Speed Control Methods Of DC Motor Liquid Level Control System Methods Of Voltage Control In Power

Speed Control Of Shunt Motor Speed Control Of Series Motor Liquid Level Control System is a system System
1. Flux Control Method 1. Flux Control Method specifically designed to control the level of
It is already explained above that the speed • fluid in tanks. The main aim possessed by Before learning the methods of voltage
of a dc motor is inversely proportional to the Field diverter: A variable resistance is these systems is to control the rate with which control in power system, we must first
flux per pole. Thus by decreasing the flux, connected parallel to the series field as shown the pump delivers fluid to the tank and so it understand why do we need to control
speed can be increased and vice versa. in fig (a). This variable resistor is called as a can reach the desired level inside the tank. voltage. In power systems, voltage is
To control the flux, a rheostat is added in diverter, as the desired amount of current can The purpose of the liquid level system is to supposed to be constant which is obviously
series with the field winding, as shown in the be diverted through this resistor and, hence, maintain a specific level of fluid inside the not. So we have to control it in such a way
circuit diagram. Adding more resistance in current through field coil can be decreased. tank. The liquid level control systems find that it remains constant. But why does the
series with the field winding will increase the Thus, flux can be decreased to the desired major applications in industrial processes. voltage need to be constant at all?
speed as it decreases the flux. In shunt amount and speed can be increased. Introduction Because, most of the devices,
motors, as field current is relatively very small, •Armature diverter: Diverter is connected In our previous article, we have discussed apparatus, electrical machines, consumer
Ish2R loss is small. Therefore, this method is across the armature as shown in fig (b). control systems that are designed with the appliances etc. are all designed to work at a
quite efficient. Though speed can be For a given constant load torque, if armature base that these systems would be able to specified voltage. Wide variations of voltage
increased above the rated value by reducing current is reduced then the flux must increase, perform controlled action. may cause errors in operation, malfunctioning
flux with this method, it puts a limit to as Ta ∝ ØIa The controller present in the system or performance deterioration.
maximum speed as weakening of field flux This will result in an increase in current taken generates the control signal that is converted
from the supply and hence flux Ø will increase Excitation Control Or Voltage Regulators
beyond a limit will adversely affect the into the desired signal by the actuator and is
and subsequently speed of the motor will At Generating Stations
commutation. fed to the plant in order to perform the desired
decrease. 1.Induced emf (E) of a synchronous generator
2. Armature Control Method action.
Speed of a dc motor is directly proportional •Tapped field control: As shown in fig (c) field The closed-loop operation of the control
(alternator) depends on the excitation current
coil is tapped dividing number of turns. Thus (field current). The terminal voltage of an
to the back emf Eb and Eb = V - IaRa. That system allows the feedback signal to get
we can select different value of Ø by selecting alternator can be given as V = E - IZ. As the
means, when supply voltage V and the compared with the reference input thereby
different number of turns. load current, and hence the armature current,
armature resistance Ra are kept constant, providing controlled action. This principle of
then the speed is directly proportional to •Paralleling field coils: In this method, several operation is utilized by the liquid level system.
increases, voltage drop in the armature also
speeds can be obtained by regrouping coils increases. The field current must be increased
armature current Ia. Thus, if we add resistance Working of Liquid Level Systems
as shown in fig (d). to compensate this voltage drop, such that the
in series with the armature, Ia decreases and, The crucial components of the water level
2. Variable Resistance In Series With terminal voltage is at the target value. For this
hence, the speed also decreases. Greater the control system are as follows:
Armature purpose, alternators are provided with
resistance in series with the armature, greater •Fluid tank: Also known as a storage tank,
By introducing resistance in series with the excitation control or automatic voltage
the decrease in speed. used to hold the desired amount of fluid.
armature, voltage across the armature can be regulator systems. There are two main types
3. Voltage Control Method •Measurement system: Senses the level of
reduced. And, hence, speed reduces in of automatic voltage regulators (AVR):
a) Multiple voltage control: the fluid inside the tank.
proportion with it. Tirril regulator
In this method, the shunt field is connected to •Controller: The controller is used to maintain
3. Series-Parallel Control 2.Brown-Boveri regulator
a fixed exciting voltage and armature is the desired level by starting and stopping the
This system is widely used in electric traction, An automatic voltage regulator detects the
supplied with different voltages. Voltage pump when gets information by the
where two or more mechanically coupled terminal voltage and compares it with the
across armature is changed with the help of measurement system.
series motors are employed. For low speeds, reference voltage. The difference between
suitable switchgear. The speed is •Pump: The water from the source is fed to
the motors are connected in series, and for detected voltage and given reference voltage
approximately proportional to the voltage the tank through the pump when actuated by
higher speeds, the motors are connected in is called as the error voltage. The regulator
across the armature. the controller.
parallel. then controls the excitation voltage of the
The figure below represents the liquid level
When in series, the motors have the same alternator to cancel out the error voltage.
b) Ward-Leonard System: system:
current passing through them, although Thus, an automatic voltage regulator controls
This system is used where very In such systems, fluid from the pump is
voltage across each motor is divided. When in the voltage by controlling the excitation.
sensitive speed control of motor is required allowed to enter the tank when the control
parallel, the voltage across each motor is Excitation control method is satisfactory only
(e.g electric excavators, elevators etc.). The signal is generated by the controller.
same although the current gets divided. for short lines. For longer lines, the terminal
arrangement of this system is as shown in the Suppose, the controller actuates the pump
voltage of alternator has to be varied widely
figure at right. and the pump starts filling the tank with an
for the voltage at far ends to remain constant.
M2 is the motor to which speed control is inflow rate of Qi m3/s. Here H denotes the fluid
Obviously, this method is not feasible for
required. level inside the tank in m and Qo be the
longer lines.
M1 may be any AC motor or DC motor with outflow rate of the fluid from the tank.
constant speed. It is clear that to maintain a steady level of the
G is a generator directly coupled to M1. liquid,
In this method, the output from generator G is Qi = Qo
fed to the armature of the motor M2 whose
speed is to be controlled. The output voltage
of generator G can be varied from zero to its