LO: Explain how physical development before birth and physical development in infancy and childhood apply

to behavior and mental processes.

Piaget Similarities

● Cognitive development is ● Focus on Cognitive ● Cognitive development is

Development: Both
driven by a child's inbuilt driven by social
theorists emphasize the
tendency to adapt to new importance of cognitive interaction
development in children. ● Children learn through
experiences
They believe that children instruction and guidance
● Children learn through active actively construct their
● Children’s learning differs
self-discovery; knowledge and
understanding of the across cultures and time
● Cognitive development is the world. ● Development could be
same universally ● Stages of Development: accelerated to an extend,
Both Piaget and Vygotsky
● Children will only learn when with correct scaffolding
proposed that children go
they are ready through stages of cognitive and within the ZPD
development, although ● Language is key to
● Language is a result of
they define these stages
cognitive development
cognitive development differently.

Vygotsky 1
 LO: Explain how key components of language and communication
Recall the time you started learning a new apply to behavior and mental processes.
language. It may have been English or
another additional language.
Think - Turn - Share: On your
1. What was the first step in learning that group’s mini whiteboard
language? What was the first thing you
were taught?

2. Once you had this foundation, what was

the next step? What is usually the focus
of language learning at the beginning
stages?

3. As you become more proficient in the

language, what aspects of the language
do you start learning more about?

Extension: What is ‘language’? How would you

define ‘language’ in your own words?

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 Essential Questions: How do parents know if their baby is hungry?

Learning Objective

➔ Explain how key components of

language and communication
apply to behavior and mental
processes.

Key concepts:

Language, phoneme, morpheme,

semantics, grammar, syntax

3
 LO: Explain how key components of language and communication apply to behavior and mental processes.

Language

● An agreed-upon system of
spoken, written, or signed words,
and the ways we combine them to
communicate meaning.

● Spoken languages require three

building blocks:

○ Phoneme

○ Morpheme

○ Grammar
4
 LO: Explain how key components of language and
communication apply to behavior and mental processes.

Phoneme 音素

● The smallest distinctive sound

unit in a language.

● E.g. in English, to say ‘bat’, we need

to utter the phonemes b, a, and t.

● Phonemes are not the same as

letters (e.g ‘chat’ has four letters but
three phonemes—ch, a, and t).

5
 LO: Explain how key components of language and communication apply to behavior and mental processes.

Morpheme 语素

● The smallest unit that carries

meaning in a language.

● May be a word or a part of a word

(such as a prefix).

○ The morphemes ‘bat’ or

‘gentle’, are words.

○ The prefix pre- in ‘preview’ or

the suffix -ed in ‘adapted’—are
parts of words but are also
morphemes.
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 LO: Explain how key components of language and communication apply to behavior and mental processes.

Grammar
● A system of rules that enables us to
communicate with and understand
others in a language.

● Consists of semantics and syntax.

○ Semantics语义 - the interpretation

of the meaning of a word or phrase.

○ Syntax句法 - set of rules for

combining words into
grammatically comprehensible
(can be understood) sentences，
such as word order and sentence
composition
7
 LO: Explain how key components of language and communication apply to behavior and mental processes.

Think - Turn - Share: On your group’s mini whiteboard

1. How many phonemes are there in

the sentence on the right?

2. How many morphemes are there

in the sentence?

3. Give an example of semantic from

the sentence.

4. Identify the syntax in the

sentence.

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 LO: Explain how key components of language and communication apply to behavior and mental processes.

● "I’ll" has 2 phonemes: /aɪ/ + /l/ Think - Turn - Share: On your

●
●
"go" has 2 phonemes: /g/ + /oʊ/
"to" has 2 phonemes: /t/ + /u/
group’s mini whiteboard
● "Beijing" has 4 phonemes: /b/ + /iː/ + /ʒ/ + /ɪŋ/
● "to" has 2 phonemes: /t/ + /u/
● "visit" has 4 phonemes: /v/ + /ɪ/ + /z/ + /ɪt/
● "my" has 2 phonemes: /m/ + /aɪ/
● "friend" has 4 phonemes: /f/ + /r/ + /ɛ/ + /nd/
● "tomorrow" has 4 phonemes: /t/ + /ə/ + /m/ + /ɑːr/ + /oʊ/

There are 26 phonemes in the sentence.

● In this sentence, an example of semantic meaning can be
found in the word "tomorrow," which conveys the idea of time,
● "I’ll" = 2 morphemes
indicating when the action (visiting the friend) will take place.
● "go" = 1 morpheme
● "to" = 1 morpheme
● "Beijing" = 1 morpheme ● Subject: "I"
● "to" = 1 morpheme ● Modal verb: "will" (contracted to "I’ll")
● "visit" = 1 morpheme ● Verb phrase: "go"
● "my" = 1 morpheme ● Prepositional phrase: "to Beijing"
● Infinitive phrase: "to visit my friend"
● "friend" = 1 morpheme
● Time expression: "tomorrow"
● "tomorrow" = 1 morpheme

There are 10 morphemes in the sentence. 9

Make a quick guess:
How many words of your native
language will you have learned between
your first birthday and your high school
graduation?

Although you use only 150 words for about half of what you say, you probably will have
learned about 60,000 words (Bloom, 2000; McMurray, 2007).

That averages (aer age 2) to nearly 3500 words each year, or about 10 each day! How
you do this — how those 3500 words could so far outnumber the roughly 200 words
your schoolteachers consciously taught you each year — is one of the great human
wonders.
 LO: Explain how language develops in humans.

Think & Share: on your mini white board

1. Can babies communicate?

2. What can they communicate and

how do they communicate?

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 Essential Questions: How do parents know if their baby is hungry?

Learning Objective

➔ Explain how language develops in

humans.

Key concepts:

Nonverbal manual gestures, cooing,

babbling, one-word stage, telegraphic
speech, overgeneralization of language
rules

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Children’s language development moves from simplicity to complexity. LO: Explain how language develops in humans.
Babies come prepared to learn any language, with a slight bent toward
the language they heard in the womb.

Before nurture molds babies’ speech, nature enables a wide range of 3 months~1 year:
possible sounds, such as cooing (the first step in language development Cooing & Babbling
in which babies sample vowel sounds) and babbling.

● In the babbling stage, beginning around 4 months, babies seem to

sample all the sounds they can make, such as ah-goo.

● Babbling is not at all related to the household language and

does not imitate the adult speech babies hear — it includes
sounds from various languages. From this early babbling, a listener
could not identify an infant as being, say, French, Korean, or
Ethiopian.

● By about 10 months, infants’ babbling has changed so that a

trained ear can identify the household language (de
Boysson-Bardies et al., 1989). Deaf infants who observe their deaf
parents using sign language begin to babble more with their hands
(Petitto & Marentette, 1991).

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 LO: Explain how language develops in humans.

Around their first birthday, most children enter

1 year:
the one-word stage - the stage in speech
development, from about age 1 to 2, during
One-Word Stage
which a child speaks mostly in single words.

● They know that sounds carry meanings,

and they begin to use sounds — usually
only one barely recognizable syllable, such
as ma or da — to communicate meaning.

● Across the world, baby’s first words are

often nouns that label objects or people
(Tardif et al., 2008). At this one-word stage,
“Doggy!” may mean “Look at the dog out
there!”

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