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PARTICLE PHYSICS AS NOTES
11 Particle physics
11.1 Atoms, nuclei and radiation
Candidates should be able to:
1 infer from the results of the α-particle scattering experiment the existence and small size of the nucleus
2 describe a simple model for the nuclear atom to include protons, neutrons and orbital electrons
3 distinguish between nucleon number and proton number
4 understand that isotopes are forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their
nuclei
5 understand and use the notation AZ X for the representation of nuclides
6 understand that nucleon number and charge are conserved in nuclear processes
7 describe the composition, mass and charge of α-, β- and γ-radiations (both β – (electrons) and β+
(positrons) are included)
8 understand that an antiparticle has the same mass but opposite charge to the corresponding particle,
and that a positron is the antiparticle of an electron
9 state that (electron) antineutrinos are produced during β – decay and (electron) neutrinos are produced
during β+ decay
10 understand that α-particles have discrete energies but that β-particles have a continuous range of
energies because (anti)neutrinos are emitted in β-decay
11 represent α- and β-decay by a radioactive decay equation of the form 238
92
U " 234
90
Th + 24 α
12 use the unified atomic mass unit (u) as a unit of mass
11.2 Fundamental particles
Candidates should be able to:
1 understand that a quark is a fundamental particle and that there are six flavours (types) of quark: up,
down, strange, charm, top and bottom
2 recall and use the charge of each flavour of quark and understand that its respective antiquark has the
opposite charge (no knowledge of any other properties of quarks is required)
3 recall that protons and neutrons are not fundamental particles and describe protons and neutrons in
terms of their quark composition
4 understand that a hadron may be either a baryon (consisting of three quarks) or a meson (consisting of
one quark and one antiquark)
5 describe the changes to quark composition that take place during β – and β+ decay
6 recall that electrons and neutrinos are fundamental particles called leptons
ABDUL HAKEEM ABDUL HAKEEM
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PARTICLE PHYSICS AS
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