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Cambridge IGCSE™

TRAVEL & TOURISM 0471/11

Paper 1 Key Terms and Concepts October/November 2024
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 80

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2024 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level
components.

This document consists of 16 printed pages.

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Generic Marking Principles

These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level
descriptions for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these
marking principles.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

• the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
• the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
• the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

• marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
• marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
• marks are not deducted for errors
• marks are not deducted for omissions
• answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

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Social Science-Specific Marking Principles

(for point-based marking)

1 Components using point-based marking:

• Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills.
We give credit where the candidate’s answer shows relevant knowledge, understanding
and application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where the answer
shows confusion.

From this it follows that we:

a DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly
convey the same meaning (unless the mark scheme requires a specific term)
b DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they
are correct
c DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one
prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended writing is required rather than list-type
answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …).
d DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required.
(Check for evidence it is understood and not used wrongly.)
e DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self-contradicting or trying to cover all
possibilities
f DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already
credited unless the language itself is being tested. This applies equally to ‘mirror
statements’ (i.e. polluted/not polluted).
g DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of
syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms
with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion)

2 Presentation of mark scheme:

• Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point.
• Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points.
• Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the
marking but is not required to earn the mark (except Accounting syllabuses where they
indicate negative numbers).

3 Calculation questions:
• The mark scheme will show the steps in the most likely correct method(s), the mark for
each step, the correct answer(s) and the mark for each answer
• If working/explanation is considered essential for full credit, this will be indicated in the
question paper and in the mark scheme. In all other instances, the correct answer to a
calculation should be given full credit, even if no supporting working is shown.
• Where the candidate uses a valid method which is not covered by the mark scheme,
award equivalent marks for reaching equivalent stages.
• Where an answer makes use of a candidate’s own incorrect figure from previous working,
the ‘own figure rule’ applies: full marks will be given if a correct and complete method is
used. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any
exceptions to this general principle will be noted.

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4 Annotation:
• For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used
to indicate wrong answers. There is no direct relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks
have no defined meaning for levels of response marking.
• For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script.
• Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the
meaning will be understood by all examiners who marked that paper.

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Assessment objectives

AO1 Knowledge and understanding

Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of facts, terms and concepts of travel and tourism.

AO2 Application
Apply knowledge and understanding of facts, terms and concepts to familiar and unfamiliar contexts
in travel and tourism.

AO3 Analysis
Analyse travel and tourism issues and show an understanding of the possible impacts of those issues
on travel and tourism.

AO4 Evaluation
Evaluate information to develop arguments, understand implications, draw inferences and make
judgements, recommendations and decisions.

Table A

Use this table to give marks for each candidate response for Question/s 2, 3 & 4

Level AO1 AO3 AO4 Marks

Knowledge and Analysis Evaluation
understanding 2 marks 2 marks
2 marks

Description Description Description

2 The response contains There is some The response contains 2

two or more explained consideration of the a reasoned conclusion
valid points. significance of two of or recommendation.
2 marks the points mentioned. 2 marks
OR
The arguments for or
against two of the
points mentioned are
given.
2 marks

1 The response contains The response gives The response contains 1

one explained valid some consideration to a conclusion or
point the significance of one recommendation, but no
OR point mentioned. reasoning is given.
is likely to be a list of OR 1 mark
valid points with little or The arguments for or
no explanation. against one point
1 mark mentioned are given.
1 mark

0 No creditable response. No creditable response. No creditable response. 0

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Table B

Use this table to give marks for each candidate response for Question 1

Level AO2 AO3 AO4 Marks

Application Analysis Evaluation
2 marks 2 marks 2 marks

Description Description Description

2 Includes an explanation There is some The response contains 2

of why two or more consideration of the a reasoned conclusion
points mentioned are significance of two of or recommendation.
relevant/suitable to the the points mentioned. 2 marks
context of the question. OR
2 marks The arguments for or
against two of the
points mentioned are
given.
2 marks

1 One point mentioned The response gives The response contains 1

has an explanation of some consideration to a conclusion or
why it is the significance of one recommendation, but no
relevant/suitable to the point mentioned. reasoning is given.
context of the question. OR 1 mark
1 mark The arguments for or
against one point
mentioned are given.
1 mark

0 No creditable response. No creditable response. No creditable response. 0

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Question Answer Marks

1(a) Define the term ‘multiplier effect’. 1

Award one mark for a correct definition.

• how wealth/money/tourism spend/circulates through the economy

• how many times tourism money circulates through the economy/the cycle
of money through the economy

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

1(b) State three tourism organisations involved with the promotion of 3

tourism.

Award one mark for each correct identification.

• national tourism organisation

• tourism information centres
• destination management companies/organisations
• trade organisations
• United Nations World Tourism Organisation

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

1(c) Describe two different types of sport tourism. 4

Award one mark for the correct identification of a type of sports tourism and a
second mark for descriptive development of each.

• ski/snow tourism [1] travel to mountainous regions to ski/snowboard [1]

• walking tourism [1] walking through/at a destination [1]
• attend/travel to watch sporting events [1] travel to stadium/arena to watch
team/athletes complete/show support [1]
• participate in/travel to a destination to take part in/play sport at/represent
your country or Team at a competition event [1] active sport
tourism/Boston Marathon [1]
• support team/player [1] playing at football match/badminton game [1]

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

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Question Answer Marks

1(d) Evaluate two ways sport tourism can be used to help reduce negative 6
economic impacts.

Award one mark per analytical comment of a way/the importance of the way
in context. Award a second and third mark for evaluative comments of the
way/importance.

AO3 Analysis
• hire local staff for the event/competition reducing unemployment
• use local products/equipment/facilities when holding event/competition
reduces import leakage reducing export leakage in the destination
• provide local travel planning/tour operators reducing the need for
international tour operator/package holidays and prevent money leaking
out of the local economy to international organisations
• ensure local population are involved/can access/are marketed to as well
as international tourists which keeps the tourist spend local reducing
negative balance of payments as less outbound tourism

AO4 Evaluation
• improving the economic benefit through a better balance of payments and
increasing the GDP
• less over dependency on other international tourism providers therefore
increasing the strength and resilience of the local tourism industry
resulting in positive economic benefits

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

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Question Answer Marks

1(e) Evaluate the importance of sports tourism in minimising conflict 6

between tourists and the host population.

Follow the point-based marking guidance at the top of this mark scheme and
use Table B to give marks for each candidate.

AO2 out of two marks

AO3 out of two marks
AO4 out of two marks

Responses may include the following and any other valid points should be
accepted:

AO2 Application
• sport can be accessed by locals and tourists – bond together/form
friendships/tolerance of the team/game/sport
• involve local communities and enterprises in the sport tourism
• locals have increased opportunities to access sport/recreation
• infrastructure developments from large scale events e.g. Olympics are left
for the local population
• develop relation/understanding between countries
• ensures economic contribution benefits local economy resulting in less
resentment toward tourism

AO3 Analysis
• shared experiences, bringing them together
• community benefits rather than feeling exploited, reducing resentment to
tourism/tourists
• improved health and well-being for local population, they directly benefit
from the tourism facilities
• locals are empowered, economic benefits and sense of control

AO4 Evaluation
• local economy can benefit/wealth creation without exploitation
• mutual understanding
• mutual benefits
• sustainable/responsible tourism

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Question Answer Marks

2(a) Identify two ways tourists can rent the bikes shown in Fig. 2.1. 2

• app
• metro card

Credit these responses only

2(b) State two characteristics of travel and tourism. 2

Award one mark for each correct identification.

• products
• services
• intangible
• perishable
• seasonal
• dynamic
• increasingly sustainable/sustainable
• resilient

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

2(c) Explain how the following transport methods are interdependent: 4

Award one mark for the correct identification of a way and a second mark for
explanatory development of the way in the context of both organisations.

trains and taxis

• train companies depend on taxis to bring customers to the station [1] taxis
rely on the train station for customers [1]
• trains take tourists to and from the destination/gateway [1] taxis pick up
customers at the station to continue the journey to local areas/making
train travel as a product more appealing [1]
ferries and coaches
• ferry companies rely on coaches to bring customers to the ferry port [1]
coach companies rely on ferries for customers (pick up after ferry journey
and take to final destination) [1]
• coaches travel on some car ferries [1] without the ferry the coach trip
can’t be completed [1]

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

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Question Answer Marks

2(d) Explain three ways destinations can make cycle hire more appealing to 6
tourists.

Award one mark for the correct identification of a way to make it appealing
and a second mark for explanatory development of the way in context.

• set routes covering main attractions [1] tourists willing to hire as set
routes provide a different way to see/experience the destination [1]
• safe traffic free routes/bike lanes [1] safe routes increase appeal to
families and more cautious tourists [1]
• variety of long and short routes [1] attract of range of tourists from
experienced to non-experienced [1]
• promotions/deals with visitor attractions [1] discounted entry if arrive by
bike/hired bike [1]
• accessible hire points at main attractions/hotels [1] tourists more inclined
to hire if they are conveniently located making it a viable form of transport
for them [1]
• online payment/booking methods/app [1] convenience/easier for the
tourist [1]
• ensure plenty of stock/bikes at collection points [1] always available, no
waiting [1]
• marketing/social media/influencers [1] tourists know and are interested
before they arrive at the destination [1]
• inform tourist of the environmental benefits [1] generate demand from
responsible tourists [1]
• inform tourist of the health benefits [1] tourists motivated to hire [1]
• inform tourist of the financial benefits [1] attracting all types of tourists
looking to save money [1]
• affordable/low pricing/distanced based pricing strategy [1] accessible to
all tourist types [1]
• make bikes unique/eye catching [1] bikes will market themselves/tourists
notice and want to ride one [1]
• include electric bikes [1] accessible to more tourists [1]
• well-maintained/safe bikes [1] tourists willing to hire as risks are low [1]

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

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Question Answer Marks

2(e) Assess how social media has contributed to an increased demand for 6
destinations to have sustainable transport options.

Follow the point-based marking guidance at the top of this mark scheme and
use Table A to give marks for each candidate.

AO1 out of two marks

AO3 out of two marks
AO4 out of two marks

Responses may include the following and any other valid points should be
accepted

AO1 knowledge and understanding

• more people aware/more promotion through viral means increasing
demand
• influencers/peer pressure has increased awareness of sustainable
transport
• increased awareness of climate change means more people are
motivated to engage in responsible tourism
• more educated/knowledgeable about sustainability through social media
content – creating demand
• increased ‘social movements’/groups e.g. no fly/climate
activities/pressure groups use social media to spread their message
• social media has a large/global audience – reach millions of people
• social media trends create pressure for destinations to change to include
responsible transport

AO3 Analysis
• more awareness has created more demand
• easier for tourists to express their opinions on social media and
request/pressure action from destinations
• increased competitiveness between destinations on social media has
caused an increase in the need for destinations to have a USP/
differentiation

AO4 Evaluation
• change is often slow unless it is driven by consumer lead demand
• destinations need to change to survive/remain successful

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Question Answer Marks

3(a) Identify two ways airports are minimising their use of plastic. 2

Award one mark for each correct identification.

• providing staff with reusable bottles

• removing single use plastic
• drinking water bottle refill stations
• biodegradable plastic used in shops
• removing single-use plastic

Credit these responses only.

3(b) State two types of integrated transport found at airports. 2

Award one mark for each correct identification.

• train services
• coach services
• MRT/underground services
• taxis
• bus
• monorail
• shuttle services

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

3(c) Explain two reasons for the appeal of air travel. 4

Award one mark for each correct identification of a reason and a second mark
for explanatory development of the reason.

• quick/shorter travel time for long distances [1] more time at the
destination [1]
• can be cheaper if using low-cost airlines [1] budget travellers/more to
spend when at the destination [1]
• accessibility to most major cities [1] good for business tourists [1]
• more relaxing than car [1] no navigating/driving [1]
• multiple options [1] always find a suitable flight/time/route [1]
• affordable compared to driving [1] fuel costs/low cost airlines/competition
of many airlines driving process down [1]

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

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Question Answer Marks

3(d) Explain three ways airports can make tourists more aware of how they 6
reduce, reuse and recycle.

Award one mark for the correct identification of a way and a second mark for
explanatory development of the way.

• social media campaign [1] easier to reach out globally to an international

audience/tourists [1]
• signs [1] throughout the airport to bring attention to the facility [1]
• email/direct mail [1] to customers via airlines/tour operators [1]
• more recycle bins at the airport [1] tourist notice and recycle waste [1]

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

3(e) Evaluate the importance of airports being more sustainable. 6

Follow the point-based marking guidance at the top of this mark scheme and
use Table A to give marks for each candidate.

AO1 out of two marks

AO3 out of two marks
AO4 out of two marks

Responses may include the following and any other valid points should be
accepted:

AO1 knowledge and understanding

• air travel is a heavy polluting mode of transport
• moral obligation
• customers are demanding it
• heavy use of resources
• good reviews
• limits waste, saving costs

AO3 Analysis
• reduce pollution at the destination/departure destination making the
destination more appealing and maintain relationships with local
population
• increases efficiency of resource use

AO4 Evaluation
• ensure overall sustainability of the tourism industry
• essential mode of transport that supports the economy, need to find a
way to continue whilst minimising negative impacts

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Question Answer Marks

4(a) State two tourism organisations where tourists might find a currency 2
exchange.

Award one mark for each correct identification.

• hotel
• airport
• train station
• ferry port
• tourist information centres
• travel agents
• shopping centres/mall

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

4(b) Other than currency exchange, state two ancillary services. 2

Award one mark for each correct identification.

• insurance
• bike hire
• guided tours
• car hire
• visa/passport services

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

4(c) Explain two reasons why it is important for staff working at currency 4
exchange shops to have good product knowledge.

Award one mark for the correct identification of a reason and a second mark
for explanatory development of the reason in context.

• exchanging money needs the right calculations [1] don’t lose money/give
out the wrong money [1]
• to give good customer service [1] customers don’t want to lose out on
money/plenty of competition for currency exchange, customers will go to
another if customer service is bad [1]
• provide the right currency for customers [1] customer satisfaction [1]

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

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Question Answer Marks

4(d) Explain three ways staff can communicate with tourists who speak a 6
different language.

Award one mark for the correct identification of a way and a second mark for
explanatory development of the way.

• write down information [1] show numbers – international [1]

• use a translator [1] tourist able to understand/reduce language barriers [1]
• translated signs [1] accessibility to all [1]
• multilingual staff [1] speak the tourist language [1]
• use of website for information [1] can be translated online [1]
• website/app transactions that can be collected [1] minimal need to use
language/increasing understanding [1]

Accept any other reasonable response in context.

4(e) Evaluate the importance of good personal presentation when working in 6

tourism.

Follow the point-based marking guidance at the top of this mark scheme and
use Table A to give marks for each candidate.

AO1 out of two marks

AO3 out of two marks
AO4 out of two marks

Responses may include the following and any other valid points should be
accepted:

AO1 knowledge and understanding

• good customer service
• representing the organisations
• professional image
• meeting customer expectations
• good first impression

AO3 Analysis
• increased customer satisfaction
• increased sales/repeat business
• competitive edge
• reflects/represents the quality of the organisation

AO4 Evaluation
• needed in a highly competitive industry
• increased sales

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