>>Draw, interpret and understand simple
organisational charts:
>Simple hierarchical structures: levels of
hierarchy, span of control, chain of command
e.g. tall/short
Organizational structure refers to the levels of management and division of
responsibilities within a business.
Chain of command is the structure of an organization that allows instructions to be
passed on from senior managers to lower levels of management.
Span of control is the number of subordinates working directly under a manager in
the organizational structure.
Levels of hierarchy represent the different levels of authority within an
organization, with higher positions having more power and decision-making ability.
Wider the span of control, shorter chain of command, flatter organisational
structure.
Narrower the span of control, longer chain of command, taller organisational
structure.
-Advantages of an Organisaional Chart:
Motivational as employees can see where they belong and can plan their career
paths.
Gives everyone a sense of belonging as they appear on the organisational chart.
-Advantages of a short chain of command:
Communication is quicker and more accurate, less chance of message being distorted.
(Principal, HOD, Teacher) Better than (Principal, VP, HOD, Subject Leader, Teacher)
Employees will be more motivated due to feeling less remote as top managers can
always stay in touch with the employees.
>Roles and responsibilities of directors,
managers, supervisors, other employees in an
organisation and inter-relationships between
them
Line Managers have authority over people directly below them in the organizational
structure. Traditional marketing/operations/sales/HR managers are good examples.
Staff Managers are specialists who provide support, information and assistance to
line managers.
>>The role of management:
>Functions of management, e.g. planning,
organising, coordinating, commanding and
controlling
Managers have 5 primary roles:
1) Planning: setting aims and targets for the department to achieve. Gives the
department and it’s employees a clear direction. Also plan for resources required
to achieve these targets – number of labor required?, finance needed?
etc.
2) Organizing: the resources, will include allocating responsibilities to employees
3) Coordinating: managers should ensure that each department is coordinating with
one another. This will involve effective communication between departments. For
example, the sales dept. will need to tell the operations dept. how much they
should produce in order to reach the target sales level. The operations
dept. will in turn tell the finance dept. how much money they need for production
of those goods.
4) Commanding: managers need to guide and supervise their employees in the tasks
they do and make sure they are keeping to their deadlines.
5) Controlling: managers evaluate the performance of each of their employees. If
some employees fail to achieve their target, the manager must see why it has
occurred and what he can do to correct it- maybe some training is
required or better equipment.
>Importance of delegation; trust versus control
Delegation is giving a subordinate the authority to perform some tasks by their
own. It is basically reducing direct control and trusting the employees.
-Advantages to managers:
Managers cannot do all work by themselves, so they delegate in order to do more
important tasks.
Managers can measure the efficiency and effectiveness of their subordinates’ work,
and deal with them accordingly.
-Advantages to subordinates:
The work becomes more interesting and rewarding- increased job satisfaction.
Employees feel more important and feel trusted– increasing loyalty to firm.
>>Leadership styles:
>Features of the main leadership styles,
e.g. autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire
Leaderships styles refer to the different approaches used when dealing with people
when in a position of authority. There are mainly three styles you need to learn:
the autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire styles.
1) Autocratic: It is a one-way communication style, more controlling style,
managers do all the decision making, feedback from lower level employees not
allowed. eg. Military Organisations or most businesses in times of
crisis.
2) Democratic: It is a two-way communication style, participation from workers is
encouraged, allows feedback from lower level employees. eg. experienced and
flexible workforce.
3) Laissez-faire: All authority and decision making is delegated to workers. eg.
Research Institutions or when managers are too lasy/busy to intervene.
>>Trade unions:
>What a trade union is and the effects of
employees being union members
A trade union is a group of workers who have joined together to ensure their
interest are protected.
They negotiate for better conditions and/or treatment. They can threaten to take
industrial action if their requests are denied. Industrial action can include
refusing to work (strike), working at minimum required speed, etc. They can also
seek to put forward their views to the media and influence the government.
-Benefits to workers of joining a trade union:
Strength in number- unity
Improved conditions of employment, for example, better pay, holidays, hours of
work, etc.
Improved working conditions, for example, health and safety.
-Disadvantages to workers of joining a trade unions:
Costs money to be member- a membership fee will be required.
May be asked to take industrial action even if they don’t agree with the union.
