~ * ~ ~ h & * 3 T r n ~ ~ $ + & & ~ d ~ .
d % ~ ~ ~ ~
&*31ad~qpfa:h**mfrd%-&*m3~mmm
( ~ - m $ r n ) a ~ ~ r n + g ~ ~ j i m + r n * v h k
d ~ & ~ m $ , d B 3 ~ m 3 ~ d 3 m r f ~ 2 1 M
& m q ~ & % ~ M $ a w % v f i d 2 1 a ~ m & m
3& 3 v d d 2 f\=r;r;f m d ~ rn4 ?d?X* $l%!W?(tropical deserts),
gmm,~mB3';fi3z'.+*~mm*fi*lmm~
& M 3 a +3h (pioneer) aw WJCI FR&~ JK%CI & $1 a q& w T$ d
r n * r n ~ ~ 3 * S l
!
a@? T m
F dm$m W ~ RmRcp $m $ W ~ mix$k?l (symbiotic asso-
ciation)d R ~ ? ~ T&I 3 I FXT% --&ST (rnycobront) WTI
w3~-$mq(phycoblont) d 31T;m-3KV Fm TI TWTI? b I qWfJ m7 &Ti7
a.Pr~A%rn~wY~~~w21m2~-mrl+A81~~fSc;
i ,i
4
F~~OTTCYC~ T ~ W3 q-3 3 4 d Mb I II
3a.1 im;l3& bI (basid~olichens)Tim
(ascolichens), $~?%?$T;TT$&~ 5 ~ t i ~(deuterolichens)
; r ,
rn rn -81
Mature Lichen
Ascospores 1
I 1
Fungus
Clasping hyphae
=-+r
Association
h12.1: ~ ~ & m - m ~ a u r ~ ~ m f +
g;ifff)h*dPz;arar~~**l
sf?3 $hm,$a)%W (Trebouxia) d JFi*f (Chlorococcales) rn 8
aw $7%h%W (Trentepohlia) d ($k?Thk) (Chaetophorales) rn 8 iVTI
%-sf?33m ~ ~ E + F ( N O S ~2O1C
fi-fiw3-4if~~dfTmnf3
)
* ~ m .
- f t ~ ~ ~ 2 1 m ~ ~ $ ~ a ~
wdtf%&h~
m h - ~ 3 i i rn ~ ~fixation) & % aw %-sf?3 ~ T C C $3
(CO,
&a & m -. $lR$him (nitrogen fixation) .-ft & 2 ~%CFR
a 3m;t +TI & ffr;tr WTTRTI 2 I Mm, (cultures) +-
~ m & h ~ ~ ~ r ~ a r n 3 m ~ ~ ~
s W ? m m f % # r a n & f f r ; t r ~ ~ m M . r f t M m $ ~
9 m 8 m ~ w ~ ~ d m k m m 8 a w ~ ~ ~ %
h ~ m 2 1 3 m Y 4 ~ g ? : d & & * m ~ ~ i f # m ~ ~
~ & 3 $ ' r r n 3 0 ~ d ~ q ~ ~ ~ 4 ~ m + ~ f [
m B (h12.1) 1
m';rq*m3m$fi2Mm,d3~m~rnR;tm;rft$~
2 1 & R 7 ~ 3 9 3 d 3 I l $ ~ i* .7f ?~ i .13 0 * . f ? i . W & & d 2 1 ~ 4 ~ d
6 4 w ~ T - w ~ T & 2 3w m (substrate) rn W
g &?I 8 3Tm y ~ 3;i9
m-2r*&21wd;,7&md**&mawdmm*
*
m I a$* & rn & wjy t i t d l l c q * 3;i9 w3 ma 2 :
(a) d % m 4 M ?AT8 (Graph/),
(Crustose forms) - (Lecidea) fiw
ftm(Haematomma) I a m Tk!-$m (h12.2 a) V h TETT (patch)
fra-r2d;Pf~&awWr&~mm21
(b) d (Foliose forms) - **
W d ? f h (Parmelia),
~
( Peltigera), Q7kh(Collema) , W?T?$T (Parmotrema) a2TT V L $ ~ P ~ T
(Gyrophora) I h WET, p V 7 m-
(dorsi-ventral), (lobed) 3
Tm
3
(irregular margins) frar 8 (h 12 2 b) 1 ?i3
& * ~ m 2 1 ~ * 4 r n ~ ~ ~ : d T f R ; t % W h 2 1
(c) ?zd(Fruitcose Forms) - M 3?747 (Usnea), ddl'h (Cladonia)
aw %?fh'
(Ramalina) I W& F .3s (shrubby) flW ?&RT (h 12.2
c - i m ) + ~ 8 1 f i - f i & k ~ + ; [ a r + 3 f i ~ d * ~ ~ ~ + ~
I 2 1 ~ m * d q R ; t % m 2 1
I
I
~W+$=I m d3 W ? T ~ & ma-mv,dd $I &a & m xiph 3
3r[ 33 6% %W (grey), M,m,MY
8I
~TW %-sf?3, m m VT ~ 6 %
j
m
7PI d ; I
I
Crustose K I l
Foliose
Ezl
Fruticose
f%i%8l
( h 1 2
(cortex) 4
. 3 )
azn I%&!g aq
1 ~ c l ~
*
j f M ~
(medulla)
~ M 8 d
$ 8
if f % ~ #
~ m ; h R r S t
ft?QIBazrrw%m~d1~m&~mM&3if3fhd
h$i
j f m?Ift QT$
m,
wm?f 8 I q p w (rhizoids)
~~
D l 3 (bark) awn ~ c z n f aia & 3 I
TeqZ & 3 341
* *
Uppr cortex
Algal layer
Medulla
Lower c o w
Cortex
Algal Iayer
Medulla
i) ~ ~ ~ ~ q $ I V ................................
~ ' . . "azn' 3adh WP?FZTT
.......................................i3is3-m -21
i) ~~~~&fiWik~?TPfTmm+im~m
M * d ; r . A r n . i m r n l
ii) ~ 8 . ~ 4 2 3 ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ f r
iii) ~ ~ i w $ h ~ G h 9 1 4 d ~ 4 ~
Amm*imi!~~f11g*~m-rru;in21
iv)
* s r r n 4 ~ h 4 ~ ? ~ ~ m $ & ? @ * a m $ m t i m
TlTd I 3RVcTI ?d%% v F F T ~
Flim *(soredia),
W'dTk4licephalodia) am 3Rp%94l (~sidia)m&i?i% ft 8 ~ii!
T43%d~d~i&%1
(a) Tbflfh (Soredia) : l R h %W5f'Ff ?TPfTm@FF?rn a91frm
lh 88
~ ~ ? h ~ ~ 3 m r % l * W * ~ Z t ~ ~ r
(h12.4 a) I
um Cephalodium
(b) ?h?kd%n(Cephalodia) : a h ~ $ 2 3r[ fiFfZcF;r (gall) % s@f
(outgrowth) frift $ (% 12.4 b) I
(c) 3k@f&T (Isidia) : a h* 3n? &FTm? (cylindrical) -dl *&
fr;r 8 (% 12.4 C)J
w3~m+~~"-Pr3mm~~~m&~2f3ff3i
3ii- (oidia), f%@Wl (pycniospores) FTW ?Tr (conidia) rn
frtr31-a&hmm3Ta3f3TR*m*$l
13 3% 3m ~Mfh (spermagonia) % 132m13 d h d -
(spermatia) & rn & 3 I
Ascus with aswspol
- Hypothecium
Mature lichen
iv) ZXI CEFT M & & &% ......................... TTW
......................... 3
Tm ......................... f r w f d 2 I
a ~ & m h r l ~ [ 2 B r n ~ ~ ~ & ~ r n
Tp & M % ?r$%fCT (ribitol), W
CT (mannitol) aw 3T?fk%Y
(arabitol) W V P W 70 80 d?RKT Wl m4G5 Th WFTl T%I
m
ha3335 i;TTI
parasitism) d -3it
%I &
& ~q
* dm b a
S&
l m) f%d% (controlled
fhr$&aw~cm&m3Tfi~m~aw~mPnmwT.mt,21
&cMqy+wrdm~~mird2Ma;44krm3Cf~
TI& I a d f R 4 (tropical), ah,
4kfPi aw is 3$ GTT f f d fjdh &h ii
m~&m~mdX1gmms&m?PI-=hftamlrx$2Mar;mr.r
5O0C TFE $J VTZiT %I
*?lFTi3$3rndJrfi, 1f q . R . r n , d h & m ~ ; ~ ~ i r n & d
2 I CER gm (arctic) &h 3 4500 d y~13d& d x$ 8 I -;T
r n * 4 d * r n = ? P 1 M d 2 1
.rlrTqvfk=ismaw~&&3&*m3-rmftafra%d*
F F $ ~m h f& ~ 8 1 ?d$l %d?%?l & ;dm T& 3m m (weathering)
frar $ f&md?tY@r+ JEFJI (debris) m b , dl ¶X$l $? gf$ $5 f&d Y W
m ) 3 T c h l j a ; r n T % l ~ ~ ~ ~ - d h ? P I ~ ~ % l
qy 3$ 3mWl (inhospitable) 4 33 f5dh &?r am W%?d %%ElFh 4 & a
cFg$ & {FFm WFF-7 +Td?T % I X$'dl%l F%Yl (Cladonia
rangifera) d h k R $3 (reindeer moss) 9. W @klGgd $3
4
aw
b65~! (caribou) m31 4 cml XCTI $ I %S B W??RT dm
mdiJrfi 3$ @Ti FTE%3 T v%aTvl (browse) +df 8 I
7 ~M
3 M
~ FRGRTI & WRTFTSfzmr;r 6+&;t)3T (Lecanora) m 3 T"rsrffa
~
haw cml m 8I m4 ma s t m?$.r ~ ~ ? 2 (Umbilcaria) 7 7
a m + m m $ r ~ a w ~ ~ + q a 3 $ ~ & 2 ; 1 ~ & ~ ~ & ~ 4
d ~ f a d d 3 1
arsJ+;rm3$MmiZI;Ift*m~'id?P1&m+df%
&F$ EpkGS,
I &, i W azn
NO, ( ' 1 ~ - ~ ~ - ~ k K TPAN ) , (herbi-
cides) mf%f%a 2 1 4 wdk 3$ ?+?fX-&3(- aw m $ k4 mrmih
f& dm,4Ttk~1 (caesium) & F&FR%T fid 2 I 3 r ~WF&TVI
T$+
T$~I
ii)
iii)
8h C
-9-3r$-$m$S m w 3f dW &* dm $ ?
R
if
3f ~
*
dd,s&q
;
mfjh&*q
$
w
$f%qa~tw~\mmwh~~YPIm,M;rrfinPm
W* (tall out)
;lrf
W
w
m & m a w m d m ~ ~ I ~ V m m m m m $ , m
~ ~ ~
f f %, $I w h GTI TRXI 3 I
m?b T Q J (tobacco mosaic virus) & h%
*mif&3f&,m3&dmifmITbl~wdd37R;T
~d if &a 9 I 3)& (Rocella),
(Ochrolechia), m% (Evernia) -3
mTi;mifm*Md2-amdm,3*,~*3?rif*s
1
fi;f
T W
if
~
iih
Ti? FFJd I
r;lf t ~ f
~ & m & h ~ d + f i ~ 4 ~ a & 3 $ 8 ~ w a w ~ m ' - S t
f%qa 3Tis 3?r 3Whq 8h G K ~ I% I
%,$Fr&dl $ aw k%$
3WhTPr 3 I
lf %
$I e
(Parmelia), d&F)h
TGTPPl 2 I d ?&h
9
.&
~~
~
(orchil)
$87 (Orcein), G%I%EFT
&T
+ g d h d 4 ~ ~ d d i + 4 r r r i r ~ h m 3 1 ~ m ? m - m ~
%cyTI m;r 3 ) h (Rocella) ;rf h-Ff77 f&4l m 3 I
fi 3f %* I a
*
&3ftsr (Lobaria pulmonaria) *VZh
l V(Peltigera canina), m%?(hydrophobia)
i
. MZJwx $m (tomato canker) a2TT TWiqn
4
.........................'...........
& ~ *
R
*
I
I
~
?4 ~ d
~
~ FWI
vyyyyr[ .......................................-3
~ 9 & & 3 i f $ m ~ . r ; l ~ I.
~
f
*
,
~ ~
.
+
i) ~ * ~ C H ~ ~ I ~ F F @ W V ~ M F + I ~ & ~ ~ ~ I
$dtr~crk+$l
ii) &4M.rriim-.,mvYPmWik~~d&diftmta~81
iii) M - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G I % , ~ ~ P ~ & ~ $
4 &h3
Fll'$$Fq 7 -
m FR&V?l m Eh m W mf%7
(saprophytes)
f r m 8 , * i [ ~ 3 7 W * - m * ~ & ~ a ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ 8 1
~ m * & ~ h & w H d d m ~ ~ ~ $ ~ a & $
mar.rftfrfi81
~ & a g x 3 1 [ a ~ ~ ~ & i ; ~ m d w m d 3 1
h r n m q m m f r m 8 % * * d d m
(shelter) 5FT3 TXtTl % TiW CWd dFFoT ?h *-*
%lI h VPTR7
~ t r n b r ~ " - P I r n r n $ l
iii) .m
i) (Crustose)
ii) v8f?;f (Foliose)
iii) g h (Fruticose)
3 . - J b m - \ 3 s b r ? r * ~ m l
12.1. a ) i) &T, $IMii) , h~m,iii) *-*me *ml
iv) -3, yvirll, V) w ,
?mmvi) +~E+F
q) i) 37%) B iii) V iv) 37 v) V
12.2. i) mp%&w, mdh,ii),--
IMKWT, iii)
iv) m,d*. f;tftbr&~ v)
a) i) 37, ii) V, iii) ;R, iv) 37, v) 37
dbPJ (Basidiospore) : mm WPb' 4
3347 # rn 3TJJfk m,
W 4TG!
d m:hFkiTi (karyogamy) FiW
* 3t[3
* ~ ~ a n m 8 1
*, w q-w d
(Clamp connection) : mZhT$Tk?W P ~ '
f3Tzm%ega&dd&8aY*dh&$MUI$h
*7fPImEiCgmrnrn81
(ascocArp) F
IW
(Cleistothecium) : f&l Gl? (opening)
* ~~ rn (fruiting body)
*
hFh
W
i%%7
?&d
a3dv
-*d4~&81
-r (Dikaryotic hypha) : rn d h & m f&&S'* 3TWKkJ d
~m$f&l3m(+)mm(-)eg&$FkiTi*mfia
31
% k V E TkSFi (Karyogamy) : d 8 h $4m TkFFT ~~ TWit Y F d
M(protoplasts) w 3~- & 8)-( I
r r ht
(Karyokinesis) :WRj$ @M h *d &%3b
(Pycnidium) :W TtTFG-SFfi W T l f?$y) ?T[Jjt- FiW 3~qpf
~hr3%3brydf&&*d3,Wha81
W$FFl XUI W W
(Seutellum) :9m $ (appendage), d 4 XTih
(endosperm) $ f%Z f t d ~l % I
77
mYr;ft
($permogonium) :'TE
WZ(rust) $3 FZ (smut)
--* dv
if d2,wJ-M
irn
m
FiW
<Mm$?db\rl
qI3 6%
3.r;frn(13rn)rnq%Y&81
W W $7 (stalk) d-
!7FJFl (Stehgma) : &f%f&W& 4
m*-~m%Y&%l
?pb%hTJ if d fSa $ W if
(Uredospore) :TFl -\m;R GK8l 3,
***-m*mrnifmfi?&mf-~&4
* Wil
