Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

Department
of
Energy Science and Engineering
IIT Bombay

To develop sustainable
energy systems and
solutions for the future
 Research
Conventional Energy
Energy efficiency,
Process Integration,
DSM, Benchmarking,
Underground Coal
Gasification, Waste to
Energy, Microgrids, Fuel 16000

14000

Cells 12000

SEC (kJ/kg )
10000

8000

6000
Renewable Energy 4000

Energy Systems Solar PV, Solar Thermal, 2000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Analysis Biomass, Novel Furnace number

Modelling and Simulation Batteries – Li , NaS, Target SEC Actual SEC

Energy Planning and Hydrogen Storage

Policy, Water and Energy
Lifecycle Analysis
 Microgrids in India: Status and Future
Rangan Banerjee
Department of Energy Science and Engineering

IIT Bombay

Presentation at Monash University June 7 2017

 Need for distributed power generation in India
India - highest electricity access deficit • Some states – higher poverty -
(Top 20 countries for access deficit in electricity, 2014) Bihar, UP, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Source: Status of electricity access report, 2017 Source: Government of India, 2011 Census
 What is a microgrid?
Large Centralised
Generation

Interconnected loads, Grid

Transmission
distributed generation network

and energy storage

devices
A single controllable

Distribution

Distribution
network

network
Demand

Demand
entity with respect to the
grid with bidirectional
power flow

DER’s
DER’s

ESS
ESS
 Classification of Microgrids
Microgrids

Mode of operation Type Source Scenario Size

AC DC Hybrid Residential Industrial Commercial

<10kW
Isolated Grid Connected
Renewables Diesel Hybrid

10kW-1MW

Solar Wind Micro Biomass Hybrid

Hydro >1 MW
 Global Microgrid Capacity - 2016
Global Microgrid Capacity – 16552 MW

Total microgrid power capacity market share by Total microgrid power capacity market share by
region country

Approx 350 MW
of microgrids in
India

Source : Microgrid Deployment Tracker 2Q16 by Navigant Research

 Grid outage for different urban areas
7

6
Outage duration in hours/day

5 Pandeypur
Baghru, , Varanasi
4 Jaipur
Jamui

1
Garladinne
0 ,
Baghru Garladinne Kundapur Pandeypur Jamui town Kundapur,
Udupi
Jaipur Anantpur Udupi Varanasi Jamui
Urban location in India

Jan-16 Feb-16 Mar-16 Apr-16 May-16

Average number of outage hours in a day for a

location
Source: ESMI, Prayas 9
 Microgrid estimates for India (samples)

Microgrid Installed Capacity by developer Microgrid Installed Capacity by generation type kW

*as on 2012

Source: Schnitzer, D et al., 2014

Gram Oorja, Darewada ,Pune

Source: Minigrids Electricity for all, CSE, 2016

Gram Power – Rajasthan

Micro-grid technology provider Gram Power

has installed prepaid smart metres in Pali
district, Rajasthan

Source: Minigrids Electricity for all, CSE, 2016

Husk Power System - Sahebganj Village

Source: Minigrids Electricity for all, CSE, 2016

 Bhomji Ka Gaon,Rajasthan

Off grid dc inverter less system, The power data measured over a day in an off-grid home in Rajasthan with a solar dc
Inverter less system on 25 February 2016
Rajasthan
Location Bhomji Ka Gaon
Type On grid and off grid
connections
Size of 500 kWp
power plant
Number of 4000
households

Source: Solar-dc Microgrid for Indian Homes, IEEE, 2016

The power data measured in an on-grid home with a solar-dc inverterless system from 23 February 2016
to 24 February 2016.
 Successful Commercial development – OMC power

 Running more than 50 plants in UP

 Solar PV based power generation systems

 Typical plant size – 30-36 kW, 150 kWh battery

back up,

 Focused around – Telecom tower as key customer

– Agreements with telecom tower suppliers

 Meter based charging to large customer like

Telecom tower, other productive loads, package to Petrol Pump
Solar Plant
community customer

 Use of DG as back up power for rainy seasons Tower

DG
OMC power - Plant
Solar Plant MPPT Battery Bank

Loads
Meters
 Husk Power – Biomass gasification based
power generation system

 Running more than 50 plants in Bihar & UP

 Operation through various model based on level of engagement (Ex. BOOM –
Build own operate & Maintain )
 Biomass Gasifier engine based power generation system, typical plant size – 32
kW
 Rice Husk as fuel – Engagement with rice mills for bulk procuring
 Focused around – Market places, small productive loads, collection on daily basis
 Electricity supply in Different packages

 Unique features:
 Local fuel utilization – Lower fuel cost
 Gas cleaning system – uses rice husk
 Low cost material and local fabrication – Low capital cost
 Training and capacity building of operator – Low downtime
 Local material for distribution network – Low cost
 Use of waste Ash from gasifier – Intense making ; local job creation
Husk Power – Biomass gasification system
Engine Gas Cleaning Gasifier Rice husk

Monitoring Distribution network End load

Remote data monitoring Billing & Payment collection Intense making from ash
 Mini grid based on Hybrid system – HUSK Power

 Recently husk power has installed hybrid system with an intent to supply 24X7 electricity

 Around 3-4 hybrid plants being operated by Husk power

 Technology – Biomass gasifier engine system, Solar PV system and Battery

 Technical Arrangement: Electricity supply during day time by Solar PV system and during
evening time by Biomass gasification system

 Electricity supply in Different packages

 Motivation for hybrid system:

 Lower solar PV cost

 Increasing demand from users

 Willingness to use electricity in day time also

Storage options
&m-grid scenario

20
 Classification of Energy Storage Systems
For a renewable microgrid scenario
1 (t=0) 3 (t=15minutes) 5 (t=1day) 7.5 (t=1year)

Log of time in seconds

Short term storage Mid Term Storage Long term Storage
Flywheel Lithium Battery Fuel Cell-Hydrogen Storage| Flow batteries
Supercapacitor Lead Acid Battery

o Sudden fluctuation in load o Load variation is averaged o Seasonal variation in load averaged over the
averaged over a second over 15 minutes day for an entire year
o Load surges 4-8 times average o Context - Residential Buildings o Context - Variation in load like summer
load with load shedding 2-3 hours loads, winter loads
o Context: Welding Load, lift load o Diurnal load variation
o Load is averaged over the hour
for a day
o Context - Renewable microgrid
21
 Scenario 1(a): Isolated Rural with PV battery system
2000
48 VDC bus
1800
Boost 1600
Converter
24-48V 1400
1200

Load(W)
Household 1000
PV array
load 1 +
3.4kW 800
Farm 1
MPPT 600
400
200
Household
0
Charge load 2+
1 6 11 16 21
Controller Farm 2
Time(hours)

Load Average load Peak load

Battery Bank
19kWh
Energy Source Solar PV – 4.3kW
Storage Lead Acid battery – 19kWh Average Load = 0.5kW
Peak Load = 2.0kW
Connected Load 4.4 kW
Total Load = 4.4kW
Distribution 48V dc (Safety Voltage for Total Energy Consumption/day = 12.7kWh/day
Voltage distribution)
22
Battery Life in climatic zones and per unit cost

New
Delhi
Jodhpur
Shillong

Bangalor
Chennai
e

Jacob A. S., et al., 2016

 Sizing based on Pinch Analysis

 In isolated energy Cumulative Demand Cumulative Generation

Mismatch
system

Energyy (Demand , Generation,

 Source – Generator
 Sink - Demand

Storage)
 Quality – Time (Driving force)
Maximum mismatch

Stora
ge
Pinch
Point

Time

24
 Design Space
 We vary the generation size in
Minimum generator with max order to get the design space
storage capacity
 Sizing curve represents the
minimum storage capacity for a
Storage Capacity (kWh)

given generator rating

Feasible region
 Sizing curve divides the entire
Generation
Undersized

(Design Space)

space into feasible and

Undersized
storage capacity infeasible regions
 The area below the curve is
Generation from renewable source (kW)
infeasible

25
 Scenario 1 (b)- Off grid Industrial with PV hybrid
storage system
4

3.5
24V DC bus
3
Boost 2.5

Load (kW)
PV array
Converter
2

1.5

1
MPPT 0.5
Small 0
industry –
0 365 730 1095 1460 1826 2191 2556 2921 3287
Welding
Load Time (seconds)
Hybrid Charge
Storage Controller
1 hour welding profile logged in Mumbai on Feb’14

Average Load = 428.51W

Peak Load = 3800W
Load Factor = 0.113

26
Sizing of Hybrid Energy Storage

7.5 (t=1year)
Design Space for hybrid energy
Pinch for ‘P1’ PV size storage (kWh)
30
cumulative

Data in week
generation
cumulative load Infeasible Feasible region

Long-term
region 20
mismatch

Energy
L1 10
Pinch Point

5 (t=1day)
time (in log scale) 0

M1 0.9

Data in hour
Feasible region

Mid-term
M2 0.8

Energy
Infeasible
3 (t=15minutes)

region
0.7
Pinch Point

0.6
0.004
Pinch Point
Data in second

Feasible region
0.003
Short-term

Energy

Infeasible S1 0.002
region
S2 0.001 Sizing of hybrid energy
1 (t=0)

P1 P2
0.000 storage for a isolated
Time PV size
small scale industry
27
Ref: Communicated to Energy (Welding Shop)
 Scenario 1 (c)- Isolated Rural with biomass gasifier-
battery system
 Load profile obtained through house
hold survey to have realistic
assessment of demand

Load profile  Electricity demand – Peak in evening

generation but there is demand in afternoon also

 Load Considered – Flour Mill, Mobile

Tower, Lighting, Entertainment Water
pumping, HH Chores activities

Load Type Power

Max load 19.2 Lighting 30 W

Minimum load 0.0
Entertainment 80 W
Average load 9.0
HH Chores 62 W

Water Pumping 1.4 kW

Productive Load 1 - Mobile Tower 2 kW

Productive Load 2 - Atta Chakki 4 kW

Biomass Gasification system - battery
Combination

Minimum generator
rating with storage

Minimum
generator
= represent part load power of generator rating without

6/6/2017

P = Power generated from Biomass gasifier system

D = Load Demand
QB = Stored Energy in Battery
CoE - Continuous Vs Intermittent Operation
Continuous Vs Intermittent Operation –
Effect of Fuel Cost
Effect of biomass transportation on CoE
18
Biomass only
Biomass + Battery
16

14
CoE (Rs./kWh)

12

10

8
10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 250
Transportation distance (km.)
Design Space for Hybrid System
Cost Comparison for selected systems
 Scenario 2 : Urban (PV battery grid backup system)

Component Sizing Specifications Parameter Value

PV module 26.5 kWp (104x250Wp) Total energy 250 kWh/day
1 x solar battery charger 30 kW Peak load 43 kW
1 x Inverter 50 kW Average load 10.4 kW
Array support Rooftop Mounted
Battery VRL Li Ion NiCd NiMH NaS *Load Profile of 1 household
A * Load Profile of each households are identical in
the housing colony with 30 households
Storage Capacity(kWh) 150 137 140 148 157

34
 Costing PV & Balance of System
Investment Cost
Item Investment Life Annualised life PU electricity
Cost (Million cycle costing cost
₹) (Million ₹)
PV Panel 1.55 25 years 0.186 ₹5 Balance of
Ground system PV Price
32% 37%
mounted(0.9
USD/W)#1
Balance of 1.378 10 0.234 ₹7
System
Battery Price
(0.8USD/W)#1 31%

Total 2.928 - 0.424 ₹12

#1 PV prices : IRENA Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2014 Assume,

d = 10%;
O&M PV & BoS = 1% p.a

35
 Comparison of PV with different battery pu cost
Battery Battery Battery Capital Cost Battery p.u cost of Total p.u
options size Cost (Million ₹) ₹/kWh PV & BoS cost of
(kWh) ₹/kWh (₹/kWh) the PV
battery
system
(₹/kWh)
VRLA 150 8650 1.298 9 12 21

Li ion 137 37387 5.122 19 12 31

NiCd 140 36904 5.166 23 12 35

NiMH 148 66346 9.819 86 12 98

NaS 157 33000 5.181 19 12 31

37
 Cost Analysis of different grid backup
options
100
90
80
Electricity cost (₹/KWh)

70
60
50
40 p.u fuel cost
30 p.u O&M cost
20 p.u Capital Cost
10
0 Avg. Tariff rates for
MSEB

Grid Backup Options

per unit cost of different grid backup options 38

 Cradle to grave energy flow diagram
Material Production Energy Manufacturing Energy Transportation Energy

PV Balance PV Balance
Battery Battery
Module of System Module of System

Silicon Production PV Battery

Raw materials Frame production
Steel,Al,Lead,
PV Cell manufacturing
Fabrication of
Inverter and Microgrid
Polypropylene charge controller components
Frameless PV modules system

Material recycling

Recycling Energy

Waste disposal
Emissions to air,water

39
 Life cycle energy analysis boundary for the PV battery
system

Cradle to grave
Cradle to gate

Material Production Manufacturing

Transportation
Transportation
System components Energy
Electricity and
heat
Raw material Battery
production
Consumable
production
Electrical and PV module
thermal energy
Production Component Decommissioning
Balance of Manufacturing and recycling of Recycling
System the system Energy
External Scrap
supply
Energy flow diagram for PV battery system Direct Energy Input
Primary Indirect Energy Input Solar
Fossil to the system Energy
Energy E
ind,1(PV)
Production and
/tPV PV array
transport of
Eind,1(PV) PV array ηPV, tPV

Eind,2(BOS)
/tBOS Production and Frame and
transport of array support
Eind,2(BOS) Conversion to heat, Frame and array
ηBOS, tBOS
αpf,heat=1 support
Eind,3(CH)
/tCH Solar charge
Eind,3(CH) Production and controller Legend:
Conversion transport of solar Eind – Indirect Energy
to electricity, ηCH, tch
charge controller t - service life (years
αpf,elec=0.35 η - efficiency
Eind,4(B) αpf - conversion efficienc
Battery
/tB Production and
ηB, tB
Eind,4(B) transport of
battery

Eind,5(INV)
/tINV Production and Inverter
Eind,5(INV) transport of η I, t I
Inverter

Energy
Output
 Summary of battery energy values in Indian context
Battery Material Manufacturing Recycling Transportation Etot=
Configuration Production Energy Emp Energy Emnf Energy Energy-Etr Ectg+ Etr
Erec for finished product (MJpf/Wh)
import
MJpf/kg MJpf /Wh MJpf MJpf /Wh MJpf /kg MJpf /Wh (MJpf /kg) (MJpf
Recycled (Recycled /kg /Wh)
materials materials)
VRLA 21.87 0.681 11.6 0.385 2.4 0.075 - - 1.141
LFP-G 96.27 1.05 30 0.33 3.6 0.04 2.9 0.031 1.451
Nickel Metal 41.99 0.763 75 1.36 19.6 0.36 0.988 0.018 2.501
Hydride
(AB2)
Nickel Metal 33.12 0.602 75 1.36 19.6 0.36 0.988 0.018 2.34
Hydride
(AB5)
Nickel Cadmium 64.72 1.58 46 1.15 4.85 0.121 - - 2.851

Sodium Sulphur 128.31 0.855 56 0.373 - - 1.34 0.0089 1.24

Lithium Sulphur 242.06 1.59 172 1.13 51.2 0.34 - - 3.06

 Energy Flow diagram of the PV panel for India
Quartz
Growing of Silicon Mining 0.85 MJ/kg of
Quartz

Metallurgical
188.30 MJ/kg-MG Si
Grade(MG) Silicon

Solar(Electronic)
Grade Silicon 1778.78 MJ/kg-EG Si

Czochralski Single
Crystal process 2977.89 MJ/kg CZ-sc-Si
production

Casting of multi
crystalline Silicon 3160.69 MJ/kg mc-Si
Panel Production

Aluminium Silicon Wafer 2946.52 MJ/m2 of wafer area

Production
422.22 MJ/m2 of panel area
Glass,
Frame Silicon Cell Production
Copper
507.7 MJ/m2 of panel area 3157.82 MJ/m2 of solar cell area
Aluminium, Panel and laminate Zinc, Steel,
BOS Electrical Installation
Steel assembly Copper
3107.14 MJ/m2 of panel area 149.17 MJ/kWp
Manufacturing Inverter
49.9 MJ/m2 of panel area PV system 1074.11 MJ/kWe
Energy Charge controller
 Summary of photovoltaic panel energy values
in Indian context
Component Material Manufacturing Transportation
Production Energy Energy of PV Energy
panel,
frame and BOS
PV system
3107.14MJpf/m2 of
(polycrystalline-
sensing area
Silicon)
422.22 MJpf/m2 of
Frame
frame area
Balance of 507.7 MJpf/m2 of 0.34 MJpf/kg of
System(BOS) panel area 49.9 MJpf/m2 of panel weight
panel area
Electrical
149.17 MJpf/kWp
Installation
Charge
1074.11 MJpf/kWe
Controller
Inverter 1074.11 MJpf/kWe
 Total Energy requirement for the components
Component Life(years) Material Manufacturi Recycling Transportati
Production ng Energy- Energy on
Energy-Emp Emnf (Erec) Energy(Etr)
GJpf GJpf GJpf GJpf
PV module(Polycrystalline 25 542.8 - 0.9
Silicon)
Frame 25 9 1.4
Balance of System 25 88.1 8.7 - -
Electrical Installation 25 3.9 - -
Charge Controller 10 32.2 32.2 -
Inverter 10 53.6 53.6 -
Batteries
VRLA 5 102.1 54.1 11.2 -
LFP-G 13 145.8 45.1 5.4 4.4
Nickel Metal Hydride 4 113.1 20.2 52.8 2.7
(AB2)
Nickel Metal Hydride 4 89.2 20.2 52.8 2.7
(AB5)
Nickel Cadmium 3 254.9 18.1 19.1 -
Sodium Sulphur 15 119.7 52.2 - 1.2
Lithium Sulphur 5 206.7 14.7 43.7 -
 Comparison of Energy Pay Back Time & Net Energy
Ratio
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
4.0 𝑁𝐸𝑅 =
8 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
3.5
7
3.0
EPBT in years

6
2.5
5
2.0
4
1.5

NER
3
1.0
2
0.5
1
0.0
0

PV+ battery technology

PV+ battery technology
 Results and graphs
6000 PV ,BOS and frame battery inverter and CC
80
5000
70

Percentage of total life cycle

MJpf/kWh of output

4000 60

50
3000
40
2000 30

20
1000
10
0
0

PV+Battery Battery
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity Analysis
 Summary

 Two scenarios identified

 Isolated – with no grid access
 Grid backup – with unreliable grid
 Sizing, Design and economic analysis based on life cycle study
for isolated scenario such as
 PV – battery microgrid
 PV – hybrid storage system
 Biomass – battery microgrid
 Sizing, Design, Life cycle cost and energy analysis for PV-
battery grid back-up for an urban system.
 Battery life impact
 Net Energy Analysis
 Conclusions

 Microgrids – different contexts-urban and isolated –

nearly cost effective
 Reliability
 Focus on large scale centralised renewables
 Need for cost reduction, technology development
 Hybrid storage technologies
 Understanding of load variations
 Acknowledgment

Prakash Ghosh Ammu Susanna Jacob Amit Kumar S. Parihar

Jani Das Ajit Paul A. Balkrishna Surve IMASE

[email protected]
[email protected] Thank you
26
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