandwidth
o Expensive 3G phones
o Size of cell phones was very large.
4G
o 4G is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunication which was appeared in
2010.
o It was based on LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE advanced standards.
o Offer a range of communication services like video calling, real time language
translation and video voice mail.
o It was capable of providing 100 Mbps to 1Gbps speed.
o High QoS (Quality of Service) and High security.
o The basic term used to describe 4G technology is MAGIC. Where :
M - Mobile multiedia
A - Anytime anywhere
G - Global mobility support
I - Integarted wireless solution
C - Customized personal service
Disadvantages
o Uses more battery
o Difficult to implement
o Expensive equipment are required
5G
o It is refered to fifth generation wireless connection which will be probably
implemented by 2020, or even some years earlier.
o Machine to machine communication can be possible in 5G.
o 5G will be able to performs Internet of Things (IoT) for smart home and smart city,
connected cars etc.
o This generation will be based on lower cost, low battery consumption and lower
latency than 4G equipment.
o There will be much fater transmission rate of data to the previous versions. Thus the
speed of 5G will be 1Gbit/s.
Evolution of LTE Technology to Beyond 4G
LTE stands for Long Term Evolution and it was started as a project in 2004 by
telecommunication body known as the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). SAE
(System Architecture Evolution) is the corresponding evolution of the GPRS/3G packet core
network evolution. The term LTE is typically used to represent both LTE and SAE.
LTE evolved from an earlier 3GPP system known as the Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS), which in turn evolved from the Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM). Even related specifications were formally known as the
evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) and evolved UMTS terrestrial radio access
network (E-UTRAN). First version of LTE was documented in Release 8 of the 3GPP
specifications.
A rapid increase of mobile data usage and emergence of new applications such as MMOG
(Multimedia Online Gaming), mobile TV, Web 2.0, streaming contents have motivated the
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to work on the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) on
the way towards fourth-generation mobile.
The main goal of LTE is to provide a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized
radioaccess technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments. Same time its network
architecture has been designed with the goal to support packet-switched traffic with seamless
mobility and great quality of service.
LTE Evolution
Year Event

Mar 2000 Release 99 - UMTS/WCDMA

Mar 2002 Rel 5 - HSDPA

Mar 2005 Rel 6 - HSUPA

Year 2007 Rel 7 - DL MIMO, IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)

November 2004 Work started on LTE specification

January 2008 Spec finalized and approved with Release 8

2010 Targeted first deployment

 LTE is the successor technology not only of UMTS but also of CDMA 2000.
 LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 times performance improvement and
much better spectral efficiency to cellular networks.
 LTE introduced to get higher data rates, 300Mbps peak downlink and 75 Mbps peak
uplink. In a 20MHz carrier, data rates beyond 300Mbps can be achieved under very
good signal conditions.
 LTE is an ideal technology to support high date rates for the services such as voice
over IP (VOIP), streaming multimedia, videoconferencing or even a high-speed
cellular modem.
 LTE uses both Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
mode. In FDD uplink and downlink transmission used different frequency, while in
TDD both uplink and downlink use the same carrier and are separated in Time.
 LTE supports flexible carrier bandwidths, from 1.4 MHz up to 20 MHz as well as both
FDD and TDD. LTE designed with a scalable carrier bandwidth from 1.4 MHz up to
20 MHz which bandwidth is used depends on the frequency band and the amount of
spectrum available with a network operator.
 All LTE devices have to support (MIMO) Multiple Input Multiple Output
transmissions, which allow the base station to transmit several data streams over the
same carrier simultaneously.
 All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP based, including the
backhaul connection to the radio base stations. This is great simplification compared
to earlier technologies that were initially based on E1/T1, ATM and frame relay links,
with most of them being narrowband and expensive.
 Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism have been standardized on all interfaces to
ensure that the requirement of voice calls for a constant delay and bandwidth, can still
be met when capacity limits are reached.
 Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems utilizing existing 2G and 3G spectrum and
new spectrum. Supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks.
Advantages of LTE
 High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in both downlink as well as
uplink. This causes high throughput.
 Low latency: Time required to connect to the network is in range of a few hundred
milliseconds and power saving states can now be entered and exited very quickly.
 FDD and TDD in the same platform: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time
Division Duplex (TDD), both schemes can be used on same platform.
 Superior end-user experience: Optimized signaling for connection establishment and
other air interface and mobility management procedures have further improved the
user experience. Reduced latency (to 10 ms) for better user experience.
 Seamless Connection: LTE will also support seamless connection to existing
networks such as GSM, CDMA and WCDMA.
 Plug and play: The user does not have to manually install drivers for the device.
Instead system automatically recognizes the device, loads new drivers for the
hardware if needed, and begins to work with the newly connected device.
 Simple architecture: Because of Simple architecture low operating expenditure
(OPEX).
LTE - QoS
LTE architecture supports hard QoS, with end-to-end quality of service and guaranteed bit
rate (GBR) for radio bearers. Just as Ethernet and the internet have different types of QoS, for
example, various levels of QoS can be applied to LTE traffic for different applications.
Because the LTE MAC is fully scheduled, QoS is a natural fit.
Evolved Packet System (EPS) bearers provide one-to-one correspondence with RLC radio
bearers and provide support for Traffic Flow Templates (TFT). There are four types of EPS
bearers:
 GBR Bearer resources permanently allocated by admission control
 Non-GBR Bearer no admission control
 Dedicated Bearer associated with specific TFT (GBR or non-GBR)
 Default Bearer Non GBR, catch-all for unassigned traffic

PILLARS OF 5G

1. Millimetre Waves

Most of the electronic devices in our home operate on radio frequency (RF) waves, which lie
under 6GHz. With more devices getting connected to the internet each day, this frequency
band is starting to get overcrowded, leading to problems like slow internet speeds, high
latency, and more dropped connections. To solve these problems, researchers are
experimenting with using shorter millimeter RF waves that typically fall between the range of
30-300GHz. The reason for using this range of RF spectrum is that it has never been used
before, which means it has a very huge bandwidth to offer for the numerous devices that we
have on the internet.
2. Small Cell

Though the use of millimeter waves might solve low-bandwidth or other related problems, it
has its own set of problems that researches need to find a way out of. To understand how
small cells work, let’s consider an existing problem with using RF waves of higher
frequencies – a lot of us might be aware that the Wi-Fi we use to connect to the internet uses
two frequency bands, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. In most of the cases, we use 2.4 GHz frequency
band on our connections (enabled by default), as lower-frequency waves tend to have more
range than higher-frequency waves. The problem with millimeter waves is similar to this
problem, since, we are using high-frequency RF waves which are weak (have short range)
and do not possess enough potential to travel across long distances without getting attenuated.

However, researches have found a way around this, which involves installing thousands of
low-powered mini base stations close to each other as compared to traditional wireless
stations, creating a relay network and jumping off the signals to cover long distances. Just
like millimeter waves cannot travel over long distances they also fail to penetrate objects like
buildings, trees, clouds, etc. which causes signals to bounce off these objects and get lost. To
address this problem, small cell antennas located at close proximities would actually come in
handy, as they would switch user’s base stations when they come across an obstructing-object
to provide a seamless and uninterrupted experience.

3. Massive MIMO (Massive Input Massive Output)

The present 4G network uses base stations with a dozen ports for antennas, out of which it
has eight ports for transmitting and four ports for receiving. On the other hand, the new 5G
standard can support about a hundred ports to fit more antennas on a single array, which
would increase the network capacity by allowing it to send and receive signals with more
users.

In a nutshell, MIMO or multiple-input multiple-output relates to wireless networks that

utilize two or more transmitters or receivers to send and receive data. With numerous base
stations nearby and a lot of traffic going in-and-out of base stations, there is a huge possibility
of signal interference, which could lead to a lot of attenuation and distortion.

4. Beamforming

To counter the problem of signal attenuation and distortion caused due to omnidirectional
signal broadcasting by hundreds of ports used on the MIMO powered base stations,
researchers have come up with another technology, called beamforming. Similar to the traffic
signals which prevent people from colliding into each other by allowing them to take turns to
cross the road, beamforming does the same thing, but with network signals and packets. It
focuses a signal-beam directly towards a user instead of broadcasting it in all directions while
simultaneously creating a pattern of transmitting signals so that more number of users can be
served at the same time without any loss of signal. For this, it utilizes algorithms on base
stations to send multiple packets across the region by bouncing them off the surrounding
objects to provide the best signal route and hence serve a lot of users using the MIMO
technology without any attenuation and distortion.

5. Full Duplex

The present base stations used in 4G networks are capable of communicating in half-duplex,
which is a type of communication in which the connected parties take turns to communicate
with each other. The problem with this type of communication is that it does not support
allows simultaneous communication between the connected parties (full-duplex
communication). Due to this, the base station either send or receive signals at a particular
time to avoid interference. Until now, there have been two solutions to combat this problem:
‘using different frequencies’ and ‘turn-by-turn operation’.

However, with the new 5G network that utilizes millimeter waves, researchers have to find a
way to route incoming and outgoing signals so that they don’t collide with each other. For
this, researchers have come up with switches (made up of transistors) that momentarily de-
route a signal to prevent collision and interference. And just like other technologies that have
some drawbacks, full-duplex is no different and has its own drawback – sending and
receiving signals using the same antenna can lead to what is called pesky echo, and to
overcome this issue there needs to be some way to create a pesky echo-free network.

With the 5G connection, technologies like AR, VR, and IoT are expected to rise and become
more mainstream and easy-to-use, which would otherwise not be plausible. To understand the
use case of 5G in the advancement of these technologies, let’s consider a scenario where a
doctor needs to perform an operation on a patient located half-way across the world. For
which, he uses VR devices and robotic assistant located near the patient. To make this
operation successful, there is an absolute need to have a lag-free network, so that there is no
latency between the time when the doctor sends in a command or operation, and the time the
robots take to intercept and perform the operation on the patient.

In addition to advancements in AR, VR, and IoT, the other major advantages that one can
straightaway expect with a 5G network over existing network connection are-

1. High-speed internet
2. Low-latency interface
3. Improved machine communication

Currently, 5G is being developed and tested for launch by the year 2020, with compatible
devices expected to start coming in at the end of the same year, and the network being
available widespread across the world by 2025.

5G STANDARDIZATION
5G Protocol standardization is the process of tailoring the 5G technology to serve the

market requirements and even more, by introducing new applications and services besides the

traditional services introduced by the initial mobile networks such as 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G.

The 5G standardization process has been a responsibility of OTSA (Open Trial Specification
Alliance), which was tasked to accelerate the standardization and commercial deployment
process of 5G. The standardization process adopted new 5G technologies such as New Radio
(NR) and NextGen Core, while some stemmed from the initial mobile technologies such as
Long Term Evolution (LTE).
Overview

 Introduction to 5G protocol standardization

 5G networking mode
 Development of uRLLc and mMTC
 5G Network security
1) Introduction to 5G protocol standardization

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) Releases

3GPP comprises of several Releases, among which are;

 R99.
 Rel-4 to Rel-16.
 The newly proposed Rel-17 and Rel-18.

Rel-14 and all the initial releases define the previous mobile networks such as 4G, 3G, 2G,
and 1G. LTE is defined from Rel-8, LTE-A is from Rel-10, and LTE-A Pro is from Rel-12,
to mention just but few recent releases.

3GPP 5G Releases

5G is defined in 3GPP Release 15 (Rel-15) and Release 16 (Rel-16), which constitute the
following:

1. NextGen Core (NGC) network.

2. New Radio (NR).
3. LTE Advanced Pro Evolution.
4. EPC Evolution.

Among the 5G, new technologies are New Radio and NextGen Core network.
Other technologies that have been improved from some of the preceding Releases of 3GPP
are EPC Evolution and LTE Advanced pro Evolution.

Below is the description of the Releases of 5G:

Rel-15

It is popularly considered the basic version of 5G.

It is phase 1 of the 5G system that implemented the following improvement on NR:

Construct the NR technical framework

 New waveform - the F-OFDM technology is used.

 Coding modulation and channel.
 Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) - supports up to 64T64R.
 Numerology, frame structure - refers to the change of the timeslot length and frame
structure caused by different subcarrier spacing.
 Flexible duplex - the uplink and downlink configurations are flexible. Also, the uplink
and downlink can be included in the same timeslot.

Network architecture ready

 Non-standalone/Standalone.
 Uplink and downlink decoupling.
 CU-DU high-level segmentation.

Industry basic design

 URLLc (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication).

The implementation of the 5G protocol in Rel-15 underwent a transition through stages,

which was split into three stages, as outlined below:

Early Rel-15 drop: This stage focused on the third architecture option, also known as non-
standalone NR (NSA NR). It employed the use of an LTE-A system of LTE base stations
(called eNB) added to NR base stations (called gNB) and an Evolved Packet Core network
(EPC) without any involvement of 5G core network (NGC). This phase of the Rel-15
standard was frozen in Dec 2017.

Regular Rel-15 freeze: This stage focused on the standalone NR architecture option 2, a
connection of NR base stations (called gNB) to the 5G core network (called NGC) without
involving any LTE. Apart from option 2 architecture, the option 5 architecture was also
completed in this phase; this phase of the Rel-15 standard was frozen in June 2018.

Late Rel-15 drop: This stage focused on architecture option 4, which employs the
deployment of an LTE base station to a Standalone NR network such that the control plane is
managed via the NR base station. Also, architecture option 7, which employs the deployment
of an LTE base station to a Standalone NR network such that the control plane is managed
via the LTE base station together with NR-NR dual connectivity. This phase of the Rel-15
standard was frozen in Dec 2018.

Rel-16

Rel-16 is phase 2 of the 5G system, which considered the following New Radio
improvement: Continuously improve NR competitiveness by implementing;

 Self-backhaul and integration with access for NR.

 EMBB sub6GHz enhancement.
 New multiple access, such as SCMA.

Pioneering industry digitalization

 URLLc enhancement.
 MMTC (Massive Machine Type Communication).
 D2D - A device can communicate with another device without a network.
 V2X - the vehicle to everything technology with NR side link.
 Unlicensed.

The freeze of Rel-16 stage 3 took place in June 2020.

2) 5G networking mode

5G Phase 1.1 launched 5G non-standalone networking architecture (NSA), which uses a

combination of NR and EPC together with the MSA (Multiple Stream Aggregation)
technologies to facilitate collaboration between the two modes.

MSA enables a terminal to use multiple base stations of different or the same standards for
data transmission.

In NSA, NR has an independent user plane but not the control plane.

5G Phase 1.2 launched the 5G independent network architecture, i.e., Stand-Alone (SA),
employing NR and NGC networks.
The features of this SA architecture are:

 Supporting new services such as uRLLc and mMTC.

 Require the deployment of NGC, and the deployment period is long.
 Decoupling from the existing 4G network.
 Requiring continuous coverage for 5G base stations.
3) Development of uRLLC and mMTC

The improvement in Rel-15 functions to Rel-16 provides a complete uRLLc low latency and
highly reliable capabilities.

URLLC service explores the industry’s network requirements and further improves
standards, technologies, and deployment specifications. Some major applications of this
advantage are the Internet of Things (IoT), virtual reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality,
and many more.

In mMTC, 5G will coexist with NB/eMTC, which may be improved in the future NR system.

Other applications, such as NB IoT/eMTC technology, are still evolving.

4) 5G network security

The goal of 5G network security is to protect user data and enable network resilience and
business continuity. To ensure this, 5G has designed security measures that address many of
the threats faced in today’s 4G/3G/2G networks and meet network security demands.

Some of the demands on network security are as follows:

 Availability: The identification of illegal attacks and reduction of their impact.

 Traceability: Recording of operations for security audit and problem identification.
 Integrity and Confidentiality: Protection of user privacy information, user
communication data, and operator’s principal data.

The security measures try to ensure the above by implementing the following:

 Enhanced security.
 Stronger security on the air interface; the user plane has integrity protection by anti-
alter, unlike 4G that is prone to user plane attack.
 User privacy protection such that the users’ IMSI is encrypted, unlike 4G, transmits
user IMSI in plaintext.
  Improved interconnection security by implementing end-to-end protection between
PLMNs, unlike 4G that is similar to SS7 attacks.
 Improved cryptographic algorithm using a 256-bit cryptographic algorithm vis-a-vis
4G that uses a 128-bit cryptographic algorithm.

USE CASES:
The most relevant 5G use cases are presented. Further, the challenges and requirements for
each of these are named. 5G will become a cornerstone in many of the economic sectors. It
should be noted that the list of use cases is far from being exhaustive. Only the most relevant
ones from technical and business perspective are given. Finally, some of the use cases can be
considered as a set of use cases (e.g. smart city or public safety).

Autonomous vehicle control

Autonomous vehicle control enables the autonomous driving of vehicles; see Figure
This is an emerging trend having various potential impacts on society. Autonomous driving
may, for instance, assist humans and bring a number of benefits such as better traffic safety
by avoiding accidents, lower stress and the possibility for drivers to concentrate on other
Productive activities (e.g. working in the vehicle).
Autonomous vehicle control requires not only vehicle-to-infrastructure communication
but also vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-people and perhaps vehicle-to-sensors, which may be
installed on the roadside. These connections need to provide a very low latency and high
reliability for vehicle control signalling, which is critical for safe operation. Although such
signalling would typically not require high bandwidth, higher data rates will be necessary if
an application requires exchanging video information among vehicles, for example, to enable
controlled fleet driving for a group of cars to quickly adapt to dynamic changes in the
surrounding environments. Besides, high mobility is required for supporting possibly fast-
moving vehicles, and full coverage is needed in case of completely unattended control.
Emergency communication
In an emergency situation it is crucial for a user to have a reliable network that can help the
user to be rescued and thereby survive, as illustrated in Figure 2.1(b). Obviously, this need
still holds even if parts of the network have been damaged in a disaster. In some cases,
temporary rescue nodes may be brought in to assist in the damaged network. User devices
may be given relaying functionality in order to support and/or assist other devices to reach
the network nodes that are still operational. Here, it is typically of highest importance to
locate the survivor positions in order to get them into safety A high availability and energy
efficiency are the critical requirements in emergency communication. A high availability in
the network enables a large discovery rate among the survivors. A reliable setup and call
establishment ensures that one can maintain contact with the survivor after the discovery
phase. In addition, throughout
the search it is desirable to keep the energy consumption of the survivor’s devices at a
minimum to prolong the timespan in which it is still possible to detect survivors via the
network.

Factory cell automation

In a factory, cell automation consists of devices in an assembly line communicating with
control units with a sufficiently high reliability and sufficiently low latency to be able to
support life-critical applications. Figure In fact, many industrial manufacturing applications
require very low latency and high reliability. Although only small payloads have to be sent
and mobility is usually not the main issue, it is essential to satisfy such stringent latency and
reliability requirements that are beyond the current wireless network capabilities. That is why
the communication system for industry production is usually realized by a fixed line network
today. However, this can be prohibitively expensive in many cases (e.g. when dealing with
remote locations), and thus there is a clear need for 5G wireless technologies with very low
latency and high reliability.

High-speed train
When traveling in a high-speed train (see Figure 2.1(d)), passengers would want to utilize the
on-board time for their usual activities in a similar way as when they are at home. Examples
are watching high-quality video, gaming or working via remote access to office clouds and
virtual reality meetings. With trains traveling at a high speed, it may be challenging to satisfy
requirements for these services without significant degradation of user experience.
The most relevant requirements for high-speed trains are experienced user throughput and
end-to-end latency that are satisfactory for passengers to enjoy various services.

Large outdoor event

Some large-scale outdoor events that are held temporarily in a certain area can be visited by a
significant amount of people in a limited time period; Figure . Such events include, for
example, sports, exhibitions, concerts, festivals, fireworks and so on. Visitors typically want
to take high-resolution photos and videos and share them with their family and friends in real
time. Since so many people are concentrated in a specific area of the event, the aggregated
traffic volume can be enormously large. The network is highly under-dimensioned since the
density of users in such an area is usually much lower unless there is such an event. Thus, the
critical requirements for crowded outdoor events are to provide average experienced user
throughput that is sufficient for video data and to accommodate the large traffic volume
density for the high connection density in this crowded setting that may correspond to
multiple users per square meter. Besides, the outage probability should be as low as possible
for realizing a highly satisfactory user experience.

Massive amount of geographically spread devices

A system that is able to collect relevant information to and from a massive number of
geographically spread devices can make use of that information in various ways to improve
the end-user experience; see Figure 2.1(f). Such a system can keep track of relevant data and
perform tasks and make decisions based on the received and collected input, e.g. providing
surveillance, monitoring critical components and assisting in information sharing. One
possible way to collect the information to and from the massive number of locations is by the
use of sensors and actuators. However, it is challenging to make such solution feasible. As
the number of devices will be very high, each device needs to be of very low cost and have a
long battery life. Further, the generated traffic from all the massive number of locations with
small amounts of data communicated at various occasions needs to be handled efficiently in
order not to smother the system with interference.

Media on demand
Media on demand is simply about an individual user’s desire to be able to enjoy media
content (such as audio and video) at any preferred time and location; see Figure, The user
location may range from various places in the city or at home, where one might want to select
and see one of the latest movies online. At home, the movies may be viewed on a large TV
screen where the wireless device is either a smartphone or a wireless router that forwards the
video to the TV screen. A challenging situation appears when a large number of users located
in a certain area want to watch their own unique media contents at the same time. For
example, residential users in close proximity may want to watch individually selected movies
during the evening hours at home.
Significantly high data rates are required in order to provide media contents with great user
experience. This type of on demand media traffic is typically downlink-dominated, while the
uplink is used mainly for application signalling. The absolute media starting delay, i.e. the
delay from when the media content is requested to the point when the user can start
consuming the media, may not be the most crucial requirement. Here, up to a few seconds
may in fact be acceptable, though any reduction in delay is of course desirable. However,
once the media application is up and running, the user is much more easily annoyed with
interruptions. Therefore, a low latency is still required to be able to quickly get up to the
speed after possible link interruptions. The high availability is required to widely provide
services to as many users as possible, regardless of their location.
Remote surgery and examination
The examination and surgery of a patient can potentially be performed remotely; Figure, In
some crucial moments in life, the fraction of a second might make the difference between life
and death. To be able to trust wireless technology in such moments, it is of outmost
importance to have reliable connection. If, for example, a doctor is performing remote
surgery on a patient, the system needs to be able to react almost instantly in order to save the
patient’s life. Furthermore, remote surgery also offers opportunities for patients in isolated
areas to receive healthcare services in a timely and cost-efficient manner. A very low end-to-
end latency and ultra-reliable communications are required for enabling such critical
healthcare services, since it is essential to instantly provide the condition of patients (e.g.
through high-resolution images, accessing medical records), and to provide accurate feeling
and tactile interaction (i.e. haptic feedback), in the case of remote surgery. Although patients
are in many cases stationary, such telemedicine services should be also provided, at least
partly, in ambulances (eAmbulance) where the stringent requirements may be relaxed and
traded off with the high mobility of the vehicle.

Shopping mall
In a large shopping mall there are many customers looking for various kinds of personalized
services. Access to mobile broadband enables traditional communication as well as other
applications such as indoor guiding and product information. Surveillance and other security
systems that e.g. enable fire and safety protection can be coordinated via the infrastructure.
These services will involve both the traditional radio network and coordinated wireless
sensors. The main challenges in a shopping mall are to ensure available connection (upon
request for all the users) and to provide secure communications for sensitive services e.g.
related to financial aspects. Such a secure link typically does not have very challenging data
rates or latency requirements for its protected messages, but may benefit from high
availability, and might need reliability to not confuse the secure link with a possible intruder.
To enable these applications, the network needs to have high availability and reliability,
especially for the safety-related applications. In addition, the experienced user throughput is
of high importance in order to provide good end-user experiences to the customers.
Smart city
Many aspects from an urban inhabitant perspective will become smarter, e.g. the ‘smart
home’, ‘smart office’, ‘smart building’, ‘smart traffic control’. All of those together bring
‘smart cities’ into reality .Today, connectivity is mainly provided among people, but it will be
significantly extended in the future to connect people also with their surrounding
environments that can dynamically change as they move from one place to another; such as
home, office building, shopping mall, train station, bus station and many others. The
connectivity will enable the ‘smartness’ to life, in order to provide services that are
personalized, context and location-aware. Furthermore, the connectivity among ‘objects’ is
expected to play an increasingly important role for enabling ‘smart’ services. To
accommodate an unprecedentedly wide range of services, the requirements for mobile
wireless technology will be more diverse. For example, cloud services in a ‘smart office’ will
require high data rates at low latency, whereas small devices, wearables, sensors and
actuators usually need small payloads with moderate latency requirements, such as product
information, electric payment in a shopping mall and temperature/ lighting control in a ‘smart
home’ and ‘smart building’ context. Besides the diverse requirements, it is also challenging
to support a large number of concurrently active connections and an overall high traffic
volume in densely populated urban areas. Moreover, the requirements are dynamically
changing due to the spontaneous crowd concentration both outdoors and indoors: for
example, at train or bus stations when trains or busses arrive or leave, at road crossings when
the traffic light changes and in certain rooms when meetings or conferences are held.
Stadium
A stadium gathers many people interested in the various events, such as sports and concerts,
which take place there; these spectators want to be able to communicate and exchange media
content during the event in the densely crowded arena. This communication generates large
amounts of traffic during the events, with highly correlated traffic peaks for instance during
breaks or at the end of events, while the traffic is very low at other times.
The experienced user throughput is of high relevance for the spectators. On a network level,
the traffic volume density is a major challenge due to the crowd of users wanting access at
the same time.
Tele protection in smart grid network
Smart grid networks (e.g. related to electricity, water and gas production, distribution and
usage) need to be able to react fast to changes in the supply or usage of resources to avoid
massive system failures with a potentially critical impact on society. For example, blackout
could be a consequence in an energy distribution network when damage is caused by an
unforeseen event such as a tree falling in a thunderstorm unless necessary reaction and
countermeasures are taken promptly. Here, monitoring and controlling systems in
conjunction with wireless communications solutions can play a vital role in providing tele
protection. The timely exchange of critical information in a highly reliable manner plays a
vital role for the system to be able to react immediately.
Thus, tele protection applications require very low latency and high reliability. In the case of
tele protection in a smart grid network distributing electricity, when detecting a fault, alerting
messages must be sent and relayed in the network with a very low latency and high reliability
in order to take corrective actions for preventing the power system from cascading failures
and a critical damage. Although only small payloads have to be sent and mobility is usually
not a main issue in many cases, it is essential to satisfy such stringent latency and reliability
requirements. The future wireless system satisfying the stringent requirements enables to
provide such services in a wide area (nationwide, including rural areas) at a reasonable cost.
Due to the critical nature of such infrastructure related applications, high security and
integrity standards are commonly required.
Traffic jam
If caught in a traffic jam many of the passengers would want to enjoy mobile services such as
streamed media content. The sudden increase in data traffic demand poses a challenge on the
network, especially if the location of the traffic jam is not well covered by the infrastructure,
which has typically not been optimized for this case. From an end-user perspective, high
experienced user throughput and high availability are important.
Virtual and augmented reality
Virtual reality is about users being able to interact with one another as if they were physically
at the same location; see Figure 2.1(n). In a virtual reality scene, people from various places
could meet and interact for a wide range of applications and activities that conventionally
need physical presence and interactions, such as conferences, meetings, gaming and playing
music. It enables people with specific skills located remotely to jointly perform complicated
tasks.While virtual reality resembles the reality, augmented reality enriches the reality by
providing additional information that is relevant to the surrounding environment of the users.
With augmented reality, the users are able to benefit from the additional contextual
information that may be also personalized according to their interests.
A very high data rate and tight latency are required for enabling the virtual and augmented
reality. In order to create the immersive feeling for virtual reality, all users must continuously
be updated by streaming data to the others, since each member affects the virtual reality
scene. Moreover, in order to enable high user experience of augmented reality, a significant
amount of information should be exchanged between sensors/devices of the users and the
cloud in both directions. The rich information of the surrounding environment is needed for
the cloud to select the appropriate context information, which in turn has to be provided to
the users in a timely manner. Further, it is known that if there is a delay between the ‘real’
reality and the augmented reality of more than a few ms, humans may experience so-called
‘cyber sickness’. Multi-directional streams with very high data rates and low latencies are
needed to maintain the high resolution quality.
Requirements

Availability: Availability is defined as the percentage of users or communication links for

which the Quality of Experience (QoE) requirements are fulfilled within a certain
geographical area.

• Connection density: Connection density is defined as the number of simultaneous active

devices or users in the considered area during a predefined time span divided by the area size.

• Cost: Cost typically arises from infrastructure, end-user equipment and spectrum licenses. A
simple model could be based on the assumption that the total cost of ownership for an
operator is proportional to the number of infrastructure nodes, the number of end-user devices
and the spectrum.

• Energy consumption: Energy consumption is typically defined as energy per information bit
(typically relevant in urban environments) and as power per area unit (often relevant in
suburban/rural environments).

• Experienced user throughput: Experienced user throughput is defined as the total amount of
data traffic (excluding control signalling) an end-user device achieves on the MAC layer
during a predefined time span divided by that time span.

• Latency: It is the latency of the data traffic on the MAC layer of the radio interface. Two
definitions are relevant: One-Trip Time (OTT) latency and Round-Trip Time (RTT) latency.
The OTT latency is defined as the time it takes from when a data packet is sent by the
transmitting end to when it is received by the receiving end. The RTT latency is defined as
the time it takes from when a data packet is sent by the transmitting end to when an
acknowledgement sent by the receiving end is received.

• Reliability: Reliability is generally defined as the probability that a certain amount of data
has been successfully transmitted from a transmitting end to a receiving end before a certain
deadline expires.

• Security: The security of a certain communication taking place is very difficult to measure.
One possible way to quantify it would be to measure the time it would take for a skilled
hacker to access the information.
• Traffic volume density: The traffic volume density is defined as the total amount of traffic
exchanged by all devices in the considered area during a predefined time span divided by the
area size.

5G system concept:

5G system concept that meets the requirements described in the previous sections. To do so,
it must provide a flexible platform. It should not be designed toward one single ‘5G killer
application’, but toward a multitude of use cases of which many cannot be foreseen today.
Vertical industries (e.g. automotive, energy, manufacturing) in particular will require
flexibility to obtain tailored solutions using a common network. Hence, the use cases have
been utilized as guidance in the development of the 5G system concept, but the system
concept is not limited to meet only the identified use cases.
Concept overview
Because of the wide range of requirements, the earlier generations’ one-size-fits-all approach
will not work for 5G. Therefore, the proposed 5G system concept generalizes key
characteristics of the use cases and aligns the requirements, and combines technology
components into three generic 5G communication services, supported by four main enablers,
as shown in Figure 2.2. Individual use cases can be considered as a ‘linear combination’ of
the ‘basis functions’. Each generic 5G service emphasizes a different subset of requirements,
but all are relevant to some degree. The generic 5G communication services include functions
that are service-specific, and the main enablers include functions that are common to more
than one generic 5G service. Further details are found in [9] and in the subsequent chapters.
The three generic 5G services are:
• Extreme Mobile BroadBand (xMBB) provides both extreme high data-rate and low- latency
communications, and extreme coverage. xMBB provides a more uniform experience over the
coverage area, and graceful performance degradation as the number of users increases.
xMBB will also support reliable communication for e.g. National Security and Public Safety
(NSPS).
• Massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) provides wireless connectivity for tens of
billions of network-enabled devices, scalable connectivity for increasing number of devices,
efficient transmission of small payloads, wide area coverage and deep penetration are
prioritized over data rates.
• Ultra-reliable Machine-Type Communication (uMTC) provides ultra-reliable low-latency
communication links for network services with extreme requirements on availability, latency
and reliability, e.g. V2X communication and industrial manufacturing applications.
Reliability and low latency are prioritized over data rates. The generic 5G services will not
necessarily use the same air interface. The preferred waveform depends on design decisions,
and how the generic 5G services are mixed. A flexible OFDM-based air interface is the most
suitable for xMBB, whereas new air interfaces as FBMC and UF-OFDM may be promising
for uMTC where fast synchronization is necessary. Air interface candidates include e.g.
OFDM, UF-OFDM and FBMC.

The four main enablers are:

• The Dynamic Radio Access Network (DyRAN) provides a RAN that adapts to rapid spatio
emporal changes in user needs and the mix of the generic 5G services. The DyRAN
incorporates elements such as
• Ultra-Dense Networks,
• Moving Networks (i.e. nomadic nodes and moving relay nodes),
• Antenna beams,
• Devices acting as temporary access nodes and
• D2D communication for both access and backhaul.
• The Lean System Control Plane (LSCP) provides new, lean control signalling necessary to
guarantee latency and reliability, supports spectrum flexibility, allows separation of data and
control planes, supports a large number and variety of devices with very different
capabilities, and ensures energy performance.
• Localized Contents and Traffic Flows allow offloading, aggregation and distribution of real-
time and cached content. Localization reduces the latency and the load on the backhaul and
provides aggregation of e.g. sensor information.
• The Spectrum Toolbox provides a set of enablers to allow the generic 5G services to
operate under different regulatory frameworks, spectrum usage/sharing scenarios and
frequency bands.
Overlaps between the services and enablers exist, and certain functions may end up in either
category depending on final design decisions. However, it is desirable to make as many
functions as possible common, without unacceptable performance degradation, to minimize
complexity. Evolved LTE will play an important role in 5G to provide wide-area coverage,
and can be considered as one additional generic 5G communication service.
A working definition of a 5G system is one common network that can provide all generic 5G
services and is flexible enough to change the service mix dynamically. An operator should be
able to change the offered service mix as customer needs change. The spectrum usage should
not have to be planned for a certain type of service and should be re-farmed when not needed.
Spectrum of 4G
4G frequencies include the 600 MHz, 700 MHz, 1700/2100 MHz, 2300 MHz, and 2500
MHz, bands. The lower frequencies made it possible for carriers to transmit 4G/LTE signals
in rural and remote areas
 LTE Band 1: This is one of the paired bands that was defined for the 3G UTRA and
3GPP rel 99.
 LTE Band 4: This LTE band was introduced as a new band for the Americas at the
World (Administrative) Radio Conference, WRC-2000. This international conference
is where international spectrum allocations are agreed. The downlink of band 4
overlaps with the downlink for Band 1. This facilitates roaming.
 LTE Band 9: This band overlaps with Band 3 but has different band limits and it is
also only intended for use in Japan. This enables roaming to be achieved more easily,
and many terminals are defined such that that are dual band 3 + 9
 LTE Band 10: This band is an extension to Band 4 and may not be available
everywhere. It provides an increase from 45 MHz bandwidth (paired) to 60 MHz
paired.
 LTE Band 11: This “1500 MHz” band is identified by 3GPP as a Japanese band, but
it is allocated globally to the mobile service on a “co-primary basis”.
 LTE Band 12: This band was previously used for broadcasting and has been
released as a result of the “Digital Dividend.”
 LTE Band 13: This band was previously used for broadcasting and has been
released as a result of the “Digital Dividend.” The duplex configuration is reversed
from the standard, having the uplink higher in frequency than the downlink.
 LTE Band 14: This band was previously used for broadcasting and has been
released as a result of the “Digital Dividend.” The duplex configuration is reversed
from the standard, having the uplink higher in frequency than the downlink.
 LTE Band 15: This LTE band has been defined by ETSI for use in Europe, but this
has not been adopted by 3GPP. This band combines two nominally TDD bands to
provide one FDD band.
 LTE Band 16: This LTE band has been defined by ETSI for use in Europe, but this
has not been adopted by 3GPP. This band combines two nominally TDD bands to
provide one FDD band.
 LTE Band 17: This band was previously used for broadcasting and has been
released as a result of the “Digital Dividend.”
 LTE Band 20: The duplex configuration is reversed from the standard, having the
uplink higher in frequency than the downlink.
 LTE Band 21: This “1500 MHz” band is identified by 3GPP as a Japanese band, but
it is allocated globally to the mobile service on a “co-primary basis”.
 LTE Band 24: The duplex configuration is reversed from the standard, having the
uplink higher in frequency than the downlink.
  LTE Band 33: This was one of the bands defined for unpaired spectrum in Rel 99 of
the 3GPP specifications.
 LTE Band 34: This was one of the bands defined for unpaired spectrum in Rel 99 of
the 3GPP specifications.
 LTE Band 38: This band is in the centre band spacing between the uplink and
downlink pairs of LTE band 7.
Spectrum Challenges in 5G

1. Frequency band and Spectrum availability issues

Brand new use cases will arise after 5G technology implementation is done on a large
scale. This will create a demand for high-frequency bands. However, spectrum is a
critical resource due to its cost and availability, forcing CSPs to develop a strong
business use case. As these spectrums have to be purchased from governments at
auction, the telecom operators have to make choices on the frequency bands and
adjust their 5G network and features accordingly. This might lead to higher
operational costs to offer top-notch 5G services with a limited spectrum range.
2. Approach for 5G network deployment
Firstly, CSPs must have a clear strategy for 5G network slicing implementation and
other arrangements. Secondly, after zeroing in on the strategy, their approach towards
deployment this will decides the fate of the deployment process. Based on the
spectrum networks purchase made, CSPs will develop their deployment model and
method that is finally needed for targeting specific 5G use cases. Further, 5G network
implementation challenges include the utilization of mm-Wave frequencies & 5G
small cell towers in large numbers that will require a new deployment approach and
following regulations simultaneously.
3. Mobile devices at the user end need to be upgraded
The new generation of mobile devices is developed to support 5G bands at least in the
sub-6 GHz range in the initial stages of 5G implementation. However, a large number
of 4G devices must be replaced by 5G-supported ones to make 5G network
implementation successful.
4. Managing expenses involved in 5G network deployment
5G implementation is not an easy feat to achieve. From fetching spectrum bands to
placing cell tower sites, from rolling out large-scale fiber optic cables to skilled labor,
all have to work in tandem to get the desired outcomes. High costs are involved in
every 5G technology implementation step and are challenging for most CSPs. Stage-
wise investment can save money, and choosing the right vendors will greatly affect
successful 5G network implementation.
5. 5G network deployment challenges with security and privacy concerns
Although 5G will be at the forefront of bringing innovations to the business
ecosystem, there are still things like security and privacy issues to worry about.
Regarding customer experience, privacy concerns like identity, personal data, and
geo-location tracking must be considered while designing security protocols. In
addition, the 4G network had a broader coverage, and signals could be sent and
received from a single cell tower. But with 5G networks, the coverage area is smaller,
and signals cannot penetrate as strongly as 4G.5G implementation will always
encounter certain bottlenecks from time to time. But with proper planning and real-
time countermeasures, CSPs can roll out 5G with relative ease, and users can enjoy
the services without any hassles.
Spectrum Landscape and Requirements
Spectrum continues to be the resource in greatest demand to meet the voracious needs of a
data-hungry mobile public. Exponential growth in mobile data demand, in conjunction with
the spectrum needs of upcoming bandwidth-intensive applications envisioned for 5G,
necessitate the availability of newly licensed spectrum pools. This paper reviews the potential
spectrum resources below and above 6 GHz and notes that the allocated licensed and
unlicensed spectrum below 6 GHz are currently being used for 4G and other broadband
applications. This spectrum will not be repurposed for 5G for many years to come. It’s
important that other licensed spectrum below 6 GHz be made available for 5G applications
within the next couple of years. Additionally, examination of the potential spectrum bands
across all bands shows that all spectrum is suitable for 5G applications and that action is
needed now to ensure that adequate spectrum resources are made available to meet the
demands of connected consumers.
Furthermore, studying the bands below and above 6 GHz shows that almost all new spectrum
resources that have a potential to be used for 5G services are encumbered. These spectrum
resources are mainly shared spectrum that require clearing and/or development of sharing
mechanisms. This leads to the need for regulators and government agencies to take
immediate actions in making sure that a reasonable amount of licensed spectrum, preferably
with a good chance of global harmonization, becomes available for initial 5G deployments.
Spectrum Access Modes and Sharing Scenarios

Spectrum Sharing completely transforms the way 5G is introduced across the world. It brings
5G to everyone, everywhere, much faster. Ericsson Spectrum Sharing introduces a new way
of rolling out 5G that re-uses hardware/spectrum/sites, increases coverage of mid/high band,
and offer a clear path to 5G stand alone, allowing operators to shift capex investments from
new sites to new 5G standalone use cases.
The challenge
The majority of new frequency bands allocated to 5G are in mid- and high-bands. To enable
cost-efficient, wide-area 5G coverage and improve mid- and high-band spectrum utilization,
it is necessary to also operate 5G in lower frequency bands. However, most operators today
have long term evolution (LTE) technology in those lower bands. Entirely re-farming carriers
from LTE to NR is not currently feasible due to the high penetration of existing LTE devices
and the high traffic volume that they generate.
Spectrum sharing is the logical partitioning of optical spectrum on a submarine cable for
different end-users, such that each end-user has its own 'virtual fiber pair. ' Virtualization has
revolutionized IT operations in companies around the world.
Dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) is an important part of the 5G roadmap because it makes it
possible for a mobile operator to flexibly allocate spectrum across low-, mid-, and high-band
frequencies and dynamically switch between LTE and 5G New Radio coverage based upon
their network traffic demands.
Spectrum sharing can be further divided into Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS), Licensed
Shared Access (LSA), and Spectrum Access System (SAS)
The electromagnetic spectrum can be considered in terms of seven types of electromagnetic
radiation, all corresponding to different wavelengths and frequencies: radio, microwave,
infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays.
Spectrum sharing may be a way to help, when clearing a band is not possible, by enabling
mobile access to additional bands in areas, and at times, when other services are not using
them. While spectrum sharing holds potential, it cannot supplant the need for exclusively
licensed mobile spectrum.
Spectrum can be shared only between two spectrum holders both of which are holding
spectrum either in 900/1800 MHz band or in 800 MHz band. d. Total quantum of spectrum,
as a result of the spectrum sharing, shall not exceed the limit prescribed in case of mergers of
licences.
The Spectrum is a conceptual tool used to organize and map the physical phenomena of
electromagnetic waves. These waves propagate through space at different radio frequencies,
and the set of all possible frequencies is called the electromagnetic spectrum.