ANKARA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING PHSYICS

2023-2024 FALL SEMESTER

PEN0403 RESEARCH PROJECT

EXAMINATION OF THE OPTICAL LIMITING

PROPERTY OF BROMINATED AZA-BODIPY
COMPOUND

19290539 Berfin UĞURLU

Supervisor: Asst. Prof. ELİF YILDIZ

January 2024, Ankara

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CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………...3
2. USED TECHNOLOGIES ………………………………………………………………...4
3. THEORETICAL BASIS ………………………………………………………………….5
3.1. What Is Nonlinear Optic?.............................................................................................5
3.2. Nonlinear and Linear Absorption …………………………………………………….6
3.2.1.1. Single Photon Absorption ……………………………………………...6
3.2.1.2. Two Photon Absorption ……………………………………………... 7
3.3. What Is Optical Limiting? ……………………………………………………………7
3.4. Organic and Inorganic Dye …………………………………………………………...8
3.4.1.1. Advantageous of Organic Dyes …………………………………...…...9
3.4.1.2. Aza-BODIPY Compounds …………………………………………….9
3.5. Fluorescence ………………………………………………………………………...10
4. MATERIAL AND METHOD …………………………………………………………....11
4.1. Making UV-VIS Spectrometer Measurements ……………………………………...11
4.2. Measurement of Fluorescence Spectra ……………………………………………...13
4.3. Thin Film Making Process ………………………………………………………….14
4.4. Z-Scan Experiment …………………………………………………………………16
4.4.1.1. Open Aperture Z-Scan Experiment ………………………………….17
4.5. Ellipsometry …………………………………………………………………...……20
5. RESULTS ………………………………………………………………………………..21
5.1. Absorption Graphs ………………………………………………………….……... 21
5.2. Z-Scanning Graphs ………………………………………………………………….23
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………25
7. REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………...26

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INTRODUCTION
The integration of lasers into common objects like CD players, barcode scanners in
supermarkets, and surveyor's tools underscores their widespread use in civilian existence.
Although these applications are widely regarded as advantageous for society, the present
utilization of lasers on contemporary battlefields for tasks such as range finding, guidance,
detection, and target designation carries the risk of causing unintentional or deliberate harm to
military optical systems and the eyes of soldiers. This heightened risk to the well-being of
soldiers has prompted an increased demand for the advancement of protective sensor devices.

Three basic situations related to lasers in the defense industry can damage the system. These
are defined as back reflection of a transmitted laser light, temporary disabling of the optical
system due to excessive illumination, and finally permanent deterioration in the performance
of the optical system.

The development of rugged, compact laser systems has raised concerns that laser
countermeasure systems (laser technology designed to damage or disrupt optical systems)
could become easily accessible. In addition to sophisticated military countermeasure weapon
systems, the potential use of commercial off-the-shelf laser systems as weapons is authentic.
Virtually anyone with a laser can intentionally disrupt optical systems and damage eyes
without understanding the physics of laser systems.

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USED TECHNOLOGIES
Shielding optical systems and human eyes from the harmful impact of lasers, sensor
protection encompasses methods like blocking, scattering, diffracting, or absorbing incoming
laser light. Nevertheless, any measures restricting the incoming light to the sensor or eye will
inevitably result in a certain level of degradation in mission effectiveness. Therefore, the
product to be designed must provide protection without restricting the duties of a soldier or
the person using the system. Although filters are generally used as the current protection
method, this method does not provide sufficient protection and also causes noticeable
discoloration. This color distortion can affect many aspects of the mission, from how well the
pilot can see his instruments to how well the driver can read the map. The inherent low
overall transmission and color distortion of these filter devices reduces their effectiveness in
the field, especially in dusk and dawn deployment situations. Another employed technique is
the use of optical shutters. Mechanical or electro-optical (EO) shutters can offer protection to
optical systems, but their effectiveness is hampered by significant limitations. Despite
advancements in shutter technology allowing an EO shutter to respond within 10 µs, this
speed may be adequate to prevent damage from a continuous wave (CW) laser threat but
proves inadequate when dealing with a short-pulsed laser threat. The initial pulse (or initial
pulses) can freely enter the system since the protective shutter relies on detecting the first
pulse to activate. Regardless of whether facing a continuous wave or pulsed laser, once the
shutter is in place, the optical system is effectively rendered inoperative.

In summary, the overall performance of current methods to counter laser threats is extremely
limited. Future threats to military systems include lasers that can rapidly change operating
wavelengths from predicted wavelengths, easily protected by fixed-line filters. Current
methods cannot deal with these threats. Passive devices (those activated by the incoming
radiation itself) have been found to be the best approach to countering the short pulse threat.
In general, the ability of a material or device to reduce the transmission of incident laser light
is known as optical limiting.

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THEORETICAL BASIS
1. What Is Nonlinear Optic?
Nonlinear optics emerged in the 1960s with the advent of lasers. Over time, it has matured
into an exciting and rapidly growing field that plays a significant role in the development of
photonic technology and its various applications. In linear optics, light intensity directly
affects the response of the medium. For example, the refractive index of a transparent medium
(water or glass) varies with the intensity of light. Nonlinear optics, on the other hand, involves
a nonlinear relationship between the electric field of light and the response of the medium.
The response of the medium depends on the wavelength, intensity, direction and polarization
of the light, and the interaction of intense laser light with matter is studied. In linear optics, a
material's response to light is proportional to the intensity of the light. However, in nonlinear
optics the response is not directly proportional to the intensity and higher order effects come
into play. Nonlinear optics have practical applications in various fields, including laser
technology, telecommunications, and imaging. The use of non-linear materials, mechanisms
and devices will ultimately reduce the threat of laser weapons.

Figure 1: In linear optics, light acts on the molecule and the original light wave is emitted from the vibrating molecule. The
color does not change.

Figure 2: Nonlinear optics allows us to change the color of a light beam, changing its shape in space and time.

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 (a) Energy Level on Linear Optic (b) Energy Level on Nonlinear Optic

2. Nonlinear and Linear Absorption

The term "nonlinear absorption" refers to an optical phenomenon in which changes in the
optical properties of the material depend nonlinearly on changes in the intensity of light. This
refers to cases where the sensitivity of the optical material to light changes not in a linear
proportion with the increase in the intensity of light, but in a more complex way. In linear
optics, the optical properties of a material respond linearly to changes in light intensity. So,
when a material interacts with twice as much light, you can expect that interaction to be twice
as strong as well. However, in the case of nonlinear absorption, the response of the material to
the increase in the intensity of light is nonlinear. Nonlinear light absorption is a basic
phenomenon of the interaction between the light and the matter. Nonlinear absorption is
observed when the light incident on the material is of high intensity. It can be described as the
absorption coefficient of the medium being a function of the light intensity. When the laser
beam propagates in a medium, two-photon absorption and single-photon absorption can occur
in the medium where light and matter interact.

Single Photon Absorption

In single-photon absorption, a photon of sufficient energy is absorbed by an atom or molecule,

causing the electron to transition from a lower energy level to a higher energy level. The
energy of the absorbed photon must be equal to or greater than the energy difference between
the initial and final states of the system. Absorption of a single photon causes the excitation of
a single electron. This process is widely used in various applications such as fluorescence
spectroscopy, where molecules absorb photons and then emit low-energy photons. It is also

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the principle behind the operation of many electronic devices used in daily life, including
lasers, LEDs, and solar cells.

Two Photon Absorption

Two-photon absorption occurs when two low-energy photons are simultaneously absorbed by
an atom or molecule, leading to excitation. Unlike single photon absorption, the combined
energy of two photons must be equal to or greater than the energy difference between the
initial and final states. Two-photon excitation is more likely to occur when a sample is
exposed to intense laser light with high photon flux.

Figure 3: Single photon absorption (left) and Two photon absorption (right)

3. What Is Optical Limiting?

As the name implies, an optical limiter is a device designed to keep the power, irradiance,
energy, or fluence transmitted by an optical system below some specified maximum value,
regardless of the magnitude of the input. It must do this while maintaining high transmittance
at low input powers. The most important application of such a device is the protection of
sensitive optical sensors and components from laser damage. In an ideal optical limiter, the
concept of threshold value comes to the fore. The system that determines a limit when a
different situation is observed above or below the specified input and output value is called
threshold value. A device with such an input-output characteristic is potentially useful for
protecting the human eye and other optical sensors from high-power laser beams frequently

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used in laboratories, industries, and defense. A good optical limiter should be one that
provides high linear permeability at low inputs and constant output at inputs higher than the
threshold value so that the detection sensitivity is not affected.

Optical limiting systems are generally examined under three headings in terms of their usage
features. These are passive, active, and photo-induced optical limiting systems.

I. Passive protection optical limiting systems

Passive optical limiters include absorptive, interferential, and holographic filters. Even though
optical confinement efficiencies are very high, they are disadvantageous because their
efficiency is limited to a fixed wavelength and cannot withstand high repetition laser sources.

II. Active protection optical limiting systems

In this configuration, the use of detectors that respond quickly is essential. The system has a
threshold value and when the laser intensity exceeds this threshold value, the detector is
triggered, and the optical limiter operates.

III. Photo-induced optical limiting system

In this optical limiter, the nonlinear optical material reduces the optical transmission when the
incident beam intensity is above the threshold. The ideal optical incident beam intensity is
above the threshold.

4. Organic and Inorganic Dye

The first thing to pay attention to when working with a paint is its color. In general terms,
color can be considered a combination of physical properties and chemical properties that
include the transmission, refraction, absorption, and scattering of light. Although the history
of natural dyes dates back to food and textiles, they are now being researched for new
applications due to the optical properties they can exhibit. There is a difference between dyes
and pigments based on their solubility properties. Dyes are generally classified as organic
compounds and are soluble in water and/or organic solvents. However, with the development
of synthetic dye technology, the use of natural dyes has rapidly decreased. Recently, research
on natural dyes has been conducted worldwide for new applications as well as food and textile
applications. Optics is one of these fields. The utilisation of natural dyes as novel

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technological materials is encouraged compared to the use of synthetic dye, which have
adverse effects on the environment.

Advantageous of Organic Dyes

A wide variety of inorganic nonlinear optical materials are available on the market with
various wavelengths, damage thresholds, and optical properties. Most of the technologies are
based on inorganic materials with suitable optical properties. There are some significant
disadvantages to using inorganic materials. First of all, inorganic materials used in optical
systems are difficult and expensive to process. Additionally, inorganic materials have a high
dielectric constant, require larger polarization voltages, and often suffer from changes in the
refractive index of the material. Finally, inorganic materials have a low electro-optical
coefficient, making them less suitable for electro-optical modulation. The current best practice
in photonics technology is the use of organic materials/dyes that exhibit exceptional nonlinear
optical properties. These organic materials/dyes are easy to prepare in solution or solid form.
The resulting organic material has a low dielectric constant and maintains its refractive index.

Aza-BODIPY Compounds

The compounds made by dipyrromethene ligands with the boron atom are called
"Bordipyrromethene" or BODIPY (BORon DIPYrromethene) compounds for short (Figure
4). The first study on the synthesis of the BODIPY compound was carried out in 1968 by
Treibs, A. and Kreuzer, F.H. (Treibs et al. 1968).

Figure 4: Dipyrromethene and Bordipyrromethene nuclei, from left to right.

BF2 complexes of azadipyromethene compounds are called "Aza-BODIPY" for short. Aza-
BODIPY and BODIPY dyestuffs have been used in many areas recently and therefore have
been studied intensively. Features of materials such as high quantum efficiency, high

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excitation coefficient and their photostability are used in smart circuit switches, light
collection systems, energy transfer cassettes, dye-sensitized solar cells, laser dyes and OLED
applications. It can also be used as an agent for photodynamic therapy (Loudet and Burgess
2007). The most important feature of Aza-BODIPYs is their ability to absorb in the near
infrared (NIR) region (700-1100 nm). The most important use of dyes that can absorb in this
range is imaging systems. These organic molecules have UV absorption and are prone to
sharp fluorescence with quantum efficiencies (Loudet and Burgess 2007). With some changes
in their structure or changing the pH values, the fluorescence properties of these organic
molecules may decrease or disappear completely (Killoran et al. 2008).

In this study, Aza-BODIPY compounds that have undergone halogenization and are bromine
bound to certain positions were used. As a result of bromination of BODIPY compounds,
there is a significant redshift in the absorption and fluorescence spectra. However, the
fluorescence quantum efficiency decreases due to the heavy atom effect (Çakmak 2008).

5. Fluorescence

In molecular fluorescence spectroscopy, an atom or molecule excited by an electromagnetic

beam rises from its basic energy level to a higher energy level. The excited atom or molecule
at the upper energy level is unstable and wants to return to the basic energy level by
discarding the excess energy it has absorbed. At this stage, all or part of the excess energy can
be separated from the atom or molecule as light emission. This situation is called fluorescence
(Figure 5).

Figure 5: Fluorescence Formation

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MATERIAL AND METHOD
In this study, research was conducted using the tools at Ankara University Physics
Engineering Optical Materials Research Laboratory.

First, the tare of the vial containers to be used in the study was measured using a precision
scale. The vials were then cleaned using tetrahydrofuran. Tetrahydrofuran, or THF for short, is
a cyclic ether with the formula (CH2)4O. It is an organic liquid that dissolves in water. Since it
is polar, it is a good solvent.

Making UV-VIS Spectrometer Measurements

The next step was to examine the absorption spectrum. For this process, a Shimadzu UV-1800
brand linear absorption spectrometer (Figure 6) found in Ankara University Physics
Engineering Optical Materials Research Laboratory was used.

Figure 6: Shimadzu UV-1800 Brand Absorption Spectrometer

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With this UV-spectrometer, the linear absorption spectrum of the region in the ultraviolet and
infrared (190 nm – 1100 nm) range can be analyzed. The basis of ultraviolet and visible light
(UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy is based on the decrease in light intensity of a beam of light
after passing through a sample/reflecting from a sample surface. This decrease indicates that
the amount of absorbed substance has increased. Many molecules absorb UV or visible
wavelengths. The solution to be prepared will contain THF and the brominated Aza-BODIPY
compound. While absorbing the absorption spectra, a process called baseline is performed to
eliminate the effects of the THF liquid and to better examine the Aza-BODIPY compound.
For this process, vials containing THF were placed in the reference and sample chambers of
the spectrometer and scanning was performed in the wavelength range of interest and thus the
baseline was taken. Then, THF and Aza-BODIPY solution was prepared in appropriate
concentration. Concentration is expressed in terms of molality. THF with a concentration of
5x10-3M was used to dissolve the solid substance we had. As a result of the calculations, 30
μL of brominated Aza-BODIPY substance and 2970 μL of THF liquid were mixed and a
solution was formed (Figure 7). After this process, the container containing the solution was
placed in the sample chamber and measurements were made.

Figure 7: Bromin-free and Brominated Aza-BODIPY Solutions from Left to Right

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Measurement of Fluorescence Spectra

Fluorescence measurement is made by stimulating the material at the wavelength where the
absorption reaches the highest value after obtaining the absorption spectrum of the substance.
Figure shows the fluorescence spectrometer. Photons coming from a wide spectrum light
source are separated into wavelengths with the help of a monochromator. With the help of the
filter, the material is excited at the desired wavelength. Then, the light emitted from the
material is separated into wavelengths after being passed through the filter and
monochromator again. Since the intensity of fluorescence radiation may be weak, a
photomultiplier tube is used. During the measurement, the material is constantly excited at the
desired wavelength and the wavelength at which it is emitting is searched.

Figure 8: Fluorescence Spectrometer

The 666 nm light, which has the highest absorption in the wave we obtained in the absorption
spectrum, was sent and the substance was fully excited. This indicates that the electron has
moved to the upper level. What will be examined here is whether the electron emits at the
specified wavelength as it descends to the lower level. The data obtained are included in the
findings section. The fluorescence properties of the compounds used in this study were
determined with the Perkin Elmer LS50B fluorescence spectrometer shown in Figure 9. With
this spectrometer, material can be excited in the region between 200-800nm, and fluorescence
can be measured in the range of 200-900nm.

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 Figure 9: Perkin Elmer LS50B Fluorescence Spectrometer

Thin Film Making Process

To make a thin film, first 1 gram of Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and 10 ml of

cyclohexanone were mixed. PMMA is a transparent and hard thermoplastic material. It has
specific properties such as high light transmittance, high resistance to ultraviolet rays and
weather conditions. Another benefit of PMMA is that it is 100% recyclable and thus makes a
significant contribution to preventing the waste of natural resources. Filters UV rays lower
than 300 nm wavelength. By applying coatings or additives to some PMMA products, their
ability to absorb light can be increased up to wavelengths of 300-400 nm. And Cyclohexanone
is an organic compound that gives the desired density when mixed with PMMA and turns pale
yellow over time. Then, 2 ml of the prepared PMMA-cyclohexanone solution and 40 ml of
the Aza-BODIPY THF (tetrahydrofuran) solution were taken, the thin film materials were
brought together, and the appropriate mixture was prepared. The material on which we will
cover the prepared solution is an amorphous material called fused silica. Fused silica (SiO2)
has very low density, thermal expansion coefficient, electric conductivity, relatively high
mechanical property, heat resistance, thermal shock resistance, corrosion resistance, and
dielectric constant, so it is extensively used in optical and optoelectronic devices. A method
called spin coating was used to coat the substrate. Spin coating is a method for applying thin
films and has been used for a long time. The process involves depositing a small amount of
liquid material into the center of a substrate, as shown in Figure 10 , and then spinning the
substrate at high speed. Centripetal acceleration will cause the resin to spread throughout the
substrate, leaving a thin film of material. The final film thickness will depend on the fluid
material properties (viscosity, drying rate, percent solids, surface tension, etc.) and the
extrusion process parameters (rotational speed, acceleration, and fume exhaust).

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 Figure 10: Thin Film Process

Figure 11: Produced Thin Film

This process was carried out using the SCS G3 Spin Coating System found at Ankara
University Physics Engineering Optical Materials Research Laboratory (Figure 12).

Figure 12: SCS G3 Spin Coating System

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Z-Scan Experiment

Z-scan is a method used to measure the nonlinear optical properties of materials. Thanks to
this method, nonlinear refraction and absorption changes are determined. Essentially, a
sample of the material under examination is moved along the focus of a laser beam, and the
beam passing through the sample reaches the detector and the relevant analysis is performed.
As the sample approaches and moves away from the focus, its properties, such as non-linear
absorption, change depending on the intensity of the light. This technique consists of two
parts: open aperture and closed aperture Z-scan section (Figure 14). While nonlinear refractive
indices of materials are determined in the closed aperture section, nonlinear absorption and
saturable absorption effects can be determined in the open aperture Z-scan section. A general
Z-scan experimental setup is shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13: Experimental Setup for the Z-Scan Technique

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 Figure 14: Types of Z-Scans

Open Aperture Z-Scan Experiment

Open aperture Z-scan is used to determine the nonlinear absorption coefficient. In the open
slit Z-scan section, the entire beam passing through the material is collected by a lens and sent
to the detector. Thus, in this case the nonlinear permeability changes only in case of nonlinear
absorption or saturable absorption. The open aperture Z-scan experimental setup is shown in
Figure 15.

Figure15: Experimental Setup of Open Aperture Z- Scan

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In the experiment, Ti: Sapphire laser, amplifier and optical parametric amplifier were used to
obtain the adjustable beam. Lenses were used to collect and focus this beam, and an
absorbing filter was used to reduce the energy of the incoming beam and to prevent damage
to the detector or sample. A beam of light is focused with the help of a thin-edged lens and
sent onto the material. The intensity of the beam will increase as it focuses well on the
sample. A force resistant power meter from Gentec-eo company was used to measure the
high power at the laser output.

Figure 16: Laser Light Production Assembly Figure 17: Power Meter

By moving the sample around the point where the intensity is high, the permeability of the
material decreases as it approaches the focus, and after the material passes the focus, the
intensity begins to increase again and the permeability increases. When the material
approaches the focus, that is, when it reaches the region where the intensity is high,
nonlinear absorption is observed in addition to linear absorption and a decrease occurs in
the energy reaching the detector. After the focus is passed, the intensity begins to increase
again, and thus the energy reaching the detector gradually increases. After some time, only
linear absorption is observed. The detector used in the assembly is a germanium detector
and the noise in the analog electrical signal it produces is reduced and converted to digital.
The wavelength range of the detector used is 800 nm - 18000 nm. Tetronix DPO-4104 brand
oscilloscope was used to display the incoming signal (Figure 18). In addition to imaging, it can
be observed whether the detectors have reached saturation or not by means of
oscilloscopes. In order to receive the data and move the system precisely, an automation
program written in the LabVIEW program is used.

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 Figure 18: Tetronix DPO-4104 Brand Oscilloscope

The beam to be sent using the power meter and absorber filter was adjusted according to the
values of 1, 1.5 and 2 joules and measurements were made respectively. Approximately 40
measurements were taken in each measurement, and the data were normalized, and graphs
were obtained. This process was repeated for both the sample in solution and the thin film
(Figure 19-20). The relevant data are included in the result section.

Solution Germanium
Sample Detector

Figure 19: Z-Scanning Process of Solution Sample

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 Thin Film

Figure 20: Z-Scanning Process of Thin Film Sample

Ellipsometry

Ellipsometry is a nondestructive measurement technique based on measuring the change in

polarization of light reflected from the sample surface. What creates this change is the
reflection, absorption, scattering and transmission effects of the incoming beam when it
interacts with the material. The polarization change is measured by the amplitude ratio Ψ and
the phase difference Δ. Since the signal depends on the thickness as well as the material
properties, ellipsometry is a universal tool for the non-contact determination of the thickness
and optical constants of all types of films. Depending on the wavelength of the light source
used, it can be used to determine optical constants in the UV, visible and IR wavelength range.
To determine the thickness of thin films, the J.A Woolaam M2000V brand Spectroscopic
Ellipsometry device shown in Figure 21, located in the Optical Materials Research
Laboratory, was used. Since the Brewster angle, also known as the polarization angle, was
sought, the approximate values of 55 and 65 degrees were examined at five-degree intervals.

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 Figure 21: J.A Woollam M2000V Brand Spectroscopic Ellipsometer Device

RESULTS
In the Result section, there are graphs of the absorption and Z-scanning processes to the
brominated Aza-BODIPY compound.

Absorption Graphs
Figure 22 shows the absorption spectra of the brominated Aza-BODIPY compound measured
in 1 cm thick vial vessels and normalized to 1.

Figure 22: Absorption Graphs of Brominated Aza-BODIPY Compound in Solution (THF) and Thin Film (PMMA)

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In the data below, the data of undoped Aza-BODIPY samples, which is another project
studied at the same time as working on Brominated Aza-BODIPY in the laboratory, are
compared. Figure 23 compares the solution state of these samples, while Figure 24
compares thin films.

Figure 23: Aza-BODIPY vs Brominated Aza-BODIPY in THF

Figure 24: Aza-BODIPY vs Brominated Aza-BODIPY in PMMA

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Z-Scanning Graphs
In this study, open aperture Z-Scan experiments of brominated Aza-BODIPY compound
were performed in a 1mm thick quartz cell (Figure 25) and thin film on fused silica
(Figure 26). Z-Scan experiment graphs obtained using femtosecond pulsing laser source
are given below.

Figure 25: Open Aperture Z-Scan Graph of Brominated Aza-BODIPY Solution

Figure 26: Open Aperture Z-Scan Graph of Brominated Aza-BODIPY Thin Film

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Solution and thin-film Z-scan measurement was performed for brominated Aza-BODIPY
and then for undoped Aza-BODIPY. Solution data are given comparatively in Figure 27,
while thin film data are shown in Figure 28.

Figure 27: Comparative Graph of Z-Scan Results of Aza-BODIPY and Brominated Aza-BODIPY Solutions

Figure 28: Comparative Graph of Z-Scan Results of Aza-BODIPY and Brominated Aza-BODIPY Thin Films

24
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
In this thesis, the samples were subjected to many different processes. The first of these
was the investigation of the absorption spectra of brominated Aza-BODIPY compounds.
The absorption spectrum of the compound placed in a 1 cm vial container was obtained. It
was observed that the highest absorption value in the wave obtained in the formed
spectrum was 666 nm. As shown in Figure 22, there is no significant difference between
the absorption graphs of the thin-film and solution states of the brominated Aza-BODIPY
compound, but as shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24, there is a significant difference
between the absorption graphs of brominated and undoped compounds, and the limiting
threshold decreases in the presence of bromine atoms. Then, in the fluorescence
spectrometer, it was examined whether the electron that rose to the upper level emitted on
the way down, and the material was fully excited by sending light at the highest
absorption value obtained in the absorption spectrum, that is, at a specific value such as
666 nm. However, no emission value was found in the range of 200-900 nm that we
examined. For near-infrared region dyes, fluorescence and absorption wavelength
difference has an important place. The large size of this difference prevents the scattering
of light, resulting in clear images in imaging systems. Another procedure was to measure
the thickness of thin films with an ellipsometer. In this process, which allows the thickness
to be measured due to the phase difference, the thickness of the middle of the thin film
was found to be 700 μ and the edges were found to be 1.5 μ.

In the z-scan process, laser light of 1, 1.5 and 2 joules were sent at the femtosecond level
and the response of the solution and thin film was measured. During the procedure, it was
found that the solution could not withstand the value of 2 joules. As in the absorption
process, it would be more logical to make a comparison of Aza-BODIPY compounds with
and without bromine since close results were obtained in the solution and film. As can be
seen in Figure 28 and Figure 29, it is understood that the optical limit is lower in the
brominated Aza-BODIPY compound. And that's a factor that makes the limitation feature
better.

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