Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforced Concrete
Design – I

By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

[email protected]
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I
 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Course Contents

OBE Course Contents Spring 2022

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 2

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Grading Policy

Breakdown of Grading
Weightage

Exam Class Participation

80% 20%

Mid Term Final Term Assignments (3) Quizzes (3) CEP (1)
20% 60% 06% 09% 05%

Assignments & Quizzes Schedule

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 3

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lectures Availability

 Previous version of lectures are available on the website.

www.drqaisarali.com/lectures

 Updated lectures upon completion will be uploaded on website as well as on

Google Classroom.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Lecture 01

Introduction to Reinforced
Concrete Design

By:
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar

[email protected]
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 5
 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Contents of Lecture

 General

 Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Codes

 Properties of Materials

 Structural Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

 References

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

⚫ Define general terms related to Structural engineering.

⚫ Understand concepts of Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete

and associated topics.

⚫ Compare Working Stress Method with Strength Design Method.

⚫ Explain properties of Concrete and Reinforcing steel.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Course Objective

 Aim of the Course

⚫ Humans need construction of civil structures such as buildings, bridges and

dams etc. to fulfill their various needs.

⚫ An Engineering design would ensure that these structures are built safe and
economical.

⚫ Materials such as stones, bricks, timber, steel and concrete are generally
used to construct these structures.

⚫ In this course, however, we will study some basic concepts of the design of
Buildings (bridges, dams etc. will not be discussed) made of reinforced
concrete.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Structure

⚫ A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to safely transfer

load from one point to another.

⚫ Important types of structure related to civil engineering include;

Buildings Bridges Dams

Retaining Walls Water Tanks

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Buildings

⚫ A building is a type of structure that provides shelter, privacy and security to its
occupants.

⚫ The components of a building can be divided broadly into two categories;

▪ Structural components

▪ Non - structural components

⚫ Structural components consists of slabs, beams, columns, footing etc., are

essential for the stability of the building.

⚫ Non-structural components include partition walls, windows, doors, furniture,

MEP, and so on, are required for the building's functionality and appearance.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Buildings

⚫ Structural Components of an RC building

⚫ General structural components of a typical reinforced concrete building are;

▪ Footing
Roof Slab
▪ Basement wall

▪ Shear Wall Floor Slab

Beam
▪ Columns Column

▪ Beams Basement Wall

▪ Slab
Infill Wall
(non-structural)
▪ Stairs Stairs
Shear Wall
Footing

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 11

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Buildings

⚫ Types of Structural Systems.

⚫ Based on the load transfer mechanism,

structural systems are classified into different
types.

⚫ The most common types are; DC office_Block-B at Mansehra,KP

▪ Frame System

▪ Load bearing wall system

▪ Mixed System

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 12

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Buildings

⚫ Frame System

⚫ A reinforced concrete frame building generally consist of slabs, beams

columns and footings.
⚫ The load transfer mechanism is shown below.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 13

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Buildings

⚫ Load Bearing Wall System

⚫ In such buildings, load from the slab is transmitted to foundation through

walls.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Buildings

⚫ Mixed System

⚫ It is the combination of frame and load bearing wall systems.

Infill wall

Load bearing wall

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

General

 Buildings

⚫ Building construction animation

Bearing wall System Frame System

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Structural Analysis

⚫ The prediction of performance of a structure under expected loading conditions

is known as structural analysis.

⚫ The performance of a structure is evaluated in terms of the effects of loads on

its components, called “Load effects”.

⚫ Load effects include;

1. Stresses / Internal actions

2. Deflections

3. Support Reactions

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Internal actions / Stresses:

Compressive Stress Tensile Stress Flexural / Bending Stress

Shear Stress Torsional Stress

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Structural Design

 Structural Design refers to the process of selecting appropriate dimensions

and materials for a structure.

 The structural design of a reinforced concrete structure involves selection of

size and amount of reinforcement based on the results of the analysis and
the Code provisions.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Structural Design

 A successful structural design should ensure that the structure's capacity

exceeds demand with an appropriate margin of safety in order to meet the
conditions of safety, serviceability, economy, and functionality.

 The following two design methods are utilized to obtain the requisite factor
of safety.

▪ Limit State Method

▪ Working Stress Method

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

1. Limit State Method

 A limit state is a condition (limit) of a structure beyond which it ceases to

serve its intended purpose.

 Limit state method of design is based on different limit states.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 21

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

1. Limit State Method

 There are two main limit states

i. Ultimate limit state

Ultimate limit consists of rupture or collapse of a part of or whole
structure.

ii. Serviceability limit state

Excessive deflections, undesirable vibrations, excessive cracking,
etc. are examples of serviceability limits.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

1. Limit State Method

 In the limit state method, both ultimate and serviceability limit states are
considered.

 The design carried out for the ultimate state is also known as “Ultimate
strength design method” or simply “Strength design method”.

 The factor of safety in the strength design method is achieved by

magnifying the demand and lowering the capacity based on a scientific
rationale.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 23

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

1. Limit State Method

 Factor of Safety in Strength Design Method

We know that,

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹𝑆 = >1
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
According to Strength Design Approach;
𝜑𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝛾𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜑 < 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 > 1

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝛾
=
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑
𝛾
𝐹𝑆 =
𝜑

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 24

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

2. Working Stress Method

 Demand is kept the same.

 Capacity is divided by 2.

 This method assumes concrete and steel act together elastically where the
relationship between loads and stresses is linear .

 There is no logical way of determining margin of safety.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 25

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

 Comparison of Working Stress Method and Strength Design Method

Working Stress Method Strength Design Method

1. Demand is kept same and 1. Demand is increased and capacity is

capacity is divided by 2. reduced based on scientific rationale.

3. Margin of safety is arbitrary. 3. Margin of safety is rational.

4. Less- economical. 4. More economical.

5. No need to check for serviceability. 5. Serviceability checks are applied.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 26

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Codes

 Code

⚫ A code is a set of technical specifications and standards that controls the

important details of design and construction.

⚫ The purpose of code is to produce sound structures so that public will be

protected from poor and inadequate design and construction.

⚫ Building codes provide minimum requirements for the life safety and
serviceability for structures.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Codes

 General Building Codes

⚫ Cover all aspects of building design and construction from architecture to

structural to mechanical and electrical.

⚫ UBC, IBC and Euro-code are the examples of general building codes.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Codes

 Seismic Codes

⚫ Cover only seismic provisions of buildings such as SEAOC and NEHRP of

USA, and BCP-2021 of Pakistan.

 Material Specific Codes

⚫ Cover design and construction of structures using a specific material or type of

structure such as ACI, AISC, AASHTO etc.

 Others such as ASCE

⚫ Cover minimum design load requirements.

⚫ Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other
Structures (ASCE 7-16).

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Codes

 The ACI MCP

⚫ ACI MCP (American Concrete Institute Manual of Concrete Practice)

contains 150 ACI committee reports; revised every three years.

 These requirements differ from one structure to another. They include;

▪ ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.

▪ ACI 315: The ACI Detailing Manual.

▪ ACI 349: Code Requirement for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete Structures.

▪ Many others.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design Codes

 The ACI 318 Code

⚫ The American Concrete Institute “Building Code Requirements for Structural

Concrete (ACI 318)”, referred to as the ACI code, provides minimum
requirements for structural concrete design or construction.

⚫ The term “structural concrete” is used to refer to all plain or reinforced

concrete used for structural purposes.

⚫ In this course, we will use ACI 318 -19 Code.

Year of publication

Committee

Organization

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Concrete

 Concrete is a mixture of hydraulic cement,

aggregates, and water, with or without
admixtures, fibers, or other cementitious
materials.(ACI Concrete Terminology, Page 16)

 The properties of concrete depends on

the quantity and proportions of ingredients
used in the mix but can also be modified
using various admixtures.

 Concrete is strong in compression but

weak in tension.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Types of Concrete

1. Normalweight Concrete

⚫ Normalweight concrete is defined as “Concrete

having a density of approximately 150 lb/ft3
(2400 kg/m3) made with normal-density
aggregates”.

2. Lightweight Concrete

⚫ Lightweight concrete is defined as “Concrete of

substantially lower density than that made using
aggregates of normal density; consists entirely
of lightweight aggregate or a combination of
lightweight aggregate and normal-density
aggregate”.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Types of Concrete

3. High performance concrete

⚫ “Concrete meeting special combinations of

performance and uniformity requirements that
cannot always be achieved routinely using
conventional constituents and normal mixing,
placing, and curing practices is referred to as
High performance concrete.

⚫ The most common application of high-strength

concretes has been in the columns of tall
concrete buildings, where normal concrete would
result in unacceptably large cross sections, with
loss of valuable floor space.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Types of Concrete

4. Fibrous concrete or Fiber- reinforced concrete

⚫ It is defined as “Concrete containing dispersed,

randomly oriented fibers”.

⚫ Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic

fibers and natural fibers each of which lend
varying properties to the concrete.

⚫ The use of fibrous materials improves the tensile

strength and durability of concrete. It also
reduces the number of air voids.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 35

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength

 The compressive strength of concrete is a measure of the concrete's ability

to resist loads which tend to compress it.

 The uniaxial compressive strength is measured by a compression test of a

standard test cylinder.

 This test is used to monitor the concrete strength for quality control or
acceptance purposes.

 The specified compressive strength is measured by compression tests on 6

by 12 inches cylinders, tested after 28 days of moist curing.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 36

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength

 Testing methods:

 Following are the two standard methods devised by ASTM to test the
compressive strength of concrete.

▪ ASTM C31/C31M−17: Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete

Test Specimens in the Field.

▪ ASTM C39/C39M−17b: Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of

Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 37

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength

 Stress-strain Curve

Typical Stress Strain Curve for Concrete

Load
5000
Compressive Stress (Psi)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Strain (in/in)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 38

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength

 Test for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength

 Typical Stress - strain Curves

For normalweight concrete For lightweight concrete

(Ref: Design of concrete structures, 15th edition, chapter 2, page 37)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

2. Tensile Strength

 It is a measure of the maximum stress on the tension face of an

unreinforced concrete beam or slab at the point of failure in bending.

 There are three methods to determine the tensile strength of concrete;

i. Direct tensile strength (ft')

ii. Split cylinder strength (fct)

iii. Modulus of rupture (fr)

 Here, only the modulus of rupture approach will be discussed.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 41

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

2. Modulus of rupture (ASTM C - 293)

⚫ The Flexural strength or Modulus of rupture is calculated using the

following formula
6𝑀
𝑓𝑟 =
𝑏ℎ2
Where,

M = Pl /4 , b = h = 6'' and l = 30''

h

Putting values of M, b, h and l,

𝑙/2 b
we get; 𝑙/2

5
𝑓𝑟 = 𝑃 (𝑝𝑠𝑖)
24

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 42

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

2. Modulus of rupture

 Relation between compressive and tensile strength

(Ref: Design of concrete structures, 15th edition, chapter 2, page 43)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 43

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

2. Modulus of rupture

 As per ACI 318-19, section 19.2.3.1, Modulus of rupture, fr for concrete

shall be calculated by:

𝑓𝑟 = 7.5𝜆 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑝𝑠𝑖

 The value of 𝝀 shall be permitted to take as;

▪ 0.75 for lightweight concrete (19.2.4.2)

▪ 1.0 for normal weight concrete (19.2.4.3)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

3. Modulus of Elasticity

⚫ Modulus of elasticity also known as Young’s modulus is the ratio of axial

stress to the axial strain.

⚫ It is basically the slope of Stress-strain curve within the elastic limits.

⚫ Concrete's modulus of elasticity is not constant, but changes based on the

type and compressive strength of the concrete.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 45

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

3. Modulus of Elasticity

⚫ As per ACI 318-19, section 19.2.2.1, Modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete

shall be accordance with (a) or (b):
a) For values of 𝑤𝑐 between 90 and 160 lb/ft3

𝐸𝑐 = 𝑤𝑐1.5 33 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (19.2.2.1. 𝑎)

b) For Normal weight concrete

𝐸𝑐 = 57000 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑝𝑠𝑖 (19.2.2.1. 𝑏)

⚫ 𝑤𝑐 in equation (a) is the equilibrium density of concrete mixture.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 46

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

4. Modulus of Rigidity

⚫ Modulus of rigidity also known as Shear modulus “G” is the ratio of shear
stress to the shear strain.

⚫ Mathematically, we have

𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜏
𝐺= =
𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝛾

⚫ This property depends on the elasticity of the material, the more elastic the
material, the higher the modulus of rigidity and vice versa.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 47

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

5. Modular ratio

⚫ The ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel Es to that of concrete Ec is known

as modular ratio.

⚫ Mathematically, Poisson’s ratio is expressed as;

𝐸𝑠 29000,000 508.77
𝑛= = =
𝐸𝑐 57000 × 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓𝑐 ′

⚫ Since the modulus of elasticity of concrete changes with time, age at

loading, modular ratio also changes accordingly.

⚫ The modular ratio for a normalweight concrete having compressive

strength of 3000psi is 9.3.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 48

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

6. Poisson’s ratio

⚫ The ratio of transverse strain to longitudinal strain in the direction of the

stretching force is known as poison’s ratio.

⚫ Mathematically, Poisson’s ratio is expressed as;

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝜐=
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
⚫ Poisson’s ratio is positive for tensile while negative for compressive
deformation.

⚫ The Poisson’s ratio of concrete ranges from 0.1 – 0.2.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 49

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

7. Unit weight

⚫ Weight of a material per unit volume is called unit weight or weight density.

⚫ The unit weight of concrete depends on percentage of reinforcement, type

of aggregate, number of voids.

⚫ Unit weight for plain cement concrete varies from 140 to 145 lb/ft3 , while
that for reinforced concrete is 150 lb/ft3.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 50

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

8. Creep and Shrinkage

⚫ Creep is “time-dependent deformation of concrete due to sustained load”.

⚫ Shrinkage is defined as “Decrease in either length or volume of a material

resulting from changes in moisture content or chemical changes”.

⚫ Both creep and shrinkage result in cracking of concrete leading to

reduction in stiffness.

⚫ Severe creep and shrinkage strains can result in serviceability problems,

stress redistribution, prestress loss, and even failure of structural
elements.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 51

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

9. Fire resistance

⚫ Fire resistance is defined as “The property of a material or assembly to

withstand fire or give protection from it”.

⚫ Fire resistance is controlled by both the physical and thermal properties of

the structural element.

⚫ Due to the inert nature of its components, concrete is proven to have a

high degree of fire resistance.

⚫ ASTM E119-20: Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building

Construction and Materials.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Factors affecting properties of concrete

Factors Effects

Water-cement Water/Cement ratio is inversely proportional to the strength of concrete.

ratio Higher the w/c ratio, lower will be the strength.

Degree of Concrete compaction improves density by eliminating air gaps, increasing

Compaction impermeability and strength.

Curing of concrete is the most essential to prevent plastic shrinkage,

Curing
temperature control, strength gain and durability.

Weather Change in temperature causes shrinkage, freezing and thawing which results
conditions in loss of concrete strength.

Age of concrete The strength of concrete increases with its age.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 53

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Steel

Steel is a hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon and some
other elements, used as a structural and fabricating material.

 Classification of Steel (Based on composition)

1. Plain Carbon Steel

▪ Low carbon steel /Mild steel (0.16% - 0.30 % of carbon)
▪ Medium carbon steel (0.30% to 0.60% of carbon)
▪ High carbon steel (0.60% to 1% of carbon)

2. Low Alloy Steel (≤ 8% alloying element)

3. High Alloy Steel (> 8% alloying element)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 54

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Classification of Steel (Based on use)

Deformed Bar Reinforcement Plain Reinforcement

Prestressing Steel Structural Steel

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 55

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing steel

 Deformed bar reinforcement

 As per ACI 318-19,20.2.1.1, deformed bar reinforcement shall be

used in reinforced concrete.

 Deformed bars shall conform to one of the following ASTM

specifications;

(a) ASTM A615

(b) ASTM A706

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 56

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing steel

 Deformed bar reinforcement

 ASTM A615

 It covers deformed carbon-steel reinforcing

bars that are currently the most widely
used type of steel bar in reinforced
concrete construction.

 Bars of this type are marked with the letter

“S” per the specification requirements.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 57

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing steel

 Deformed bar reinforcement

 ASTM A706

 It covers low-alloy steel deformed bars

intended for applications where controlled
tensile properties, restrictions on chemical
composition to enhance weldability, or
both, are required.

 Bars of this type are marked with the letter

“W” per the specification requirements.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 58

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing steel

 Deformed bar reinforcement

⚫ Physical Properties
Diameter Area Weight
Bar Designation
(in) (in2) (lb/ft)
#3 0.37 0.11 0.38

#4 0.50 0.20 0.67

#5 0.62 0.31 1.04

#6 0.75 0.44 1.50

#7 0.87 0.60 2.04

#8 1.00 0.79 2.67

#9 1.12 1.00 3.40

#10 1.25 1.27 4.30

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 59

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing steel

 Deformed bar reinforcement

⚫ Bar markings

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 60

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing steel

 Deformed bar reinforcement

⚫ Strength

Minimum Yield Strength, fy

Steel Grade Tensile Strength (ksi)
(ksi)

40 40 60

60 60 80

80 80 100

100 100 115

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 61

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing steel

 Deformed bar reinforcement

⚫ Typical Stress-strain curve

Actual curve

fs = fy
Idealize
d
fs = Esεs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 62

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Reinforced Concrete

⚫ Reinforced Concrete is a type of concrete in which steel is utilized as

reinforcement to improve the tensile strength of concrete components.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 63

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Advantages of Reinforced concrete

Properties Description

Strong and Reinforced concrete has a good compressive strength and durable
durable compared to other building materials.

Economical RCC is less expensive than other building materials such as steel.

The raw ingredients needed to prepare RCC are widely available and
Readily Available
reasonably priced.

RCC can be moulded at any shape and size as per architectural

Mould-able
requirements.

RCC are more fire resistant comparatively to other construction materials

Fire Resistant
like wood, Steel, etc.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 64

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Properties of Materials

 Disadvantages of Reinforced concrete

Properties Description

Uncertainty in The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing, casting, and
strength curing. All of this affects the final strength.

High early RCC needs too much maintenance during its construction, like proper
maintenance curing, checking of cracks, prevention from direct sunlight etc.

RCC takes time to gain its full strength. Thus, R.C.C. structures can’t be
Slow strength gain
used immediately after construction unlike steel structures.

R.C.C. needs lot of form-work, centering and shuttering to be fixed, thus

More site space
require more site space and skilled labor.

R.C.C. structures are heavier than structures of other materials like steel,
Heavier sections
wood and glass etc.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 65

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Design Loads

⚫ Load

“Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials,
occupants, and their possessions, environmental effects, differential
movement, and restrained dimensional changes; permanent loads are those
loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude; all other
loads are variable loads”.
(ACI 318-19,2.3)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 66

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Design Loads

⚫ Dead Load

a) The weights of the members, supported structure, and permanent

attachments or accessories that are likely to be present on a structure in
service; or

b) Loads meeting specific criteria found in the general building code;

without load factors.
(ACI 318-19, 2.3)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 67

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Design Loads

⚫ Live Load

a) Load that is not permanently applied to a structure, but is likely to occur

during the service life of the structure (excluding environmental loads); or

b) Loads meeting specific criteria found in the general building code; without
load factors.
(ACI 318-19, 2.3)
 ACI 318 has adopted ASCE/SEI 7 for selecting minimum design live load for
buildings and other structures.

 Other Loads

 Include earthquake loads, wind loads, snow loads etc.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 68

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Design Loads

⚫ Service Loads

All loads, static or transitory, imposed on a structure or element thereof, during

the operation of a facility, without load factors are known as service loads.
(ACI 318-19, 2.3)

⚫ Factored Loads

All loads, static or transitory, imposed on a structure or element thereof, during

the operation of a facility, with load factors are known as factored loads.
(ACI 318-19, 2.3)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 69

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Structural Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Selection of Design Procedure

 According to the ACI 318-19, Section 4.6, the Reinforced Concrete

members shall be designed using the Strength Design Method.

 The basic requirement for strength design may be expressed as

follows;

Capacity ≥ Demand

∅𝐶 = 𝛾𝐷

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 70

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

 Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

 The formulation of equations used for the design of reinforced concrete is

based on the mechanics of reinforced concrete.

 The ACI 318 Code specifies the behavior and mechanics of reinforced
concrete under axial, flexure, shear, and torsional loads.

 The mechanics of reinforced concrete for flexure will be thoroughly covered in

the next week's presentation.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 71

 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 320: Reinforced Concrete Design-I 72