Optimal Multi-Objective Design of Anti-

Resonance Fourth-Order Passive Power Filters

Using TOPSIS-Based NSGA in Distorted
Distribution Systems
Nehad M. Khattab, Aboul’Fotouh Mahmoud M. Sayed, Tarek A. Shady H. E. Abdel Aleem
El’Gharably Boghdady Electrical Power Department,
Electrical Power Department, Electrical Power Department, Valley Higher Institute of Engineering
Higher Institute of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, and Technology,
El-Shorouk Academy Cairo University, Science Valley Academy,
El-Shorouk City, Egypt Giza, Egypt Qalyubia, Egypt
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Harmonic resonance is a topic of interest in adverse consequences for system performance, including
modern power system networks because it may provide a excessive harmonic power loss, reduction of lifetime of
significant increase in harmonic voltage or current values. As a cables/motors/generators and transformers (frequency-
result, the recent tendency in power quality studies is to dependent components), failure of consumer equipments,
develop new resonance-free systems that dampen resonances industrial drives and controllers, and finally communication
and reduce harmonics. This paper discusses the performance interference [5], [6]. Accordingly, harmonic filtering
of anti-resonance fourth-order passive power filters (FOPPFs) technologies must be efficient and reliable to manage
through a comparative evaluation between two passive filters –
harmonic distortions and provide clean power to users [7],
FOPPF and C-type filters. The proposed design approach
simultaneously minimizes total demand distortion of harmonic
[8]. Both root-mean-square (rms) of voltage and line current
currents and a parallel resonance index that quantifies the values must comply with IEEE Std. 519, or other related
parallel resonance by defining the design challenge as a multi- standards, using well-established indicators to determine total
objective optimization issue. The third version of the non- and individual harmonic distortion with harmonic resonance
dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) is used to find the possibility consideration because the system’s harmonic
optimal filter designs while adhering to the power flow voltage/current values can be significantly amplified in
restrictions, voltage limits, power factor requirements, and series/parallel resonance cases. This harmonic amplification
harmonic management restrictions specified in IEEE Std. 519- will influence equipment heating, harmonic torque problems,
2014. Furthermore, a decision-making approach relying on undesired protective device activity, derating of electrical
technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution equipment, and others [9].
has been applied to get a single solution from the set of the non-
dominated solutions of the issue under investigation. The In distribution power systems, passive power filters
results show that FOPPFs perform better than C-type passive (PPFs) are often employed to attenuate harmonic currents
filters in resonance damping and mitigating a wide range of and enhance power quality metrics. Also, PPFs provide
harmonic frequencies resulting from nonlinear loads. reactive power compensation, power factor (PF) correction
and others [10]. Damped high-pass filters (DHPFs) are
Keywords—Decision-making, harmonic mitigation, among the most-used types of PPFs, as they are characterized
harmonic resonance, optimization, NSGA, passive filters, power by their ability to provide good harmonic suppression over a
factor correction, power loss, power quality, total harmonic wide range of harmonic orders while increasing the potential
distortion, TOPSIS, type C filters to dampen harmonic resonance. Filter topologies that are
prevalent in DHPFs include first-order, second-order, and
I. INTRODUCTION
third-order filters as well as C-type filters, band-pass filters,
Harmonic management in electric power systems has and damped double-tuned filters. They are also less
received more and more attention worldwide with the susceptible to unconventional events caused by frequency
increasing concern about power quality-related problems that aberration, temperature fluctuating, and manufacturing
impact all parties involved. This is due to the high tolerance. In contrast, they have a significant active power
nonlinearity of loads throughout modern distribution loss that varies from one topology to another. When
networks (MDNs) that have resulted in a significant compared to the typical first-order and second-order filters,
distortion in bus voltages and feeder currents [1], [2]. some high-pass filters provide negligible (such as C-type
Furthermore, renewable energy resources may exacerbate filters) or low (third-order damped filters) power loss at the
harmonic distortions due to harmonic currents generated by fundamental frequency because these types offer low
inverter-based distributed generation units (DGUs). impedance at the fundamental frequency [11], [12]. In other
As a result of what affects the modern distribution words, the resistance of these filters remains low until the
networks from poor harmonic performance in addition to frequency approaches the tuning frequency and then it
various power quality concerns related to DGUs, the increases. In this context, the anti-resonance fourth-order
desirable penetration capacity of renewable energy resources passive power filter (FOPPF) fourth-order passive filter is
has not yet been fulfilled [3], [4]. introduced in this work as one of the recently-developed
high-pass damped filter families [13], [14]. FOPPF improves
Accordingly, harmonic distortions are considered one of the third-order filter with an additional inductive component
the power quality issues that can weaken MDNs with several to provide better resonance damping potential and attenuate a

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broad variety of harmonic frequencies caused by nonlinear
loads. In line with the literature, it is possible to determine
the resonance damping capabilities of free-resonance filters
by determining the voltage amplification ratio and setting its
worst value, under certain assumptions, below a threshold
value. This index is independent of the operating system
conditions and only relies on filter elements [15]. Fig. 1. Studied system [20].

It is well known that harmonic mitigation and resonance The system can be simulated using its equivalent circuit
damping criteria are not easily traded-off because the former of Thevenin, illustrated in Fig. 2. The filter can be
requires a low equivalent resistance of the filter while the
latter requires a high equivalent resistance value [13]. In this represented utilizing its Z Fhthat represents the equivalent
regard, the suggested multi-objective design was established harmonic impedance at harmonic order h ,and the linear
to decrease these criteria – minimization of aggregated loads can be also represented by its equivalent harmonic
demand distortion in current and evaluation of the parallel impedance Z Lh that equals (R Lh + jh X L ). Finally, the
frequency resonance (FS), taking into account various
background harmonics of voltage and current generated by
nonlinear restrictions of the filter and system to test how well
the proposed filters can meet this challenge. In addition to the nonlinear loads are modeled by hth voltage (V Sh ) and hth
changing the system’s short-circuit capabilities to change its current harmonic sources ( I NLh). Also, the system impedance
Thevenin impedance, harmonic pollutions due to the utility's is represented by Thevenin equivalent impedance (denoted
background voltage and the injected current of variable
frequency drives (VFDs) have been considered. Investigation
Z Sh) that equal (R Sh+ jh X S ).
of the system performance was evaluated using various
performance indicators, including harmonic indices such as
voltage total and individual harmonic distortions, current
total and individual harmonic distortions, and indices related
to power system regulations such as transmission loss and
efficiency. In addition, the indices related to consumers such
as the true power factor, displacement power factor, rms
current and voltage values, and the others for measuring
resonance damping capability in case of series and parallel Fig. 2. Thevenin’s representation of the system [20].
harmonic resonance. Filter design optimization is stated as a
multi-objective constrained optimization issue subject to The superposition method is used to obtain expressions of
constraints on power flow, system voltage, and harmonic source current (ISh) and load voltage (VLh) given in (1) and
performance to meet IEEE Std 519 requirements. (2).

( V Sh Z bus I NLh
)
Consequently, the third version of the non-dominated
sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) is employed to solve the I Sh= + (1)
filter design issue posed in this study and to identify Pareto Z total Z total
solution sets for the multi-objective problem. Moreover, a V Lh=V Sh−Z Sh I Sh (2)
ranking procedure called technique for order of preference by
similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) has been used to extract where Z total =Z Sh + Z bus, and Z bus=Z Fh‖Z Lh .
a single solution from the collection of non-dominated
options of the problem under research. The calculating III. DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF THE FILTERS
process used by TOPSIS has the benefits of being consistent, INVESTIGATED
simple, and easy to understand. As mentioned earlier, two types of damped filters are
We also presented a comparative analysis between the designed for harmonic alleviation and PF correction of the
FOPPF and C-type filters to highlight the capabilities of each system displayed in Fig. 2. Figure 3 reveals the configuration
type. It's important to note that the C-type filter was selected of each filter.
for comparisons because it provides a strong suppression of A. Fourth-order filters
harmonic distortion, can dampen harmonic resonance, and
also provides few to no power losses at the fundamental Figure 3(a) illustrates the equivalent circuit of the

angular frequency (ω) and filter factors, as given in (3).

frequency [16], [17]. FOPPF. The Z F is depicted as a function of the harmonic
The next sections are structured as follows: the proposed

( ) (( ) )
−1 −1
design methodology of the anti-resonance filters investigated 1 1 1
Z F = j ω L1 − + R+ + (3
in this study (FOPPF and C-type) are offered in Section II.
The system studied is presented in Section III. Section IV ω C1 jωC 2 jω L2 )
offers the formulation of filter design problem and the
solution algorithm. The simulation results are offered in C1, L1 represents the main capacitor and inductor
Section V. The paper is concluded in Section VI. responsible for controlling the fundamental reactive power
compensation. C2, L2, and R represent the auxiliary filter
II. STUDIED SYSTEM capacitor, auxiliary inductor, and damping resistor
Figure 1 shows the system studied consisting of a responsible for regulating the tuning of the filter to control
distribution system, a set of nonlinear and linear loads, and resonance damping and harmonic mitigation.
the FOPPF at the point of common coupling (PCC), that
needs to be designed to be connected to the load bus.
 Fig. 3. values of these factors relies on the system circumstances
Equi
and the designer’s goals.
B. C-type filters
As illustrated in Fig. 3(b), C-type filters have four
parameters:C 1, L, C 2and R ; hence, four equations are
essential for finding these values. Besides (4) that is used to
find C1, the three remaining design equations are given as
(a) (b) follows c:
valent circuits of DHPFs: (a) FOPPF, and (b) C-type filter [14]. 1
L= 2 (9)
The filter has five unknown parameters; hence, five ω C2
t
design equations should be formulated to find these
parameters. They are formulated as follows: (h2t −1 )
R= (10)
Reactive power provision: determine C1 value to ω f ht √ ( ht −1 ) C 1 C 2−C 2
2 2
enhance the PF and lessen harmonics relative to the nominal
reactive power (QF) of the filter and the rated voltage VS, as (h2t −1 )
given in (4). 2
C 1< C2 < ( h2t −1 ) C 1 (11)
QF ht
C 1= 2 (4) The value of C 2 is calculated based on finding a good
ωf V S
value for the design objective while preserving the
where ω f denotes the angular frequency at unity harmonics highest and lowest values given in (11).
order (h=1).

frequency (ωt), the filter reactance would equal zero at

Tuning frequency condition: at the angular tuning IV. FORMULATION OF THE DESIGN PROBLEM AND
SOLUTION ALGORITHM

harmonic order ht , this leads to (5). The focus of this study is the design of the FOPPF and C-
type high pass filters and quantifying their potential in

L1 =
( )( )
L2
ω 2t
ω2P
−1 −
ω 2t R2
ω 4P L2
(5)
resonance damping and harmonic mitigation. This means that
the optimal filter design issue can be defined through two
objectives. The detailed formulations of the objective

( )( ) ω 2t
2 functions, constraints, and algorithms applied to solve the
2
1− + ωt C 2 R optimization issue are discussed as follows:
ω 2P
where ωP is the parallel resonance frequency between C2
A. Objective Functions
This study's objectives are constituted of two functions
and L2 at harmonic order hP, which is less than ht. that must be lessened. They are given as follows:
Determination of L2 based on the maximum fraction of
The total demand distortion (TDD) of the distorted line
harmonic current passed through the supply reactance at the
current is the first objective to be minimized. It is used to
resonant tuned frequency, denoted as k (ωt ) , this leads to
measure the harmonic performance of line current before and
(6).
after compensation as defined in IEEE Std. 519. TDD relies

√
on the maximum demand current (ID), as formulated in (12)
M
L2=ω t R 2 (6) [19], [20].
ω t R−M ( ω P−ω t )
3 2 2

√∑
hmax
1 2
I Sh
M= LS

√
(12)
where 1 and LS is the supply inductance. TDD =
h=2
2
−1 ID
k
Controlling the parallel resonance between C2 and L2 at where ISh is the hth harmonic current at harmonic order h.
h P, this leads to (7). The impedance frequency response index (FS) is the
second minimization objective. It is used to express the
1
C2 = 2 (7) impedance frequency response of the parallel resonance of
ω P L2 the filter generated by summing the hth harmonic equivalent
Maintaining positive values of the filter factors; impedance seen from the side of the nonlinear load (Zh). FS
therefore, inequality depicted in (8) must be met. is represented in (13). hmax is the maximum harmonic order
1+ω 2t β R + √ 1+ 2 β R ω2P
2 2
M ( ωt −ωP ) considered. Zh will be amplified at parallel resonance and
2

3
< R< 2 3
(8) formulated as given in (14).
ωt 2 C1 M ω t

||
hmax
Zh
where β R =2 C1 M ( ωt −ω P ) . Finally, R varies according FS= ∑
2 2 2 2
(13)
to the design objective. In conclusion, FOPPFs can be h> 1 h
designed based on (4)–(8); however, choosing the optimum
 Z Lh Z Fh Z Sh 17≤ h ≤ 19 1.5 4.0
Z h= Z Lh‖Z Fh‖ Z Sh= (14) 23 ≤ h ≤25 0.5 1.5
Z Lh Z Fh+ Z Sh Z Lh + Z Sh TDDmax 5.0 12.0
Thus, the filter design problem is formulated as 3. Power factor (PF)
follows: True PF is calculated in a distorted environment as given
1- As for the FOPPF, the design variables of the in (21).
problem are Q F, ht , h P, R andk to minimize the hmax

objective functions (OFs) given in (15). ∑ |I Sh||V Lh|cos θ h

h=1
2- As for the C-type filter, the design variables of the PF= (21)

√∑ √ ∑
hmax hmax
problem are Q F, ht , and C 2 to minimize OFs 2 2
I ×
Sh V Lh
given in (16). h=1 h=1
The displacement power factor (DPF) can be obtained as
OFs=Min
{
TDD ( QF ,h t , hP , R , k )
FS ( Q F , ht , h P , R , k )
(15)
formulated in (22) according to the apparent power (S1) and
fundamental harmonic active power (P1):
P1
OFs=Min
{
TDD ( QF ,h t ,C 2 )
FS ( Q F , ht , C2 )
(16)
DPF=
S1
PF and DPF are subjected to the nonlinear inequality
(22)

constraints (23) and (24).

B. Design Constraints
The objective functions are exposed to various design 92 % ≤ PF ≤ 100 % (23)
constraints formulated as follows: 92 % ≤ DPF ≤100 % (24)
1. Harmonic distortion 4. Harmonic amplification
IEEE Std. 519 defines permissible TDD values allowed The ratios of voltage harmonic amplification under actual
in a system based on its strength (ISC/IL) ratio [21]. Two and worst-case conditions estimate the series resonance
utilities are studied in this article with MVA short-circuit occurrence. The harmonic voltage amplification ratio in the
capacities of 80 MVA and 300 MVA with ISC/IL of 20 and 50, actual case ( HVAR actual ) is given in (25). Likewise,
respectively. TDD is constrained as given in (17), in which
harmonic voltage amplification ratio (HVAR worst ) in the
maximum permissible limits are 5% and 12%, respectively.
worst case is given in (26), assuming the system with zero
TDD ≤ TDD max (17) resistance ( R Sh=0 ¿ and its reactance which is denoted as
The total voltage harmonic distortion (TVHD) is the X Sh obverses the equivalent reactance of the filter [15]–[17].
squared sum of harmonic voltage at h (VLh) at the PCC for its HAVR worst is subjected to the inequality constraint given in
fundamental harmonic component, and it is restricted to be
below in line with IEEE Std. 519 limit, which is 5%, as (27).
expressed in (18). Z F (ω)
HVARactual ( ω )=

√∑
(25)
hmax
2
Z S (ω)+ Z F (ω)
V

√
Lh
h=2 (18) 2
X F (ω)
TVHD= ≤TVHD max HVARworst ( ω )= 1+ (26)
V1 RF (ω )
2

2. Individual harmonic distortion

HVARworst ( ω ) ≤ 1.2 (27)
For a supply voltage between 1 kV and 69 kV, the
limitation of individual harmonic distortion in voltage 5. FOPPF constraints
(IHDV) is three percent for all harmonic components as FOPPF design parameters are subjected to the following
represented by (19). nonlinear inequality constraints:
IHDV ≤ IHDV max (19) h P ≤h t (28)
The restriction of individual order harmonic distortion in
1+ω 2t β R + √ 1+ 2 β R ω2P
2 2
M ( ωt −ω )
2
the current (IHDC) is given in (20). P
3
< R< 2 3
(29)
IHDC ≤ IHDC max (20)
ωt 2 C1 M ω t
IHDC limits rely on the harmonic order. Table I displays C. Third Version of NSGA
the maximum permitted percentages for all harmonics
reported in IEEE Std. 519 for the short circuit capacities Maintaining diversity in non-dominated solutions is one
considered [20]. of the key goals of multi-objective optimization, which also
attempts to direct the search toward the Pareto optimum
TABLE I. MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE HARMONIC CURRENTS AS PER IEEE front. The third version of NSGA was chosen among
STD. 519 different multi-objective algorithms because it has a
Short-circuit capacity 80 (MVA) 300 (MVA) significantly superior capacity for managing multiple
Harmonic orders IHDCmax (%) objectives and a uniform diversity to obtain Pareto optimum
5≤h≤7 4.0 10.0 results [22]. Deb and Jain [23] presented the third version of
11 ≤ h ≤ 13 2.0 4.5 NSGA concept in 2014 to employ a pre-allocated reference
set strategy to select more varied population sizes in free reported in IEEE 519-1992. The system operates with a
space, compared to the old NSGA-II that does not rely on balanced three-phase voltage of 4.16 kV, with XS1/RS1 =10 at
pre-allocated strategies for the objective space. Therefore, it a frequency of 60 Hz. The utility is represented in this paper
takes longer to produce the first solution in space. The third by two short-circuit power capacities. The first system's
version can quickly develop a first solution, which means strength is 80 MVA, meaning a weak system, while the
that The third version of NSGA is better than the second second is set to 300 MVA meaning a stiff system. The load
version in terms of dealing with multi-objective optimization side involves a mix of linear and nonlinear loads (variable
issues [24]. frequency drive with a multi-pulse rectifier) connected
directly to the PCC. Table II lists the harmonic spectrum of
D. TOPSIS
the nonlinear loads.
TOPSIS is a method for making decisions in situations
when there are several priorities. TOPSIS is used to identify TABLE II. HARMONIC SPECTRUM OF THE NONLINEAR LOADS AND
the minimum and maximum distances from the positive and BACKGROUND VOLTAGE DISTORTION

negative ideal solutions, respectively. TOPSIS is applied to h INLh (A) VSh h INLh (A) VSh
prioritize the non-dominated solutions in a decision matrix (V) (V)
derived by NSGA algorithms that cannot be improved 5 41.49 48.0 19 0.99 4.80
7 30.62 36.0 23 8.89 3.60
further. By allocating equal weights to all criteria 11 27.66 21.6 17 1.98 9.60
(objectives), i.e., equal preference is given to them to provide 13 18.77 16.8
equal priority. Then, the matrix’s elements are normalized 25 7.90 2.4
17 1.98 9.60
and the TOPSIS score is calculated for various solutions
relying on their proximity to an ideal solution. This score is Regarding the linear load, its active power is 5.1 MW and
utilized to rank the non-dominated solutions in decreasing its reactive power is 4.965 MVAr and both are constant with
order. The best solution is the one with the highest score frequency variation. The background voltage distortion
[25]. Figure 4 shows a flow chart for the NSGA-based spectrum assumed is displayed in Table II. It is noteworthy
TOPSIS algorithm which is implemented with MATLAB that the harmonic content of the voltage source and the load
programing language [22]. current lead to a harmonic distortion higher than permissible
IEEE Std. value. The maximum allowable individual order
harmonic distortion values in both current and voltage were
specified based on IEEE Std. 519. Harmonic orders ranging
from h=1 to h=25 are considered for analysis purposes in this
work.
The performance indicators of the distribution system
without compensation (base case) are determined for the two
short-circuit capacities considered and the results gained are
presented in Table III. The uncompensated system offers a
high source current value IS, poor load voltage profile VL, low
PF and DPF values, high TVHD (exceeding IEEE 519 limit),
and high transmission losses.
The proposed methodology is used to design FOPPF and
C-type filters to ameliorate the power factor of the base
system and alleviate harmonic distortion. The distribution
system’s performance indices are obtained when both filters
are separately connected to the PCC. As explored in Table

III, TOPSIS-based NSGA is applied to attain the optimal

filter parameters in case of weak and stiff utilities. Figure 5
shows the Pareto fronts obtained for both filters using
TOPSIS-based NSGA. The horizontal axis represents the
first objective function (TDD), and the second objective
function (FS) is represented by the vertical axis. The solution
was decided using TOPSIS.
When we analyze the findings, we can see that the
designed filters have improved the system power quality
metrics as the rms source current has dropped and the rms
load voltage has increased. Furthermore, the two investigated
cases have met the performance operation restrictions. It was
Fig. 4. Flow chart for the NSGA-based TOPSIS algorithm [22].
also seen that as the short circuit strength increases, the total
distortion values of harmonic currents increase due to the
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION decrease in Thevenin’s resistance value, which cannot
efficiently reduce harmonics of the source current in such a
This section displays all of the numerical information
case.
that pertains to the system. studied and the information The transmission losses also decreased, and thus, the rms
required for the filter design. The system is frequently used load voltage increased, and the total voltage distortion
as a benchmark in many previous papers, and it was initially percentages decreased. When results of the proposed filters
were examined in the utility with a low short circuit capacity,
it was noted that FOPPF returns the best values for the two
objectives (TDD and FS) and PF, DPF, and TVHD
compared to the type C filter. However, operational losses of
the FOPPF filter are significant, while the C-type filter
provides low losses. In case of the utility with a high short
circuit capacity, the FOPPF can reduce the value of TDD as
the FS. It outperformed the C-type-based power quality
metrics (PF, IS, VL, and TVHD). Both filters have an
excellent ability under the worst conditions (below the
threshold limit) for the series resonance damping
characteristics provided by the two filters, as shown in Fig. 6.
Also, in actual situations, FOPPF has much better series-
resonance damping performance than the C filter at the
considered harmonic orders, as shown in Fig. 7. In the
perspective of the parallel resonance damping capabilities of
both filters, FOPPF guarantees better damping capabilities
than the C-type filter, as indicated in Fig. 8, which explores
the equivalent impedance’s frequency response seen from the
nonlinear-load side in the two considered short circuit
capacity cases. FOPPF provided lower FS than the C-type
filter, as presented in Table III.
 TABLE III. GAINED RESULTS FOR THE UNCOMPENSATED AND COMPENSATED SYSTEM USING THE PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
Base system FOPPF C-type filter
Min SC Max SC Min SC Max SC Min SC Max SC

k=0.4548 k =0.8949
ht=4.0 ht=3.7 ht=4.0 ht=3.81
Parameters hP=2.9757 hP=3.0945
R (Ω) =1.4774 R (Ω) =1.7527
NA NA R (Ω) =1.8502 R (Ω)=2.1316
L1 (mH) =0.0780 L1 (mH)= 0.089
L2 (mH)= 0.7036 L2 (mH)= 0.781
L2 (mH) =0.5526 L2 (mH)= 0.637
C1(μF) = 789.87 C1(μF) = 757.7 C1(μF) = 859.36 C1(μF) =826
C2 (mF)= 1.4381 C2 (mF)= 1.15 C2 (mF) = 10.00 C2 (mF)= 9.00
PF (%) 71.34 71.44 99.24 99.49 99.15 99.47
DPF (%) 71.65 71.65 99.31 99.657 99.22 99.65
IS (A) 924.03 970.99 715.56 714.38 713.25 711.32
VL (V) 2247.3 2358.07 2398.6 2399.8 2399.8 2399.83
Filter losses (kW) NA NA 11.49 11.35 3.77 3.85
QF (MVAr) NA NA 1.7152 1.6454 1.8661 1.7937
TVHD (%) 6.18 3.39 2.53 2.69 2.62 2.70
TDD (%) (Objective 1) 5.25 5.72 3.13 4.99 3.17 5.20
FS (Objective 2) NA NA 2.43 1.12 2.57 1.18
Line losses (kW) 18.58 5.47 11.11 2.96 11.04 2.95

(a)

Fig. 6. Harmonic amplification ratio under worst conditions for weak and
stiff utility cases.

(b)
Fig. 5. Pareto fronts represent the non-dominated solutions: (a) FOPPF
and (b) C-type filter.

Fig. 7. Harmonic amplification ratio under actual operating conditions in

weak and stiff utility cases.
 Fig. 11. Harmonic profile of the PCC current in the stiff utility case.

Fig. 8. Equivalent impedance from the harmonic-source side in weak and

stiff utility cases.

From the perspective of harmonic attenuation, despite the

designed filters’ performance being relatively similar,
FOPPF offers better attenuation of the harmonic components
of current and voltage. The individual harmonic contents in
both the current and voltage of the proposed filters are well
below the threshold values. Figures. 9-12 show the harmonic
profile of current and voltage computed at the PCC for the
low and high short-circuit strength cases.

Fig. 12. Harmonic profile of the PCC voltage in the stiff utility case.

VI. CONCLUSION
The challenge of designing an optimum passive filter is
addressed in this paper as a constrained multi-objective
optimization issue (simultaneous minimization of TDD and
Fig. 9. Harmonic profile of the PCC current in the weak utility case. FS) to determine the design parameters of FOPPF and C-
type filters with several design constraints and system
performance indicators. It should be noted that the proposed
filters were applied to a distribution system that operates in
distorted conditions with both background harmonic voltage
distortion and harmonic current distortion (with high
harmonic content that exceeds the acceptable values)
generated by nonlinear loads connected to the load bus. One
important conclusion is that FOPPF successfully provided
effective compensation for reactive power and high
harmonic alleviation for the system investigated, in addition
to its good performance in resonance damping. Besides,
FOPPF performed well in both weak and stiff utilities, as
evident from the results obtained. The obtained simulation
results also revealed that the two proposed filters avoid
electrical resonance hazards while maintaining the
permissible IEEE and operator limits for different
performance metrics for systems, loads, and filters. Future
Fig. 10. Harmonic profile of the PCC voltage in the weak utility case.
works will be directed to investigate these filters’
performance in distorted transmission systems. As well, a
comparison between the obtained results and other [16] A. Lamlom, A. Ibrahim, M. E. Balci, A. Karadeniz, and S. H. E.
techniques in the literature will be considered in the future. A. Aleem, “Optimal design and analysis of anti-resonance C-type
high-pass filters,” in Conference Proceedings - 2017 17th IEEE
International Conference on Environment and Electrical
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