Series Resonance of RLC circuit
Mrs D N Dhang
DKTE
Resistor
• A resistor is an electrical component, which has a certain amount
of resistance.
• Resistance is the measure of the opposition to electric current.
• The voltage across and the current through a resistor are related by
Ohm's law: V = IR
• The reciprocal of the resistance is the conductance
Capacitor
• A capacitor stores its energy electrostatically as a charge
across its plates.
• The capacitors ability to store this electrical charge ( Q )
between its plates is proportional to the applied voltage, V for
a capacitor of known capacitance in Farads
• Charge on a Capacitor Q =C V
Current-Voltage (I-V) Relationship (For DC
input)
Capacitor appears to “block” current flow
when connected to a steady state DC voltage
Only AC current will pass through a
capacitor.
Current-Voltage (I-V) Relationship (For AC
input)
The current leads the
voltage by 90 degrees.
CAPACITIVE IMPEDANCE
The ratio of the peak voltage to the peak current gives
the capacitive impedance
1. Capacitors do not like to pass current at low frequencies
2. Capacitors like to pass current at high frequencies
3. Capacitors connected in parallel combine like resistors in series
4. Capacitors in series combine like resistors in parallel
Inductor
• An inductor is another passive device that can store its energy
magnetically
• An Inductor is a coil of wire wound around a central core
designed to take advantage of this relationship by inducing a
magnetic field in itself or within its core as a result of the
current flowing through the wire coil.
• An inductor represents the amount of inductance in a circuit.
The inductance is the ability of a component to generate
electromotive force due to a change in the flow of current.
Current-Voltage (I-V) Relationship
Inductors resist or oppose changes of
current but will easily pass a steady state
DC current.
Inductors present a low impedance path to DC
current and a high impedance path to AC current.
Current-Voltage (I-V) Relationship
The voltage leads
the current by 90
degrees.
INDUCTIVE IMPEDANCE
The ratio of the peak voltage to the peak current gives • Inductors in parallel
inductive impedance combine like
resistors in parallel
XL = L • Inductor in series
combine like resistor
in series
1. Inductors like to pass current at low frequencies
2. Inductors do not like to pass current at low frequencies
HINT
For remembering the phase relationship between voltage
and current, learn this simple word called ‘CIVIL’, i.e in
capacitor current leads voltage and voltage leads current
in inductor.
Understanding Resistance & Reactance
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
The measure of the total opposition that a circuit or a part of a circuit
presents to electric current is termed as impedance.
Impedance includes both resistance and reactance
The impedance Z of the circuit is given by
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
The impedance Z of the circuit is given by
XL = Inductive reactance= L
XL = L = 2 f L
XC = Capacitive Reactance = 1/ c XL f
Xc = 1 / 2 f C
Z= R + j XL + Xc /j and
Z= R + j XL – j Xc (1/j = -j) Xc 1/f
Z= R + j (XL – Xc)
RLC CIRCUIT
RLC CIRCUIT XL f
and
Xc 1/f
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
If supply voltage is maintained constant and Frequency is increased gradually
XL increases from zero value
Xc decreases from its infinitely large value
At some frequency fr, XL = Xc
Z = R + j (XL – Xc) = R
This condition is referred to as the series resonance.
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Z= R
Thus series resonance is a circuit condition, in which the effects of
inductive and capacitive reactances completely neutralize each
other, the impedance falls to minimum value Z = R and current
reaches to maximum value.
I =V/R
Series Resonant Frequency
At Resonance
XL = X C
1
2 fr L =
2 fr 𝐶
1
𝑓𝑟 2 =
2 2 𝐿𝐶
1
𝑓𝑟 = Hz
2 𝐿𝐶
Series Resonance
Impedance in a Series Resonance Circuit
Phase angle of series RLC circuit
From the impedance equation
Z = R + j X L - j XC
Z= R + j (XL - XC)
Phase = tan-1 (XL - XC /R)
Phase angle of series RLC circuit
Variation of Current with Frequency
At resonance,
XL = Xc
Z = R
Impedance is minimum
Current is maximum
An RLC circuit accepts maximum current
from the source at resonance and for that
reason is called an acceptor circuit.
Variation of Voltage Across L & C with
Frequency
VL = Inductor voltage
Vc = Capacitor voltage
Current increases up to resonant frequency
Inductor voltage:
VL = I XL
VL depends on variation in I and XL.
With frequency both I and XL also .
VL also up to resonant frequency.
After resonant frequency :
I but XL continue to
Therefore the maximum of VL occurs after resonant frequency.
Variation of Voltage Across L & C with
Frequency
VL = Inductor voltage
Current increases up to resonant frequency Vc = Capacitor voltage
Capacitor voltage:
Vc = I Xc
Vc depends on variation in I and Xc.
With frequency I and Xc .
Change in Vc depends on rate of change of
I and Xc.
After fr:
Both I & Xc continue to
Xc
Therefore the maximum of Vc occurs before
fr.
Frequency at which maximum value of Vc occurs
Voltage across capacitor is given by
Frequency at which maximum value of Vc occurs
Rationalize the denominator
Multiply and divide by
Frequency at which maximum value of Vc occurs
To obtain maximum condition of voltage across capacitor, we take derivative
of above equation w.r.t frequency and make it equal to zero
𝑑𝑉𝑐
=0
𝑑
Frequency at which maximum value of Vc occurs
Frequency at which maximum value of Vc occurs
1 𝑅2
𝜔= −
𝐿𝐶 2𝐿2
The frequency fc at which maximum voltage appears across C is
1 1 𝑅2
𝑓𝑐 = −
2 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿2
Frequency at which maximum value of VL occurs
Voltage cross L is
Frequency at which maximum value of VL occurs
Frequency at which maximum value of VL occurs
1
𝜔=
𝑅2 𝐶
𝐿𝐶 (1 − 2𝐿 )
The frequency fL at which maximum voltage appears across L is
1 1
𝑓𝐿 =
2𝜋 𝑅2 𝐶
𝐿𝐶 (1 − )
2𝐿
Bandwidth of RLC circuit
• The bandwidth of any system is the
range of frequencies for which the
current or output voltage is equal to
70.7% of its value at the resonant
frequency
• The frequencies f1 and f2 at which
1
current I falls to 2 (or 0.707) of its
maximum value are called half-power
frequencies.
• The bandwidth (𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 ) is called
the half-power bandwidth or simply
the bandwidth of the circuit.
Bandwidth (BW) = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿
𝑓𝐻 = 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑓𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
• The unit of BW is Hz
Bandwidth of RLC circuit
Since the current is maximum at resonance, it follows that the power must
similarly be maximum at resonance.
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝑅
1 1
𝑃1 = (0.707𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝑅 = 𝑃
2 2
1 2 1
𝑃2 = (0.707𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 )2 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅 = 𝑃
2 2
At cutoff frequencies fL and fH the power delivered to the circuit is half the power
delivered at resonance
fL and fH are also called Half power frequencies.
Bandwidth is also defined as:
The difference between the frequencies at which the circuit delivers half of the
maximum power.
Bandwidth of RLC circuit
In frequency response studies, the
magnitude of the response is
expressed in decibel (db).
1 db = 20 log(Magnitude)
The magnitude with reference to
magnitude at resonance is
0.707 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
20 log( ) = 3 db
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
Bandwidth is also termed as 3db
passband.
Bandwidth of RLC circuit
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
We know at resonance, Imax = =
𝑍 𝑅
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
At 𝑃1 , Imax is 0.707 Imax = i.e
2 2𝑅
At P1 or P2, Z is given by
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 𝑍 = 2𝑅
𝑍 2𝑅
Bandwidth of RLC circuit
Impedance Z of RLC circuit is
We know at P1 or P2, Z is given by Z = 2𝑅
squaring both sides,
Taking the square root of both sides gives us
Bandwidth of RLC circuit
As this equation suffice for P1 and P2, let us have a detail analysis of it considering
two cases.
Case 1: XL > XC (This corresponds to P2 i.e. f2 or 2.)
Substituting 2L for XL and 1/ 2C for XC
Solving the quadratic,
Bandwidth of RLC circuit
Solving the quadratic,
The negative sign in front of the second factor was dropped because
is always greater than R/(2L).
Bandwidth of RLC circuit
Case 2: XC > XL (This corresponds to P1 i.e. f1 or 1.)
Repeating the same procedure we get
𝑅
Bandwidth (BW) = 𝑓𝐻 − 𝑓𝐿 = Hz
2𝜋𝐿
Quality Factor (Q) of RLC circuit
• The Q, or quality, factor of a resonant circuit is a measure of the
“goodness” or quality of a resonant circuit.
• A higher value for this figure of merit corresponds to a more narrow
bandwidth, which is desirable in many applications.
• The benefit of using a narrow channel is the lower noise bandwidth
and hence better sensitivity and range.
• It is measured as the ratio of resonant frequency to the bandwidth.
𝑓𝑟
𝑄=
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
1ൗ
𝑓𝑟 𝑓𝑟 2 𝐿𝐶 𝐿 1 𝐿
𝑄= = = = =
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑅Τ2𝜋𝐿 𝑅Τ2𝜋𝐿 𝑅 𝐿𝐶 𝑅 𝐶
Quality Factor (Q) of RLC circuit
• The frequency response of the
circuits current magnitude relates
to the “sharpness” of the
resonance in a series resonance
circuit.
• The sharpness of the peak is
measured quantitatively and is
called the Quality factor, Q of the
circuit.
• The quality factor relates the
maximum or peak energy stored
in the circuit (the reactance) to
the energy dissipated (the
resistance) during each cycle of
oscillation.
Quality Factor (Q) of RLC circuit
A series resonance network consisting of a resistor of 30Ω, a capacitor
of 2uF and an inductor of 20mH is connected across a sinusoidal
supply voltage which has a constant output of 9 volts at all
frequencies. Calculate, the resonant frequency, the current at
resonance, the voltage across the inductor and capacitor at resonance,
the quality factor and the bandwidth of the circuit. Also sketch the
corresponding current waveform for all frequencies.
𝑅 30
Bandwidth = = 238 Hz
2𝜋𝐿 2𝜋𝑋0.02
𝑓𝑟 796
𝑄= = = 3.344
𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 238
A series circuit consists of a resistance of 4Ω,
an inductance of 500mH and a variable
capacitance connected across a 100V, 50Hz
supply. Calculate the capacitance require to
produce a series resonance condition, and the
voltages generated across both the inductor and
the capacitor at the point of resonance.
Q. 3 A series L–R–C circuit has a sinusoidal input voltage
of maximum value 12 V. If inductance, L = 20 mH,
resistance, R = 80 Ω, and capacitance, C = 400
nF, determine (a) the resonant frequency, (b) the value of
the p.d. across the capacitor at the resonant frequency, (c)
the frequency at which the p.d. across the capacitor is a
maximum, and (d) the value of the maximum voltage
across the capacitor.
a
𝑉 1
b 𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶 = = 33.48 v
𝑅 2𝜋𝑓𝑟 𝐶
1 1 𝑅2
c 𝑓𝑐 = − 2 = 1721.7Hz
2 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿
𝑉 1
d 𝑉𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐼𝑋𝐶 = = 34.65 v
𝑅 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝐶
Series Resonance Summary
• For resonance to occur in any circuit it must have at least one inductor and
one capacitor.
• Resonance is the result of oscillations in a circuit as stored energy is passed
from the inductor to the capacitor.
• Resonance occurs when XL = XC and the imaginary part of the transfer
function is zero.
• At resonance the impedance of the circuit is equal to the resistance value
as Z = R.
• At low frequencies the series circuit is capacitive as: XC > XL, this gives the
circuit a leading power factor.
• At high frequencies the series circuit is inductive as: XL > XC, this gives the
circuit a lagging power factor.
• The high value of current at resonance produces very high values of voltage
across the inductor and capacitor.
• Series resonance circuits are useful for constructing highly frequency
selective filters. However, its high current and very high component voltage
values can cause damage to the circuit.
• The most prominent feature of the frequency response of a resonant circuit
is a sharp resonant peak in its amplitude characteristics.
