Cable Cable Type Transfer Speed Length Connector Note
Cat 5 100 Mbps 100 Meters
Cat 5e 1Gbps 100 Meters More twist per foot
10 Gps 55 Meters
Cat 6 Piece of plastic
1 Gbps 100 Meters
Copper Cable RJ 45
Cat 6a 10 Gbps 100 Meters Thicker wires
Cat 7 10 Gbps 100 Meters
Cat 8 40 Gbps 30 meters
high-frequency
signals and longer
distances, especially
BNC & F type in modern AV
Coaxial RK 6 1 Gbps 1100 Meters applications.
short-distance
audio/video
RK 59 1 Gbps Shorter Distance applications
SMT >10Gbps 40 Kilometers ST, SC, LC Laser
Fiber Optics
MMT >10Gbps 500 Meters SC, LC LED
ST SC
Ethernet 802.3
F type
BNC
LC
New Name Market Name Old Name Transfer Rate Length
Low Speed USB 1.1 1.5Mbps 3m
USB 2.0 Full Speed USB1.2 12Mbps 5m
High Speed USB 2.0 480 Mbps 5m
Gen1 Super Speed(USB3Gen1) USB 3.0 5Gbps 3m
USB3.0 Gen2 Super Speed + (USB3Gen2) USB 3.1 10Gbps 3m
Gen 2X2 Super Speed ++ USB 3.2 20Gbps 3m
USB4.0 Super Speed +++ 40Gbps
127 decices can be connected to a USB
Current
0.5 amps
0.5 amps
0.5 amps
0.9 amps
0.9 amps
0.9 amps
Thunderbolt Versions Speed Port Type
Version 1 10 Gbps Mini Displa Port
Version 2 20 Gbps Mini Displa Port
Version 3 40 Gbps USB Type C
Version 4 80 Gbps USB Type C
Commercial
Name Standard Frequency Max Data Rate
WIFI - 1 802.11a 5 GHz 54 Mbps
WIFI - 2 802.11b 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps
WIFI - 3 802.11g 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps
WIFI - 4 802.11n 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz 600 Mbps
WIFI - 5 802.11ac 5 GHz 3.5 Gbps/ 6.933 Gbps
WIFI - 6 802.11ax 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz 9.6 Gbps
Compatibility Feature Year
802.11n/ac/ax 1999
802.11g/n/ac/ax 1999
802.11b/n/ac/ax 2003
802.11a/b/g/ac/ax MIMO 2009
802.11a/b/g/n/ax MU-MIMO (4 x 4) 2012
802.11a/b/g/n/ac MU-MIMO (8 x 8) 2019
32 bit NETWORK ADDRESS
Class A NETWORK HOST HOST HOST
Class B NETWORK NETWORK HOST HOST
Class C NETWORK NETWORK NETWORK HOST
First Octet # of bit in Network # Number of Default Subnet CIDR
Class
Address Range Address Network Mask Equivalent
Class A 1 - 127 8 126 255.0.0.0 /8
Class B 128 - 191 16 16,384 255.255.0.0 /16
Class C 192 - 223 24 2.097,152 255.255.255.0 /24
Class D 22 4 - 239 28
Class E 240 - 255 RESERVED FOR FUTURE
CIDR Classless Inter Domain Routing
Subnetting Class C
192.168.10.0 /24 - /25
number of network 2^(25-24) 2^1 = 2
number of host 2^(32-25)-2 2^7 -2 = 128-2=126
Subnet Mask 192.168.10.0/25 255.255.255.128
Network1 NETID 192.168.10.0 Network2 NETID 192.168.10.128
First Host ID 192.168.10.1 First Host ID 192.168.10.129
Last Host ID 192.168.10.126 Last Host ID 192.168.10.154
Broadcast ID 192.168.10.127 Broadcast ID 192.168.10.255
Subnetmask 255.255.255.128 Subnetmask 255.255.255.128
# of Host Reserved Address
16,777,214 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
65,534 169.254.0.0 (APIPA)
254 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
MULTICAST/MULTITASK
FOR FUTURE
IPV4 IPV6
Local host 127.0.0.1 ::1
Multicast 22 4 - 239 FF00::/8
APIPA 169.254.0.0 FE80::/10
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255,
172.16.0.0 -
FC00::/7,
172.31.255.255,
FD00::/8
192.168.0.0 -
192.168.255.255;
Private
2.168.10.128 Public 2000::/3 anycast
2.168.10.129
2.168.10.154
2.168.10.255
5.255.255.128
PROTOCOL
SERVICE FTP SSH
TCP
PORT 20 & 21 22
Transfer Files in LAN or WAN Provides Secured encrypted
Support Authentic and remorte command line
USE
Authirization access
NO Encryption Version 2 added SFTP and
SCP protocols
SERVICE DHCP SNMP
UDP
PORT 67 & 68 161 & 162
USE Used to query configure
monitor host in a LAN
Provides IP address to the host Version 3 uses encryption
SERVICE DNS NETBIOS
TCP/UDP
PORT 53 137 & 139
Provides name to IP address Used in Windows before IP
USE resolution and visa-versa for networking
host Still used in Windows
SNMP Simple Network Management Tool
137/UDP: Used for name services, such as translating computer names to IP addresses
NETBIOS 138/UDP: Used for datagram distribution, which is connectionless communication
139/TCP: Used for session services, which is connection-oriented communication
SMB Server Message Block protocol enables “inter-process communication,”
CIFS Common Internet File System is afile sharing protocol used by Windows servers and compatible NAS device
TELNET SMTP HTTP POP3
23 25 80 110
Receive E-Mail
Remort command line access to Transmit webpages from Downloads all the
interact with Server Send E-Mail to a server to client email on the local
Insecure way of accessing Server No Security system
TFTP
69
Transfer Files in LAN or WAN
NO Authentic and Authirization
NO Encryption
omputer names to IP addresses
ctionless communication
-oriented communication
y Windows servers and compatible NAS devices
IMAP LDAP HTTPS SMB/CIFS(MAC/Linux)
143 389 443 445
Receives Emails
Keeps a copy of the
email on the Transmit webpages from For file Sharing, Network
system and has Query domain server to client browsing, printing
another copy on facilitate system and user Secure way to connect using services.
server management SSL and TLS
RDS
3389
Access a Windows system
remotely
DDR 266 = PC 2100
Transfer Rate Bits Mbps
266 X8 2128 2100
Pins Pins
Factors Factors- Slot
DIMM SoDIMM DIMM SODIMM Max RAM Position
SDRAM 42 72 168 144 4
DDR 46 100 184 200 8
DDR2 60 100 240 200 16
DDR3 60 102 240 204 32 Left
DDR4 72 130 288 260 64 Center
DDR5 72 131 288 262 128 Right
Multipler 4 2
Name Speed/Throughput Pins Device
IDE/PATA 166MB/s 40 HDD, CD Drive
80
Narrow: 40 Mbps Wide: 320Mb/s 80 Dasy Chain
SCSI
640Mb/s 80
SATA 1 1.5Gbps/ 150 MB/s 7 L-shaped
SATA 2 3Gbps/ 300 MB/s 7 L-shaped
SATA 3 6Gbps/ 600 MB/s 7 L-shaped
SATA 3.2 16Gbps/ 1600 MB/s 7 L-shaped
eSATA 7 L-shaped
SSD 2.5" form factor 8 L-shaped
mSATA 6Gbps/ 600 MB/s
NVMe 31.5 Gbps M.2-B,M, M+B
PCIe- SSD
Adavanced Technology Attachment
Power Plug
Ribon Cable+ 4 pin MolexPower
Ribon Cable with power
7 or 15 devices dasy chaining
15 L-shaped
15 L-shaped
15 L-shaped
15 L-shaped
15 L-shaped
HDMI High Definition Multimedia Interface
An active cable is required for connection longer than
25 feet
HDCP (High Definition Copy Protection) support is
required for some HD and UHD content like Blu-ray
video and some streaming services
Supports Audio and Video
Display Port
HD an UHD audio and display
VGA port Analog Video DB15
DVI(Digital Visual
Interface) SD and HD analog and digital video
PDA
