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Infection Control
&
Medical Asepsis
Prepared By:
Assist. Prof. Enas Aboelfetoh
Adult Health Nursing
Department
Purpose & Objectives
By the end of this section the students will be
able to:
Define some related terms.
Describe Chain of infection.
Mention Normal defense mechanisms against
infection.
Enumerate Signs and symptom of infection.
List Risk factors of infection.
Discuss &Apply Standard (Universal) precautions.
Discuss &Apply Aseptic technique& Its types.
Out lines
Definitions.
Pathophysiology (Chain of infection).
Normal defense mechanisms against infection.
Signs and symptom of infection.
Risk factors.
Standard (Universal) precautions.
Aseptic technique& Its types
Infection
Entry and Multiplication of an infectious agent
in the tissues of a susceptible host .
Carrier
An individual or animals that have disease
but do not show any clinical manifestation.
Nosocomial infection
Infection acquired in a health care setting such
as hospital or long term care facility.
Infection control
It is all practices that control or eliminate source
of infection and help to protect patient and
health care staff from serious infectious
microorganism.
Types of Nosocomial infection
1. Exogenous infection
Come from microorganism out side the individual as
salmonella.
2. Endogenous infection
Occurs when part of the patient flora becomes altered
and overgrowth.
Chain of infection
Infectious
agent Reservoir
Host Portal of
exit
Mode of
Portal of
transmissi
entry
on
1. Infectious agent (pathogenic organism).
Microorganisms that are
capable of causing disease.
Common pathogens include
bacteria, fungi, viruses,&
protozoa's.
example: Hepatitis A virus cause
Food born hepatitis
2. Reservoir
(sources of microorganism growth).
where the pathogens lives
and multiplies. Humans,
animal, insects, and non
living objects such as
equipment &, needles
3. Portal of exit
(means by which microorganisms leave site).
Through respiratory
secretions, gastro
intestinal, and
genitourinary body
fluids, skin or mucous
membrane lesion, or the
blood.
4. Mode of Transmission (means of spread).
1. Direct contact (source to
host):
include person to person
spread or contact with
infected body fluid,
contaminated food or water(
HIV infection).
2. Indirect contact
Occurs when the
infectious agent is
carried on inanimate
object such as dirty
eating utensils, hands
(hepatitis B).
3. Vector
Are insects and
animals (flies,
mosquitoes) that act
as intermediate host
between the sources
and host as (malaria).
Mode of transmission
4. Droplets or airborne
transmission:
Involves large, moist droplets released during
sneezing, talking and coughing as
influenza.
5. Vehicle:
Ingested or administered substance.
Food, water as (Hepatitis A).
Blood products as (Hepatitis B, HIV
infection).
5. Portal of entry
(site through which microorganism enter host)
Portal of entry include eye,
mouth, respiratory,
gastrointestinal,
genitourinary tracts, broken
skin and blood.
6. Susceptible host (patient):
Susceptibility depends on the individual degree of resistance
to the pathogen.
Factor affecting susceptibility:
Age.
Hereditary.
Nutritional status.
Rest and exercise.
Inadequate defenses.
Environmental factors.
Medical therapies.
Normal Defense Mechanisms Against
Infection
Intact skin.
Mouth.
Eye.
Respiratory tract.
Urinary tract.
Gastrointestinal tract.
Vagina.
Signs and symptoms of infection
1. Localized infection:
- Pain, Tenderness, Warmth, Swelling, Redness, Itching.
-
2. Respiratory infection :
- Cough ,sputum ,chest pain ,shortness of breathing.
- sputum culture, abnormal breath sounds.
3. Gastrointestinal infections:
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal cramps.
- Fever, increase pulse rate, elevated WBCs count.
Cont,
4. Genitourinary infections:
- Dysuria, urgency, hematuria, flank or pelvic pain.
- Fever, elevated WBCs count, positive urine culture.
5. Generalized infections:
- Fatigue, malaise, headache, congestion, joint pain.
- Fever, increase pulse rate, hypotension, shock, confusion
,convulsion, and WBCs count may be elevated.
Risk factors
A-In adequate primary defenses
Broken skin or mucosa.
Traumatized tissues.
Decreased cillary action.
Obstructed urine flow.
Altered peristalsis.
Decreased mobility.
Change in PH of secretions.
Inadequate secondary defenses
Reduced hemoglobin level.
Suppression of W.B.C related to drugs or
disease.
Low W.B.C count (leucopenia).
Suppressed inflammatory response related
to drugs or disease.
Standard (Universal)
precautions
Standard (Universal) precautions
are evidence based clinical work practices
published by the Centre of Disease Control
(CDC) to prevent transmission of infectious
agents in healthcare settings.
The purpose
The purpose of standard precautions is to
break the chain of infection focusing
particularly but not exclusively on the mode
of transmission, portal of entry and
susceptible host sections of the chain.
Components of Standard
(Universal) precautions:
Hand washing and antisepsis (hand hygiene).
Use of personal protective equipment when handling blood,
body substances, excretions and secretions.
Appropriate handling of patient care equipment and soiled
linen.
Prevention of needle stick/ sharp injuries.
Environmental cleaning and spills-management.
Appropriate handling of waste.
Hand washing and antisepsis
Use of personal protective equipments
Appropriate handling of soiled linen.
Handle soiled linen to prevent touching skin
or mucous membranes.
Do not pre-rinse soiled linens in patient care
areas
Appropriate handling of patient care
equipment.
Handle soiled equipment in a manner to
prevent contact with skin or mucous
membranes and to prevent contamination of
clothing or the environment.
Clean reusable equipment prior to reuse.
Prevention of needle stick/ sharp injuries.
:
Avoid recapping used needles.
Avoid removing used needles
from disposable syringes.
Avoid bending, breaking or
manipulating used needles by
hand.
Place used sharps in puncture-
resistant containers.
Environmental cleaning
Routinely care, clean and disinfect equipment
and furnishings in patient care areas.
Patient resuscitation
Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags or other
ventilation devices to avoid mouth-to mouth
resuscitation.
Patient placement
Place patients who contaminate the
environment or cannot maintain appropriate
hygiene in private rooms.
Medical
asepsis
Aseptic technique
Practices that keep client as free from infectious
Pathogens as possible.
Types of aseptic technique:
1. Medical asepsis (clean technique).
2. Surgical asepsis (sterile technique).
Medical asepsis
Measures taken to control and reduce the number
of pathogens present.
It known as clean technique
Asepsis
Is the absence of pathogenic microorganisms
Principals of medical asepsis
• Microorganism exist every where except on
sterilized equipment.
• Frequent hand washing and maintaining intact
skin are the best method for reducing
transmission of microorganism.
.
Cont,
• Blood and body fluid are considered major
reservoir of microorganism
• Using personal protective equipment as gloves,
mask, gown, head and shoes cover.
• A clean environment reduces the presence of
microorganism.
• Cleaning should be done from cleaner to dirty
area.
Medical asepsis includes:
hand washing.
Cleaning.
Disinfection.
Sterilization.
use of barriers.
Hand washing
used to reduce numbers
of bacteria on the hand.
prevent transfer of
micro organisms from
health care personnel to
the client
Cleaning
Must precede disinfection and sterilization
Refers to physical removal of visible dirt by
washing, dusting or mopping contaminated
surface.
Soap manufactured from fats and chemicals is used
for mechanical cleaning.
Disinfection
Disinfection removes micro-organisms without
complete sterilization.
instruments which can't be sterilized or when
single use items not available.
It is not a sterilizing process and must not be
used as substitute for sterilization.
Disinfectant Anti septic
A chemical used on A chemical used on living
lifeless objects objects
EX: -chlorine. EX: -povidone – iodine.
[
-Sodium hypochlorite.
-Formaldehyde -Acetic acid.
(formalin). -Alcohol.
-Hydrogen peroxide 3%
Sterilization
Sterilization is the destruction of all micro-organisms
including its spores.
Most items are sterilized by autoclaving
Materials must be wrapped before sterilization.
Methods of sterilization
Steam sterilization (autoclaving).
Gas sterilization.
Dry heat.
Ionizing radiation.
Autoclaving
super saturated steam
under pressure.
It is the most widely used,
non toxic, in expensive.
Gas sterilization
Ethylene oxide is used to sterilize medical products
that can't be steam sterilize.
This colorless gas can penetrate plastic, rubber,
cotton and other substance.
This type is expensive, requires 2-5 hours to be
accomplished.
proper safety precautions must be used to prevent
exposure of workers to gas.
Ionizing radiation
(Gamma radiation)
It is not readily available for use in health
care facilities. Items must be wrapped or
packaged appropriately to be considered sterile.
Use of barriers
Techniques that prevent the
transfer of pathogens from one
person to another.
Masks.
Gown.
Gloves.
caps and shoe covering.
private rooms.
Isolation systems
refer to techniques used to prevent or limit the
spread of infection
Isolation systems are costly in terms of
equipment, supplies and time.
it is more expensive.
Any Question
?
