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Linear Transformation

A linear transformation T from vector space V to W satisfies two conditions: it preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. Examples illustrate both linear and non-linear transformations, while theorems confirm that linearity can be characterized by a specific equation involving scalars. Additionally, the document discusses the algebra of linear transformations, including properties of their sums, scalar products, and compositions, as well as defining the kernel and range of a linear transformation.

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117 views3 pages

Linear Transformation

A linear transformation T from vector space V to W satisfies two conditions: it preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication. Examples illustrate both linear and non-linear transformations, while theorems confirm that linearity can be characterized by a specific equation involving scalars. Additionally, the document discusses the algebra of linear transformations, including properties of their sums, scalar products, and compositions, as well as defining the kernel and range of a linear transformation.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Linear Transformation

Definition
Let V , W be two vector spaces over the same field F . A mapping T : V → W is
called Linear Transformation (Linear Mapping or Vector Space Homomorphism) if the
following conditions are satisfied:

i. T (~u1 + ~u2 )=T (~u1 ) + T (~u2 ) for all ~u1 , ~u2 ∈ V

ii. T (k~u)=kT (~u) for all ~u ∈ V and k ∈ F .

Note: If k = 0, T (0) = 0.

Example 1. If T : R3 → R2 is defined by T (x, y, z) = (x + y + z, 0), then show


that T is linear.
Solution:
For any u~1 = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) and u~2 = (x2 , y2 , z2 ) in R3 ,

T (u~1 + u~2 ) = T (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 )


= (x1 + x2 + y1 + y2 + z1 + z2 , 0)
= (x1 + y1 + z1 , 0) + (x2 + y2 + z2 , 0)
= T (x1 , y1 , z1 ) + T (x2 , y2 , z2 )
= T (u~1 ) + T (u~2 )

Also, for any scalar k and ~u = (x, y, z) in R3

T (k~u) = T (kx, ky, kz)


= (kx + ky + kz, 0)
= k(x + y + z, 0)
= kT (~u)

Hence, T is linear.

Example 2. If T : R → R is defined by T (x) = x + 2, then show that T is not linear.


Solution: Here, T (0) = 0 + 2 = 2 6= 0. Hence, T is not linear.

1
Theorem
Let V , W be two vector spaces over the same field F . Then, a transfomation T : V → W
is linear if and only if
T (au~1 + bu~2 ) = aT (u~1 ) + bT (u~2 )

for all u~1 , u~2 ∈ V and a, b ∈ F.

Example 3. Let T : R2 → R be a linear transformation with T (1, 1) = 3, T (0, 1) = −2,


find T (1, 1/2).
Solution:
Let (1, 1/2) = x(1, 1) + y(0, 1)
=⇒ (1, 1/2) = (x, x + y) =⇒ x = 1, y = −1/2
∴ T (1, 1/2) = T [1(1, 1) + (−1/2)(0, 1)]
= 1T (1, 1) + (−1/2)T (0, 1)
= 4

Algebra of Linear Transfomations


Let T1 and T2 be two linear transformations from V to W over the same field F , then

i. (T1 + T2 )(~u) = T1 (~u) + T2 (~u2 ) for all ~u ∈ V

ii. (kT )(~u) = kT (~u) for all ~u ∈ V, k ∈ F.

Example 4. The sum of two linear transformations is linear.


Solution: Let T1 : V → W and T2 : V → W be linear transformations.

(T1 + T2 )(a~u1 + b~u2 ) = T1 (a~u1 + b~u2 ) + T2 (a~u1 + b~u2 )


= [T1 (a~u1 ) + T1 (b~u2 )] + [T2 (a~u1 ) + T2 (b~u2 )]
= [aT1 (~u1 ) + bT1 (~u2 )] + [aT2 (~u1 ) + bT2 (~u2 )] (since T1 , T2 are linear.)
= a[T1 (~u1 ) + T2 (~u1 )] + b[T1 (~u2 ) + T2 (~u2 )]
= a(T1 + T2 )(~u1 ) + b(T1 + T2 )(~u2 )

for all u~1 , u~2 ∈ V, a, b ∈ F . Hence, T1 + T2 is linear.

2
Example 5. The product of a scalar and a linear transformation is linear.
Solution: Let T : V → W be a linear transformation and k be a scalar.

(kT )(a~u1 + b~u2 ) = k[T (a~u1 + b~u2 )]


= k[aT (~u1 ) + bT (~u2 )] (since T is linear.)
= akT (~u1 ) + bkT (~u2 )]
= a(kT )(~u1 ) + b(kT )(~u2 )

for all u~1 , u~2 ∈ V, a, b ∈ F . Hence, KT is linear.

Example 6. Composition of two linear transformations is linear.


(Let S : U → V T : V → W be two linear transformations.

(T oS)(a~u1 + b~u2 ) = T (S(a~u1 + b~u2 ))


= T (aS(~u1 ) + bS(~u2 ))
= T (aS(~u1 )) + T (bS(~u2 ))
= aT (S(~u1 )) + bT (S(~u2 ))
= a(T oS)(~u1 ) + b(T oS)(~u2 )

for all u~1 , u~2 ∈ V, a, b ∈ F )

Kernel and Range of Linear Transfomation


Let T : V → W be a linear transformation.

The Kernel of T is Ker(T )={v ∈ V |T (v) = 0}


The Range of T is Ran(T )={T (v)|v ∈ V }

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