CHAPTER - 13

LIMITS AND DERIVATIES

60
KEY POINTS
 To check whether limit of f(x) as x approaches to exists

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i.e., lim f ( x ) exists, we proceed as follows.
x c

(i) Find L.H.L at x = a using L.H.L. = lim f ( a  h).

h 0

Find R.H.L at x = a using R.H.L. = lim f ( a  h ).

ID
(ii)
h0

(iii) If both L.H.L. and R.H.L. are finite and equal, then limit at
x = a i.e., lim f ( x ) exists and equals to the value
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x a

obtained from L.H.L or R.H.L else we say “limit does not

exist”.
YG

 lim f ( x)  l , if and only if lim f ( x )  lim f ( x )  l

xc x c  x c

 lim a  a , where a is a fixed real number.

x c

lim x n  c n , for all n  N

D


xc

 ALGEBRA OF LIMITS: Let f, g be two functions such that

U

lim f ( x)  l , and lim g ( x)  m.

x c x c

lim[ f ( x )]   lim f ( x )  l , for all R

ST

 
x c x c

 lim[ f ( x )  g ( x )]  lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )  l  m

x c x c x c

 lim[ f ( x )  g ( x )]  lim f ( x )  lim g ( x )  l  m

x c x c x c

159 [XI – Mathematics]

 f ( x) lim f ( x) l
 lim  x c  , m  0, g ( x)  0
x c g ( x ) lim g ( x ) m
x c

1 1 1

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 lim   , l  0, f ( x)  0
x c f ( x) lim f ( x) l
x c

 lim[ f ( x )]n  [(lim f ( x )]n  l n , for all n  N

x c x c

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 SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON LIMITS:

xn  a n
 lim  n  a n 1

ID
x a xa
sin x
 lim 1
x 0 x
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tan x
 lim 1
x 0 x
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1  cos x
 lim 0
x0 x
ex  1
 lim 1
x 0 x
D

ax 1
 lim  log e a
x 0 x
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log(1  x )
 lim 1
x 0 x
ST

1
 lim(1  x ) x  e
x0

 lim f ( x )  lim f (  x )
x  0 x  0

160 [XI – Mathematics]

  SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS ON DERIVATIVE:

60
d (sin x ) d (cot x )
  cos x    cosec 2 x
dx dx
d (cos x ) d (sec x )

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   sin x   sec x  tan x
dx dx
d (tan x ) d (cos ecx )
  sec 2 x    cosecx  cot x
dx dx


d ( xn )
 n  x n 1 ID 
d (e x )
 ex
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dx dx
d( x) 1 d (log x ) 1
   
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dx 2 x dx x
d (a ) d (a x )
  0, a  constan t   a x  log a
dx dx
Logarithm Properties:
D

 log e ( A  B)  log e A  log e B

U

 A
 log e    log e A  log e B
B
ST

 log e ( Am )  m  log e A

 log a (1)  0

 log B ( A)  x, then B x  A

161 [XI – Mathematics]

  Let y = f(x) be a function defined in some neighbourhood of
the point ‘a’. Let P[a, f(a)] and Q[a + h, f(a + h)] are two
points on the graph of f(x) where h is very small and h ≠ 0.

60
Q[a+h, f(a+h)]

P[a, f(a)]

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f ( a  h)  f ( a )


Slope of PQ  lim

h0
h0

ID h
If lim point Q approaches to P and the line PQ becomes a
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tangent to the curve at point P.
f (a  h)  f (a )
lim (if exists) is called derivative of f(x) at
YG

h 0 h
the point ‘a’.
It is denoted by f’(a).

 ALGEBRA OF DERIVATIVES:
D

d d
 [c  f ( x )]  c  [ f ( x )], where c is a constan t
dx dx
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d d d
 [ f ( x)  g ( x)]  [ f ( x)]  [ g ( x)]
dx dx dx
ST

Product Rule:

d d d
 [ f ( x )  g ( x )]  f ( x )  [ g ( x )]  g ( x ) [ f ( x )]
dx dx dx

162 [XI – Mathematics]

 Quotient Rule:

d d
g ( x)  [ f ( x)]  f ( x)  [ g ( x )]
d  f ( x)  dx dx
  
dx  g ( x )  [ g ( x )]2

60
 If y = f(x) is a given curve then slope of the tangent to the
curve at the point (h,k) is given by and is denoted

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by ‘m’

SECTION - A

1. ID
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Fill in the blanks in each of the followings:

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(a) lim[ x ] = __________________.
x  2

(b) lim[ x] = __________________.

YG

x  2

|x|
(c) lim = __________________.
x2 
x
| x|
(d) lim = __________________.
x2 
x
D

(e) If f(x) = Sin2x, then derivative of f(x) is ____________.

U

2. State whether the following statements are True or False.

sin2 x
(a) If L  lim ; So the value of L is 1.
tan3 x
ST

x 0

sin x  tann x
(b) If L  lim ; So the value of 2L is 1.
x 0 x3
(c) If f(x) = x2 – 3x + 1, then derivative of f(x) at x = 2, f ’(2) = 1.

163 [XI – Mathematics]

 (d) lim[ x ] exists and equal to 3.
x 3

(e) lim x exists and equal to 3

x 3

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Note: Q.3 – Q.10 are Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ), select
the correct alternatives out of given four alternatives in each.

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sin x
3. lim is -
x  x
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) –1 (d) does not exist.

4. If lim
x n  2n
x2 x  2

(a) 2
 80, then n is -
ID (b) 3
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(c) 4 (d) 5.

x4  1
YG

5. If L  lim , then 3L is -
x 1 x3  1
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) None of these.

(1  x )16  1
6. lim is -
D

x  0 (1  x ) 4  1

(a) 0 (b) 4
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(c) 8 (d) 16.

x  x 2  x3  x 4  4
7. lim is -
ST

x 1 x 1
(a) 0 (b) 4
(c) 10 (d) Does not exist.

164 [XI – Mathematics]

 sec 2 x  2
8. lim is -
x
4
tan x  1
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4.

60
dy
9. If y  sin 4 x  cos 4 x, then 
dx
(a) 4sin3x + 4cos3x (b) 4sin3x - 4cos3x

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(c) –sin 4x (d) 0.

10. Match the following:

Column-1 Column-2

A lim
x 
1  2  3  ...  x
x2
ID


1  4  9  ...  x 2
P
1
3
1
U
B lim 
x  x3 Q 3
1  8  27  ...  x 3 1
YG

C lim 
x  x4 R 2

Which one of the following is true?

(a) A → P, B→ Q, C→ R
(b) A → Q, B→ P, C→ R
D

(c) A → Q, B→ R, C→ P
(d) A → R, B→ P, C→ Q
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(1  x ) m  1
11. Evaluate lim
x  0 (1  x ) n  1
ST

(sin2 x)  3x
12. Evaluate lim
x 0 2 x  (tan 3 x)
1  cos 2 x
13. Evaluate lim
x 0 1  cos 4 x

165 [XI – Mathematics]

 dy
14. If y = sin2x.cos3x, then .
dx
dy
15. If y = sin 2x.cos 3x, then .

60
dx

SECTION - B
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

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sin x
16. Differentiate with respect to x.
x
Differentiate x 3 33  3x with respect to x.

ID
17.
1
Differentiate sin ( x  x  1) 
2 3
18. with respect to x.
sec ( x 3  x  1)
2
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a b b c ca
 xa   xb   xc 
19. Differentiate  b   c   a  with respect to x.
x  x  x 
YG

1 1 1
20. Differentiate   w.r.t to x.
1 x b a
x c a
1 x a b
x c b
1 x a c
 xbc

21. Find the derivative of x using first principle method.

D

x4  1 x3  k 3
22. If lim  lim 2 , then find the value of k.
x 1 x  1 x k x  k 2
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1  x 1
23. Evaluate: lim .
x 0 x
ST

24. Find the derivative of (x – 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 1)(x4 + 1) with respect

to x.
x8  1
25. Differentiate 4 with respect to x.
x 1

166 [XI – Mathematics]

 SECTION – C
LONG ANSWER TYPE - I QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

26. Differentiate Sin2 x with respect to x using First principle method.

60
27. Differentiate Sin (x2) with respect to x using First principle
method.

Differentiate the following with respect to x using First

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principle method. (For Q. 28 – 35)

28. cos x

29. tan x
30.
31.
sec3 x
cosec(2 x  3) ID
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1

32. sin 3 x  3 sin x

YG

x2
33.
x 1
2x  3
34.
x 1
D

1
35. x
x
U

Evaluate the following Limits: (For Q. 36 – 53)

ST

2 x8  3x 2  1
36. lim
x  x 8  6 x 5  7

2 x8  3x 2  1
37. lim
x 1 x8  6 x5  7

167 [XI – Mathematics]

 1  cos 2 x
38. lim
x 0 x  tan 3 x

sin x  cos x
39. lim

60

x
4 x
4

3 sin x  cos x
40. lim


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x
6 x
6
sin x
41. lim 0
(where x0 represents x degree)
x 0 tan x

42. lim 2
3
x 2  27
x  9 x  81 ID
U
5 5
( x  2) 2  (a  2) 2
43. lim
xa xa
YG

cos ax  cos bx
44. lim
x 0 1  cos x
cos x  cos a
45. lim
x  a cot x  cot a
D

1  sec3 x
46. lim
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x  tan 2 x
x 1
47. lim
ST

x 1 log x
e

xe
48. lim
x e (log e x )  1

168 [XI – Mathematics]

  4 1 
49. lim  3 
x2 x  2 x

2
2  x 

 a  2 x  3x 

60
50. lim  
 3a  x  2 x 
xa

sin(2  x)  sin(2  x)
51. lim

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x 0 x

1  cos x  cos 2 x
52. lim
x 0 sin 2 x

53. lim
x 0
6 x  2 x  3x  1
log(1  x 2 )
ID
U
54. Differentiate the following w.r.t.
( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
(a)
x2  5x  6
YG

 1  1  2 1  4 1 
(b)  x   x   x  2  x  4 
 x  x  x  x 
x sin x  cos x
(c)
D

x sin x  cos x
(d) x  sin x  e x
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55. Find the values of a and b if lim f ( x ) and lim f ( x ) exists where
x2 x4
ST

x  ax  b, 0  x  2
2

f ( x )  3 x  2, 2x4
2ax  5b, 4 x8

169 [XI – Mathematics]

 ANSWERS

1. (a) 1 2. (a) False

(b) 2 (b) False

60
(c) –1 (c) True
(d) 1 (d) False
(e) sin2x (e) True

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3. (c) 4. (d)

5. (c) 6. (b)

7. (c) 8. (c)

9.

11.
(c)
ID 10. (d)

12. 1
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13. 14. cos2x.sinx(2cos2x – 3sin2x)
YG

15. 2cos2x.cos3x – 3sin2x.sin3x 16.

17. 3x2 + 3x.log3 18. 0

D

19. 0 20. 0
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21. 1 22.

23. 24. 8x7

ST

25. 4x3 26. sin2x

27. 2x.cos(x)2 28.

170 [XI – Mathematics]

 29. 30. 3sec3x.tanx

31. –2cosex(2x + 3).cot(2x + 3) 32.

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33. 34.

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35. 36. 2

37. 38.

39.

41.

ID 40. 2

42.
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43. 44. b2 – a2
YG

45. sin3a 46.

47. 1 48. e
D

49. –1 50.
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51. 2cos2 52.

53. (log2)(log3)
ST

54. (a) 1 (b) 8x7 + 8x–9


(c) (d) ex (xsinx + xcosx + sinx)

55. a = –1, b = 6

171 [XI – Mathematics]