### **1.

DDL Commands (Experiment 1):**

**Aim:** To execute Data Definition Language (DDL) commands like CREATE, ALTER, DROP,
TRUNCATE, and RENAME.
#### **Syntax:**
1. **CREATE TABLE:** – CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
...
);
Example: CREATE TABLE customer_details (
cust_id varchar(10),
cust_name char(20),
cust_street varchar(10),
cust_city char(10)
)
2. **ALTER TABLE (ADD):** ALTER TABLE table_name ADD (column_name datatype);
Example : ALTER TABLE account_details ADD (branch char(10))
3. **ALTER TABLE (MODIFY):** ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY (column_name
new_datatype);
Example: ALTER TABLE account_details MODIFY (account_no numeric(10));
4. **DROP TABLE:** DROP TABLE table_name;
Example: DROP TABLE account_details;
5. **TRUNCATE TABLE:** TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Example: TRUNCATE TABLE customer_details;
6. **RENAME TABLE:** RENAME old_table_name TO new_table_name;
Example: RENAME account_details TO account;

### **2. DML Commands (Experiment 2):**

**Aim:** To execute Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands like INSERT, SELECT,
UPDATE, and DELETE.
#### **Syntax:**
1. **INSERT INTO:** INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
Example: INSERT INTO account_details VALUES ('A-102', 'Perryridge', 400);
2. **SELECT: SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
Example SELECT * FROM loan_details;
3. **UPDATE:** UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Example UPDATE account_details SET balance = 500 WHERE account_no = 'A-102';
4. **DELETE:** DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
Example: DELETE FROM account_details WHERE account_no = 'A-102';
### **3. DCL Commands (Experiment 3):**
**Aim:** To execute Data Control Language (DCL) commands like GRANT and REVOKE.
1. **GRANT:** GRANT privilege_name ON object_name TO user_name;
Example: GRANT CREATE SESSION TO username;
2. **REVOKE:** REVOKE privilege_name ON object_name FROM user_name;
Example: REVOKE CREATE TABLE FROM username;

### **4. TCL Commands (Experiment 4):**

**Aim:** To execute Transaction Control Language (TCL) commands like COMMIT, ROLLBACK,
and SAVEPOINT.
1. **COMMIT:* COMMIT;
2. **ROLLBACK:** ROLLBACK;
3. **SAVEPOINT:** SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;

### **5. INSERT Command (Experiment 5):**

**Aim:** To insert records into a table using the `INSERT INTO` command.
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
Example:INSERT INTO account_details VALUES ('A-102', 'Perryridge', 400);

### **6. Nested Queries (Experiment 6a):**

**Aim:** To perform nested queries using `IN`, `NOT IN`, and set comparisons.
1. **IN:** SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IN (SELECT column_name FROM another_table);
Example: SELECT DISTINCT customer_name
FROM borrower_details
WHERE customer_name IN (SELECT customer_name FROM depositor_details);
2. **NOT IN:** SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name NOT IN (SELECT column_name FROM another_table);
Example SELECT DISTINCT customer_name
FROM borrower_details
WHERE customer_name NOT IN (SELECT customer_name FROM depositor_details);

### **7. Aggregation Operations (Experiment 6b):**

**Aim:** To perform aggregation operations like `AVG`, `COUNT`, `SUM`, `MIN`, and `MAX`.
1. **AVG:* SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;
Example: SELECT AVG(balance) FROM account_details;
2. **COUNT:** SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name;
Example: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customer_details;
3. **SUM:** SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
Example: SELECT SUM(balance) FROM account_details;
4. **MIN:** SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
5. **MAX:** SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name
### **8. GROUPING & ORDERING (Experiment 6c):**
**Aim:** To group and order data using `GROUP BY` and `ORDER BY`.
1. **GROUP BY:* SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
GROUP BY column_name;
Example: SELECT branch_name, AVG(balance) AS avg_balance
FROM account_details
GROUP BY branch_name;
2. **ORDER BY:** SELECT column_name
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name ASC|DESC;
Example: SELECT amount FROM loan_details ORDER BY amount DESC;

### **9. SELECT, FROM, WHERE (Experiment 7):**

**Aim:** To retrieve data using `SELECT`, `FROM`, and `WHERE` clauses.
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Example:SELECT customer_name, loan_no, amount
FROM loan_details WHERE branch_name = 'Perryridge';

### **10. SET Operations (Experiment 8):**

**Aim:** To perform set operations like `UNION`, `UNION ALL`, `INTERSECT`, and `EXCEPT`.
1. **UNION:** SELECT column_name FROM table1
UNION
SELECT column_name FROM table2;
2. **UNION ALL:** SELECT column_name FROM table1
UNION ALL
SELECT column_name FROM table2;
3. **INTERSECT:** SELECT column_name FROM table1
INTERSECT
SELECT column_name FROM table2;
4. **EXCEPT:** SELECT column_name FROM table1
EXCEPT
SELECT column_name FROM table2;

#### **11. Modification of the Database (Experiment 11):**

- **Aim:** To modify the database using `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE` commands.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Connect to the database. 2. Execute `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE`
queries. 3. Commit the changes.
- **Code:**
INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('John', '[email protected]');
UPDATE users SET email = '[email protected]' WHERE id = 2;
DELETE FROM users WHERE id = 3;
 COMMIT;

#### **12. Control Statement (For Loop) (Experiment 12):**

- **Aim:** To implement a `FOR` loop in PL/SQL.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare a variable.
2. Use a `FOR` loop to iterate and print values.
- **Code:**
DECLARE
i NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i);
END LOOP;
END;

#### **13. Control Statement (While Loop) (Experiment 13):**

- **Aim:** To implement a `WHILE` loop in PL/SQL.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare a variable. 2. Use a `WHILE` loop to iterate and print values.
- **Code:**
DECLARE
i NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
WHILE i <= 10 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i);
i := i + 1;
END LOOP;
END;

#### **14. Control Statement (For Reverse Loop) (Experiment 14):**

- **Aim:** To implement a reverse `FOR` loop in PL/SQL.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare a variable. 2. Use a reverse `FOR` loop to iterate and print values.
- **Code:**
DECLARE
i NUMBER;
BEGIN
FOR i IN REVERSE 1..10 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i);
END LOOP;
END;

#### **15. Control Statement (Loop End Loop) (Experiment 15):**

- **Aim:** To implement a basic loop with an exit condition.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare a variable. 2. Use a loop with an exit condition.
- **Code:*
 DECLARE
i NUMBER := 1;
BEGIN
LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i);
i := i + 1;
EXIT WHEN i = 10;
END LOOP;
END;
#### **16. Sum of Even Numbers (Experiment 16):**
- **Aim:** To calculate the sum of even numbers using a loop.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare variables for iteration and sum. 2. Use a loop to iterate through even
numbers and calculate the sum.
- **Code:**
DECLARE
i NUMBER := 0;
s NUMBER := 0;
BEGIN
WHILE i < 100 LOOP
s := s + i;
i := i + 2;
END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Sum: ' || s);
END;

#### **17. Sum of Odd Numbers (Experiment 17):**

- **Aim:** To calculate the sum of odd numbers using a loop.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare variables for iteration and sum. 2. Use a loop to iterate through odd
numbers and calculate the sum.
- **Code:**
DECLARE
i NUMBER := 1;
s NUMBER := 0;
BEGIN
WHILE i < 100 LOOP
s := s + i;
i := i + 2;
END LOOP;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Sum: ' || s);
END;

#### **18. Series Generation (Experiment 18):**

- **Aim:** To generate a series of numbers using a loop.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare a variable. 2. Use a loop to generate and print the series.
- **Code:**
DECLARE
i NUMBER := 5;
BEGIN
WHILE i <= 50 LOOP
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(i);
i := i + 5;
END LOOP;
END;

#### **19. Subprogram (Experiment 19):**

- **Aim:** To implement a subprogram (procedure) in PL/SQL.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Create a procedure to insert data into a table. 2. Call the procedure.
- **Code:**
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE pro1 IS
no NUMBER := 215;
name VARCHAR2(20) := 'Priya';
tsal NUMBER := 20000;
BEGIN
INSERT INTO emp1 (eno, ename, tsal) VALUES (no, name, tsal);
END;
BEGIN
pro1;
END;

#### **20. Cursor in PL/SQL (Experiment 20):**

- **Aim:** To implement a cursor in PL/SQL to fetch and display data.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare a cursor to fetch data from a table. 2. Use a loop to fetch and
display data.
- **Code:**
DECLARE
CURSOR c1 IS SELECT eno, ename, sal FROM emp1173;
no emp1173.eno%TYPE;
name emp1173.ename%TYPE;
tsal emp1173.sal%TYPE;
BEGIN
OPEN c1;
LOOP
FETCH c1 INTO no, name, tsal;
EXIT WHEN c1%NOTFOUND;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Number: ' || no || ', Name: ' || name || ', Salary: ' || tsal);
END LOOP;
CLOSE c1;
END;
#### **21. Control Statement (If-Else-End If) (Experiment 21):**
- **Aim:** To implement conditional logic using `IF-ELSE` in PL/SQL.
- **Algorithm:** 1. Declare a variable. 2. Use `IF-ELSE` to check a condition and perform
actions.
- **Code:**
DECLARE
temp NUMBER := 456;
BEGIN
IF temp < 20000 THEN
temp := temp + 200;
ELSE
temp := temp + 100;
END IF;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('New Salary: ' || temp);
END;