“Heaven’s Light is Our Guide”
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Lab Report
Course Code : ECE 1102
Course Name : Circuits and Systems-I Sessional
Lab No : 07
Submitted To : Submitted By :
Md. Abu Hanif Pramanik Name : Talha Taki
Assistant Professor Roll : 2310045
Department of ECE, RUET Registration : 1102
Session : 2023-2024
Department of ECE, RUET
Experiment Number: 07
Name of the Experiment : Verification of Superposition Principle.
Objective: Verify superposition principle in a simple DC circuit.
Theory: The Superposition Principle is a fundamental concept in the analysis of
linear circuits. It states that in a linear circuit with multiple independent sources
(voltage or current sources), the total response (voltage or current) at any element
in the circuit is the algebraic sum of the responses produced by each source acting
independently, while all other independent sources are turned off.
Linear Circuit
A linear circuit is one where the parameters such as resistance, inductance, and
capacitance do not depend on the amplitude of the applied voltage or current. In
these circuits, the relationship between voltage and current is governed by linear
equations (e.g., Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws). This linearity ensures that the
superposition principle holds.
Independent Sources
In a linear circuit, independent sources are the driving forces for current and
voltage. These sources can be either:
1. Independent Voltage Sources: Sources that provide a fixed voltage regardless of
the current drawn by the circuit.
2. Independent Current Sources: Sources that supply a fixed current, irrespective
of the voltage across them.
Required Apparatus:
1. DC Voltage Source.
2. Connecting Wires.
3. Static Resistors.
4. Ammeters.
Circuit Diagram:
Figure 1: The circuit of interest for conducting the experiment.
Procedure:
1. Connect the Circuit: The circuit had been set up according to the provided diagram,
ensuring that both voltage sources were connected to the resistors.
2. Initial Measurements: With both sources active, the total current flowing through each
resistor was measured and recorded using the ammeter.
3. Deactivate One Source at a Time:
First Source Active: The second voltage source had been turned off by short-circuiting its
terminals (replacing it with a wire). The current through desired resistor was measured again
and recorded.
Second Source Active: The second source had been restored, and the first source was
deactivated by short-circuiting its terminals. The current through desired resistor was
measured once more and recorded.
4. Calculate Individual Contributions: For each resistor, the current contribution from each
source had been calculated based on the measurements taken in step 3. Ohm's Law (V = IR)
was used to determine how much current flowed through each resistor when only one source
was active.
5. Summation of Currents: The individual currents obtained from step 3 were added for each
resistor to find the total current when both sources were active.
6. Compare Results: The total currents measured when both sources were active (step 2) were
compared with the sum of individual contributions calculated in step 5. Any discrepancies
were noted, and potential sources of error, such as instrument precision or connection issues,
were considered
Data Table:
Ierror =
SL Imeasure I1 I2 Icalc=I1+I2 Imeasure−Icalc
| | ×
(A) (A) (A) Imeasure
(A)
100
1 0.52 0.28 0.26 0.54 3.85 %
2 0.58 0.32 0.20 0.58 0%
3 0.59 0.40 0.18 0.58 1.69 %
Figure 2: Circuit Simulated in NI Multisim 14.3
Discussion:
The observed values ideally matched theoretical predictions within acceptable limits of error
due to instrumentation or observational inaccuracies. This experiment demonstrated how
linear circuits could be analyzed using superposition, confirming its validity in practical
applications.
Precaution:
1. Before powering the circuit, we meticulously checked that all connections were tight and
secure.
2. Prior to taking any measurements, we confirmed that all measuring instruments (voltmeter,
ammeter, and wattmeter) were properly calibrated and set to zero.
3. We always adhered to strict safety protocols by ensuring the circuit was de-energized
before making any changes or adjustments.
Refeerence:
Sadiku, M. N. O. (Year). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (6th ed.) McGraw-hill Education.
