Full Download Test Bank Get the Latest Study Materials at testbankfan.
com
Applied Statistics From Bivariate Through
Multivariate Techniques 2nd Edition Warner Test
Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/applied-statistics-from-
bivariate-through-multivariate-techniques-2nd-edition-
warner-test-bank/
OR CLICK HERE
DOWLOAD NOW
Download More Test Banks for All Subjects at https://testbankfan.com
Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.
Applied Statistics From Bivariate Through Multivariate
Techniques 2nd Edition Warner Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/applied-statistics-from-bivariate-
through-multivariate-techniques-2nd-edition-warner-solutions-manual/
testbankfan.com
Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis 6th Edition
Johnson Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/applied-multivariate-statistical-
analysis-6th-edition-johnson-solutions-manual/
testbankfan.com
Statistics Learning from Data 2nd Edition Peck Solutions
Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/statistics-learning-from-data-2nd-
edition-peck-solutions-manual/
testbankfan.com
Business Communication Polishing Your Professional
Presence 3rd Edition Shwom Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/business-communication-polishing-your-
professional-presence-3rd-edition-shwom-test-bank/
testbankfan.com
Enduring Democracy American and Texas Government 3rd
Edition Yalof Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/enduring-democracy-american-and-texas-
government-3rd-edition-yalof-test-bank/
testbankfan.com
Precalculus A Unit Circle Approach 3rd Edition Ratti Test
Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-a-unit-circle-
approach-3rd-edition-ratti-test-bank/
testbankfan.com
Software Engineering A Practitioners Approach 8th Edition
Pressman Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/software-engineering-a-practitioners-
approach-8th-edition-pressman-solutions-manual/
testbankfan.com
Intimate Relationships 7th Edition Miller Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/intimate-relationships-7th-edition-
miller-test-bank/
testbankfan.com
Social Dimensions of Health and Health Care in Canada
Canadian 1st Edition Wade Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/social-dimensions-of-health-and-
health-care-in-canada-canadian-1st-edition-wade-test-bank/
testbankfan.com
Financial Accounting Information for Decisions 9th Edition
Wild Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/financial-accounting-information-for-
decisions-9th-edition-wild-solutions-manual/
testbankfan.com
Chapter 7: Bivariate Pearson Correlation
Multiple Choice
1. Pearson’s correlation r of a bivariate data set is similar to the z-score in a univariate data set in that:
a. both are unitless or standardized indexes which allow comparison of variables with different scales.
b. like z, r can range from +∞ to -∞.
c. r is also normally distributed with most values occurring between +2 and -2 standard deviations.
d. lower scores have negative values (-) and higher scores have positive values (+).
Ans: a
2. A positive correlation between two variables, X and Y, indicates that:
a. as scores on X increase, scores on Y decrease
b. as scores on X increase, scores on Y increase
c. as scores on X decrease, score on Y increase
d. no relationship between X and Y
Ans: b
3. Which of the following correlations rxy represents the strongest possible relationship between X and Y:
a. +0.50
b. +3.00
c. +.70
d. -.80
Ans: d
4. Which is not an assumption for Pearson’s r:
a. aach score on X should be independent of other X scores
b. scores on X and Y are quantitative.
c. scores on X and Y are uniformly distributed
d. scores on Y should be linearly related to scores on X
Ans: c
5. The shape of a bivariate normal distribution is:
a. a triangle
b. a circle
c. a rectangle
d. an oval
Ans: d
6. Which of the following is not true regarding preliminary data screening in correlation analysis:
a. an extreme outlier can actually reduce the magnitude of r.
b. an extreme outlier can actually increase the magnitude of r.
c. curvilinear relationships almost always increase the magnitude of r.
d. a lack of homogeneity of variance across X and Y can significantly reduce the magnitude of r.
Ans: c
7. Which of the following is the formula to calculate Pearson’s r:
a. ∑ (Yij - Mi)2
b. ∑ (zx * zy) / N
c. (N - μ) / σ
d. Cov (X,Y)
Ans: b
8. Pearson’s r can also be considered as:
a. a measure of how much values differ in a sample
b. the size of a typical value
c. the number of independent pieces of information
d. a unit-free measure of covariance
Ans: d
9. The null hypothesis that tests a lack of a linear relationship is:
a. H0 : ρxy = 0
b. H0 : ρxy ≠ 1
c. H0 : rxy = 0
d. H0 : rxy ≠ 1
Ans: a
10. Which is true of the sampling distributions for r:
a. when the population correlation ρxy = 0, the sample distribution is positively skewed.
b. when the population correlation ρxy nears 1, the sample distribution is negatively skewed.
c. the sampling distribution is normally distributed ranging from -∞ to +∞.
d. as the sample size increases, the distribution becomes normal across all values of ρxy.
Ans: b
11. The test statistic for the null hypothesis in bivariate correlation is:
a. F = r2 / (1 - r2)
b. t = ρxy / SEr
c. t = (r - ρ0) / SEr
d. q = (Ma - Mb) / √ (MSwithin / n)
Ans: c
12. Which is not a problem when comparing correlations involving different populations or different
variables:
a. restricted range of X or Y scores in either group.
b. differences in reliability of measures between comparison groups.
c. the covariances between X and Y may be different in comparison groups.
d. variables may have different levels of homogeneity between comparison groups.
Ans: c
13. Which is true regarding the reporting of correlations in research journals:
a. researchers tend to run too few correlations thereby under-evaluating their data.
b. cross-validation procedures tend to inflate the risk of Type I errors.
c. use of a Bonferroni correction reduces the values of r thereby masking the true value.
d. researchers should use theory or previous research to determine which correlations to analyze.
Ans. :d
14. Data points in bivariate correlation are concordant if:
a. both zx and zy are positive or both are negative.
b. zx is positive and zy is negative.
c. zx is negative and zy is positive.
d. zx and zy have no correlation.
Ans.:a
15. A spurious correlation can be a result of:
a. a mediating effect where X causes Z and Z causes Y.
b. an interaction effect where the correlation of X and Y differ on categorical levels of X.
c. random variations between X and Y.
d. restricted range where X and/or Y have limited variability.
Ans. :b
True/False
1. The sign of r provides information about the strength of the relationship between X and Y.
Ans: False
2. Pearson’s r is unit-free.
Ans: True
3. It is appropriate to make a causal inference based on Pearson’s r alone.
Ans: False
4. The standard error for Fisher Z depends on ρ and N.
Ans: False
5. Restricting the range of potential answers limits the external validity of the study.
Ans: True
Short Answer
1. If X and Y are both categorical, Pearson’s r is called ________.
Ans: a phi coefficient
2. What is meant by the fact that correlation is a symmetric index between X and Y?
Ans: The correlation of X with Y is the same as the correlation of Y with X.
3. What is meant by “regression toward the mean” for correlations less than 1.0?
Ans: The predicted score zy on the dependent variable is closer to the mean than the score of the
zx independent variable.
4. Explain how effect size is determined in bivariate correlation.
Ans: Effect size is the proportion of variance in Y that can be predicted from X which is calculated as rxy2.
Essay
1. What happens to rxy when there is a curvilinear relationship and how can you remedy the problem?
Ans: X and Y may be very strongly related if a curvilinear relationship exists but rxy will be small because
correlation only measures linear relationship strength. One solution is to transform X or Y via a log or
square root transformation. Better sampling techniques may also help if X and Y are truly correlated in
the population.
2. If a significant correlation does not imply causation, what does it imply?
Ans: Many reasons exist for the correlation of X and Y: 1) X may actually cause Y, 2) Y may cause X, 3)
X may cause Z which in turn causes Y, 4) X may be confounded with Z which is related to Y, 5) X and Y
may measure the same construct, and 6) X and Y may be correlated due to sampling error.
Other documents randomly have
different content
have the longest and finest hair. It was from the hair of this breed
that the costly fabrics used in the Tabernacle were woven, and it is
probably to this breed that reference is made in Solomon's Song, iv.
1, 2: "Behold, thou art fair, my love; behold, thou art fair; thou hast
doves' eyes within thy locks: thy hair is as a flock of goats, that
appear from Mount Gilead.
"Thy teeth are like a flock of sheep that are even shorn, which
came up from the washing." In this passage the careful reader will
also note another reference to the habits of the Goats and sheep,
the hair being compared to the dark-haired Goats that wander on
the tops of the hills, while the teeth are compared to sheep that are
ranged in regular order below. The Mohair Goat is known
scientifically as Capra Angorensis. The same image is used again in
chap. vi. 5.
HERD OF GOATS ATTACKED BY
A LION.
The second breed is that which is commonest throughout the
country. It is known by the name of the Syrian Goat, and is
remarkable for the enormous length of its ears, which sometimes
exceed a foot from root to tip. This variety has been described as a
separate species under the name of Capra Mambrica, or C. Syriaca,
but, like the Mohair Goat, and twenty-three other so-called species,
is simply a variety of the common Goat, Hircus ægragus.
Reference is made to the long ears of the Syrian Goat in Amos iii.
12: "Thus saith the Lord: As the shepherd taketh out of the mouth
of the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear; so shall the children of
Israel be taken out that dwell in Samaria." Such a scene, which was
familiar to Amos, the shepherd as well as the prophet, is represented
in the illustration. In the foreground is the goat on which the lion has
sprung, and from which one of the long ears has been torn away. Its
companions are gathering round it in sympathy, while its kid is trying
to discover the cause of its mother's uneasiness. In the background
is a group of armed shepherds, standing round the lion which they
have just killed, while one of them is holding up the torn ear which
he has taken out of the lion's mouth.
THE WILD GOAT.
The Azelim or Wild Goats of Scripture identical with the Beden or Arabian
Ibex—Different names of the Beden—Its appearance and general habits
—En-gedi, or Goats' Fountain—The Beden formerly very plentiful in
Palestine, and now tolerably common—Its agility—Difficulty of catching
or killing it—How the young are captured—Flesh of the Beden—Use of
the horns at the present day—The Ako of Deuteronomy.
In three passages of the Old Testament occurs a word, "Azelim,"
which is variously translated in our Authorized Version.
It is first seen in 1 Sam. xxiv. 2, in which it is rendered as "Wild
Goats." "It was told Saul, saying, Behold, David is in the wilderness
of En-gedi [i.e. the Fountain of the Goat]. Then Saul took three
thousand chosen men out of all Israel, and went to seek David and
his men upon the rocks of the wild goats (azelim)." The same word
occurs in Job xxxix. 1: "Knowest thou the time when the wild goats
of the rock bring forth?" It is also found in Ps. civ. 18: "The high hills
are a refuge for the wild goats." In all these passages it is rendered
as "wild goats." But, in Prov. v. 19, it is translated as roe: "Rejoice
with the wife of thy youth. Let her be as the loving hind and
pleasant roe (azelah)." The Jewish Bible follows the same diverse
renderings.
We now have to discover the animal which was signified by the
word Azel. According to its etymology, it is the Climber, just as the
adult he-goat is called the Butter.
That it was a climbing animal is evident from its name, and that it
loved to clamber among precipices is equally evident from the
repeated connexion of the word rock with the name of the animal.
We also see, from the passage in Job, that it is a wild animal whose
habits were not known. There is scarcely any doubt that the Azel of
the Old Testament is the Arabian Ibex or Beden (Capra Nubiana). This
animal is very closely allied to the well-known Ibex of the Alps, or
Steinbock, but may be distinguished from it by one or two slight
differences, such as the black beard and the slighter make of the
horns, which moreover have three angles instead of four, as is the
case with the Alpine Ibex.
The Beden is known by several names. It is sometimes called the
Jaela, sometimes the Nubian Wild Goat, and is also known as the
Wild Goat of Sinai. The general colour of the Beden is grey,
becoming brownish in winter, and being whitish grey beneath. The
feet are spotted with black and white, and the beard of the male is
black, differing from that of the Alpine Ibex, which is brown. The
female is beardless. The lines along the back and the sides of the tail
are black, and there are three streaks on each ear.
The Beden generally lives in little herds of eight or ten, and is
even now to be found in Palestine. At the strange, wild, weird-
looking En-gedi (Ain Jiddy), or Fountain of the Goats, the Beden is
still to be seen. Mr. Tristram suggests that David and his followers
took up their residence at En-gedi for the sake of the Wild Goats
that were plentiful upon the spot, and which would furnish food for
himself and his hardy band of outlaws. "In the neighbourhood of En-
gedi," remarks this traveller, "while encamped by the Dead Sea
shore, we obtained several fine specimens, and very interesting it
was to find the graceful creature by the very fountain to which it
gave name.
"When clambering over the heights above En-gedi, I often, by the
help of my glass, saw the Ibex from a distance, and once, when
near Mar-saba, only a few miles from Jerusalem, started one at a
distance of four hundred yards. At the south end of the Dead Sea
they were common, and I have picked up a horn both near Jericho
on the hills and also on the hills of Moab on the eastern side. At
Jericho, too, I obtained a young one which I hoped to rear, but
which died after I had had it for ten days, owing, I believe, to the
milk with which it was fed being sour. Further north and west we did
not find it, though I have reason to believe that a few linger on the
mountains between Samaria and the Jordan, and perhaps also on
some of the spurs of Lebanon. We found its teeth in the breccia of
bone occurring in the Lebanon, proving its former abundance there."
As the Beden was found so plentifully even in these days when
fire-arms have rendered many wild animals scarce and wary, so that
they will not show themselves within range of a bullet, it is evident
that in the time when David lived at En-gedi and drank of the Goats'
Fountain they were far more numerous, and could afford
nourishment to him and his soldiers. Travellers, moreover, who do
not happen to be experienced hunters, will often fail in seeing the
Beden, even in places where it is tolerably plentiful. The colour of its
coat resembles so nearly that of the rocks, that an inexperienced
eye would see nothing but bare stones and sticks where a practised
hunter would see numbers of Beden, conspicuous by their
beautifully curved horns.
The agility of the Beden is extraordinary. Loving the highest and
most craggy parts of the mountain ridge, it flings itself from spot to
spot with a recklessness that startles one who has not been
accustomed to the animal, and the wonderful certainty of its foot. It
will, for example, dash at the face of a perpendicular precipice that
looks as smooth as a brick wall, for the purpose of reaching a tiny
ledge which is hardly perceptible, and which is some fifteen feet or
so above the spot whence the animal sprang. Its eye, however, has
marked certain little cracks and projections on the face of the rock,
and as the animal makes its leap, it takes these little points of
vantage in rapid succession, just touching them as it passes
upwards, and by the slight stroke of its foot keeping up the original
impulse of its leap. Similarly, the Ibex comes sliding and leaping
down precipitous sides of the mountains, sometimes halting with all
the four feet drawn together, on a little projection scarcely larger
than a penny, and sometimes springing boldly over a wide crevasse,
and alighting with exact precision upon a projecting piece of rock
that seems scarcely large enough to sustain a rat comfortably.
The young of the Ibex are sometimes captured and tamed. They
are, however, difficult to rear, and give much more trouble than the
young gazelles when taken in a similar manner. The natives can
generally procure the kids at the proper time of year, and sell them
at a very cheap rate. They seldom, however, can be reared, and
even those who live in the country experience the greatest difficulty
in keeping the young Beden alive until it attains maturity.
Were it not for the curious habits of the Beden, the young could
scarcely ever be obtained alive, as they are so agile that they could
easily leap away from their slow two-legged pursuers. But the
mother Ibex has a habit of leading a very independent life,
wandering to considerable distances, and leaving her kid snugly
hidden in some rock-cleft. The hunters watch the mother as she
starts off in the morning, clamber up to the spot where the kid is
concealed, and secure it without difficulty. The Arabs say that there
are always two kids at a birth, but there is considerable discrepancy
of evidence on this point, which, after all, is of very little importance.
ARABIAN IBEX, OR BEDEN; THE
WILD GOAT OF SCRIPTURE.
The flesh of the Beden is really excellent. It is far superior to that
of the gazelle, which is comparatively dry and hard, and it has been
happily suggested that the Beden was the animal in search of which
Esau was sent to hunt with his quiver and his bow, and which
furnished the "savoury meat" which Isaac loved. None but a true
hunter can hope to secure the Beden, and even all the knowledge,
patience, and energy of the best hunters are tried before they can
kill their prey. It was therefore no matter of wonder that Isaac
should be surprised when he thought that he heard Esau return so
soon from the hunting-grounds. "How is it that thou hast found it so
quickly, my son?"
There are few animals more wary than the Beden, and even the
chamois of the Alps does not exercise the finest qualities of a hunter
more than does the Beden of Palestine. It is gifted with very keen
eyes, which can discern the approach of an enemy long before its
grey coat and curved horns can be distinguished from the stones
and gnarled boughs of the mountain side. And, even if the enemy be
not within range of the animal's sight, its nostrils are so keen that it
can detect a man by scent alone at a considerable distance. Like all
gregarious animals, the Beden insures the safety of the flock by
stationing sentries, which are posted on places that command the
whole surrounding country, and to deceive the watchful senses of
these wary guardians tests all the qualities of the hunter.
The dawn of day is the time that is generally chosen for
approaching a herd, because the animals are then feeding, and if
the hunter can manage to approach them against the wind, he may
chance to come within range. Should however the wind change its
direction, he may quietly walk home again, for at the first breath of
the tainted gale the sentinels utter their shrill whistle of alarm, and
the whole party dash off with a speed that renders pursuit useless.
The horns of the Beden are of very great size, and from their bold
curves, with the large rings and ridges which cover their front, are
remarkably handsome objects. In their own country they are in great
request as handles to knives, and even in England they may be
occasionally seen serving as handles to carving-knives and forks.
As to the word Ako, which occurs in Deut. xiv. 5, together with
other animals, and is rendered as "Wild Goat," there is so much
doubt about the correct translation that I can do no more than
mention that the Jewish Bible follows our authorized edition in
translating Ako as Wild Goat, but adds the doubtful mark to the
word.
THE DEER.
The Hart and Hind of Scripture—Species of Deer existing in Palestine—
Earliest mention of the Hind—The Hart classed among the clean animals
—Passages alluding to its speed—Care of the mother for her young, and
her custom of secreting it—Tameable character of the Deer.
We now come to the Deer which are mentioned in Scripture. There
are not many passages in which they are mentioned, and one of
them is rather doubtful, as we shall see when we come to it.
There is no doubt that the two words Hart and Hind (in the
Hebrew Ayzal and Ayzalah) represent Deer of some kind, and the
question is to find out what kind of Deer is signified by these words.
I think that we may safely determine that no particular species is
meant, but that under the word Ayzal are comprehended any kinds
of Deer that inhabit Palestine, and were likely to be known to those
to whom the earlier Scriptures were addressed. That some kind of
Deer was plentiful is evident from the references which are made to
it, and specially by the familiar word Ajala or Ayala, as it is
pronounced, which signifies the Deer-ground or pasture. But the
attempt to discriminate between one species and another is simply
impossible, and the more careful the search the more impracticable
the task appears.
RED DEER.
As far as can be ascertained, at least two kinds of Deer inhabited
Palestine in the earlier days of the Jewish history, one belonging to
the division which is known by its branched horns, and the other to
that in which the horns are flat or palmated over the tips. Examples
of both kinds are familiar to us under the titles of the Red Deer and
the Fallow Deer, and it is tolerably certain that both these animals
were formerly found in Palestine, or that at all events the Deer which
did exist there were so closely allied to them as to be mere varieties
occasioned by the different conditions in which they were placed.
We will now proceed to the various passages in which the Hart
and Hind are mentioned in the Bible.
FALLOW-DEER, OR HIND OF
SCRIPTURE.
As might be expected, we come upon it among the number of the
beasts which divided the hoof and chewed the cud, and were
specially indicated as fit for food; see Deut. xii. 15: "Notwithstanding
thou mayest kill and eat flesh in all thy gates, ... the unclean and the
clean may eat thereof, as of the roebuck, and as of the hart."
There is, however, an earlier mention of the word in Gen. xlix. 21.
It occurs in that splendid series of imagery in which Jacob blesses
his sons, and prophesies their future, each image serving ever
afterwards as the emblem of the tribe: "Naphtali is a hind let loose:
he giveth goodly words;"—or, according to the Jewish Bible,
"Naphtali is a hind sent forth: he giveth sayings of pleasantness."
Now, such an image as this would never have been used, had not
the spectacle of the "hind let loose" been perfectly familiar to the
eyes both of the dying patriarch and his hearers, and equally so with
the lion, the ass, the vine, the serpent, and other objects used
emblematically in the same prophetic poem.
A QUIET SPOT.
The excellence of the Hart's flesh is shown by its occurrence
among the animals used for King Solomon's table: see 1 Kings iv. 23,
a passage which has been quoted several times, and therefore need
only be mentioned.
Allusion is made to the speed and agility of the Deer in several
passages. See, for example, Isa. xxxv. 6: "Then shall the lame man
leap as an hart, and the tongue of the dumb sing." Again, in 2 Sam.
xxii. 33, 34: "God is my strength and power: and He maketh my way
perfect.
"He maketh my feet like hinds' feet: and setteth me upon my high
places."
Nearly four hundred years afterwards we find Habakkuk using
precisely the same image, evidently quoting David's Psalm of
Thanksgiving:—"Yet I will rejoice in the Lord, I will joy in the God of
my salvation.
"The Lord God is my strength, and He will make my feet like hinds'
feet, and He will make me to walk upon mine high places." (iii. 18,
19.)
A passage of a similar character may be found in Solomon's Song,
ii. 8, 9: "The voice of my beloved! behold, he cometh leaping upon
the mountains, skipping upon the hills.
"My beloved is like a roe or a young hart."
There is one passage in the Psalms which is familiar to us in many
ways, and not the least in that it has been chosen as the text for so
many well-known anthems. "As the hart panteth after the water-
brooks, so panteth my soul after Thee, O God.
"My soul thirsteth for God, for the living God: when shall I come
and appear before God?" (Ps. xlii. 1, 2.)
Beautiful as this passage is, it cannot be fully understood without
the context.
RED DEER AND FAWN.
David wrote this psalm before he had risen to royal power, and
while he was fleeing from his enemies from place to place, and
seeking an uncertain shelter in the rock-caves. In verse 6 he
enumerates some of the spots in which he has been forced to
reside, far away from the altar, the priests, and the sacrifice. He has
been hunted about from place to place by his enemies as a stag is
hunted by the hounds, and his very soul thirsted for the distant
Tabernacle, in which the Shekinah, the visible presence of God,
rested on the mercy-seat between the golden cherubim.
Wild and unsettled as was the early life of David, this was ever the
reigning thought in his mind, and there is scarcely a psalm that he
wrote in which we do not find some allusion to the visible presence
of God among men. No matter what might be the troubles through
which he had to pass, even though he trod the valley of the shadow
of death, the thought of his God was soothing as water to the
hunted stag, and in that thought he ever found repose. Through all
his many trials and adversities, through his deep remorse for his
sins, through his wounded paternal affections, through his success
and prosperity, that one thought is the ruling power. He begins his
career with it when he opposed Goliath: "Thou comest to me with a
sword, and with a spear, and with a shield: but I come to thee in the
name of the Lord of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel." He
closes his career with the same thought, and, in the "last words"
that are recorded, he charged his son to keep the commandments of
the Lord, that he might do wisely all that he did.
We now come to another point in the Deer's character; namely,
the watchful care of the mother over her young. She always retires
to some secret place when she instinctively knows that the birth is at
hand, and she hides it from all eyes until it is able to take care of
itself. By some strange instinct, the little one, almost as soon as it is
born, is able to comprehend the signals of its mother, and there is an
instance, well known to naturalists, where a newly-born Deer, hardly
an hour old, crouched low to the earth in obedience to a light tap on
its shoulder from its mother's hoof. She, with the intense
watchfulness of her kind, had seen a possible danger, and so warned
her young one to hide itself.
THE LEADER OF THE HERD.
There is scarcely any animal so watchful as the female Deer, as all
hunters know by practical experience. It is comparatively easy to
deceive the stag who leads the herd, but to evade the eyes and ears
of the hinds is a very different business, and taxes all the resources
of a practised hunter. If they take such care of the herd in general, it
may be imagined that their watchfulness would be multiplied tenfold
when the object of their anxiety is their own young.
It is in allusion to this well-known characteristic that a passage in
the Book of Job refers: "Knowest thou the time when the wild goats
of the rock bring forth? or canst thou mark when the hinds do
calve?" (xxxix. 1.) A similar image is used in Psa. xxix. 9. After
enumerating the wonders that are done by the voice of the Lord, the
thunders and rain torrents, the devastating tempests, the forked
lightning, and the earthquake "that shaketh the wilderness of
Kadesh," the Psalmist proceeds: "The voice of the Lord maketh the
hinds to calve, and discovereth the forests,"—this being as
mysterious to the writer as the more conspicuous wonders which he
had previously mentioned.
So familiar to the Hebrews was the watchful care which the female
Deer exercised over her young, that it forms the subject of a
powerful image in one of Jeremiah's mournful prophecies: "Yea, the
hind also calved in the field, and forsook it, because there was no
grass." (xiv. 5.) To those who understand the habits of the animal,
this is a most telling and picturesque image. In the first place, the
Hind, a wild animal that could find food where less active creatures
would starve, was reduced to such straits that she was obliged to
remain in the fields at the time when her young was born, instead of
retiring to some sheltered spot, according to her custom. And when
it was born, instead of nurturing it carefully, according to the natural
maternal instinct, she was forced from sheer hunger to abandon it in
order to find a sufficiency of food for herself.
That the Deer could be tamed, and its naturally affectionate
disposition cultivated, is evident from a passage in the Proverbs (v.
18, 19): "Let thy fountain be blessed: and rejoice with the wife of
thy youth. Let her be as the loving hind and pleasant roe."
We might naturally expect that the Rabbinical writers would have
much to say on the subject of the Hart and Hind. Among much that
is irrelevant to the object of the present work there are a few
passages that deserve mention. Alluding to the annual shedding of
the Deer's horns, there is a proverb respecting one who ventures his
money too freely in trade, that "he has hung it on the stag's horns,"
meaning thereby that he will never see it again. It is remarkable that
in Western Africa there is a proverb of a similar character, the
imprudent merchant being told to look for his money in the place
where Deer shed their horns.
THE WATCHFUL DOE.
A KNEELING CAMEL.
THE CAMEL.
CHAPTER I.
The two species of Camel, and the mode of distinguishing them—Value of
the Camel in the East—Thirst-enduring capability—The hump, and its use
to the animal—The Camel as a beast of draught and burden—How the
Camel is laden—Camels for riding—Difficulty of sitting a Camel—A
rough-paced steed—Method of guiding the Camel—The swift dromedary
—Young Camels and their appearance—The deserted Camel.
Before treating of the Scriptural references to the Camel, it will be
as well to clear the ground by noticing that two distinct species of
Camel are known to zoologists; namely, the common Camel
(Camelus dromedarius), which has one hump, and the Bactrian
Camel (Camelus Bactrianus), which has two of these curious
projections. There is a popular but erroneous idea that the
dromedary and the Camel are two distinct animals, the latter being
distinguished by its huge hump, whereas the fact is, that the
dromedary is simply a lighter and more valuable breed of the one-
humped Camel of Arabia, the two-humped Bactrian Camel being
altogether a different animal, inhabiting Central Asia, Thibet, and
China.
The Camel is still one of the most valued animals that inhabit
Palestine, and in former times it played a part in Jewish history
scarcely inferior to that of the ox or sheep. We shall, therefore,
devote some space to it.
In some parts of the land it even exceeded in value the sheep,
and was infinitely more useful than the goat. At the very beginning
of Jewish history we read of this animal, and it is mentioned in the
New Testament nearly two thousand years after we meet with it in
the Book of Genesis. The earliest mention of the Camel occurs in
