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Mathematics

m
co
12th Standard

s.
VOLUME - I
o ok
ab

Based on the New Syllabus and New Textbook for the year 2019-20
ur

Salient Features
.s

Prepared as per the New Textbook for the year 2019 - 20.
Exhaustive Additional Questions & Answers in all chapters.
w
w
w

SURA PUBLICATIONS
Chennai

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit Chapter ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 1

CHAPTER

m
APPLICATION OF
MATRICES AND

co
DETERMINANTS

s.

o ok
MUST KNOW DEFINITIONS
If |A |≠ 0, then A is a non-singular matrix and if y |A| = 0, then A is a singular matrix.
 The adjoint matrix of A is defined as the transpose of the matrix of co-factors of A (adj A).
ab

 If AB = BA = In, then the matrix B is called an inverse of A.

 If a square matrix has an inverse, then it is unique.
 A–1 exists if and only if A is non-singular.
 Singular matrix has no inverse.
ur

 If A is non – singular and AB = AC, then B = C (left cancellation law).

 If A is non – singular and BA = CA then B = C (Right cancellation law).
 If A and B are any two non-singular square matrices of order n, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
 A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT = ATA = I
.s

 Two matrices A and B of same order are said to the equivalent if one can be obtained from the other
by the applications of elementary transformations (A∼B).
 A non – zero matrix is in a row - echelon form if all zero rows occur as bottom rows of the matrix
w

and if the first non – zero element in any lower row occurs to the right of the first non – zero entry
in the higher row.
 The rank of a matrix A is defined as the order of a highest order non – vanishing minor of the matrix
w

A [r(A)].
 The rank of a non – zero matrix is equal to the number of non – zero rows in a row – echelon form
of the matrix.
w

 An elementary matrix is a matrix which is obtained from an identity matrix by applying only one
elementary transformation. Every non-singular matrix can be transformed to an identity matrix by
a sequence of elementary row operations.
 A system of linear equations having atleast one solution is said to be consistent.
 A system of linear equations having no solutions is said to be inconsistent.

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2
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

IMPORTAN T FORMULA TO REMEMBER

 Co – factor of aij is Aij = (–1) i + j Mij, where Mij is the minor of aij
 For every square matrix A of order n, A (adj A) = (adj A)A= |A| In

m
AA–1 = A–1 A = In
 If A is non – Singular then
1

co
(i) |A–1| =
A
(ii) (A ) = (A–1)T
T –1
1 –1
(iii) (lA–1) = A where λ is a non – zero scalar.
λ
Reversal law for inverses :

s.
 (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 where A, B are non – singular matrices of same order.
Law of double inverse :

ok
 If A is non - singular, A–1 is also non – singular and (A–1)–1 = A.
 If A is a non - singular square matrix of order n, then
1
(i) (adj A)–1 = adj (A–1) = ·A
A
o
(ii) |adj A | = |A|n–1
(iii) adj (adj A) = |A|n – 2A
ab

(iv) adj (lA) = ln – 1 adj (A) where l is a non – zero scalar

2
(v) |adj (adj A)| = |A|(n – 1)
(vi) (adj A)T = adj (AT)
If a matrix contains at least one non – zero element, then ρ(a) ≥ 1.
ur

 The rank of identity matrix In is n.

If A is an m × n matrix then r(A) ≤ min { m, n}.
.s

 A square matrix A of order n is invertible if and only if r(A) = n.

 Transforming a non-singular matrix A to the form In, by applying row operations is called Gauss
– Jordan method.
w

Matrix – Inversion method :

 The solution for AX = B is X = A–1 B where A and B are square matrices of same order and
w

non – singular
Cramer’s Rule :
∆1 ∆2 ∆3
w

 If D = 0, Cramer’s rule cannot be applied x1 = ,x = , x3 =

∆ 2 ∆ ∆
Gaussian Elimination method :
Transform the augmented matrix of the system of linear equations into row – echelon form and then
solve by back substitution method.

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 3

Rouches capelli Theorem :

A system of equations AX = B is consistent if and if r(A) = r([A|B])
(i) If r(A) = r([A|B]) = n, the number of unknowns, then the system is consistent and has a unique
solution.

m
(ii) If r(A) = r([A|B]) = = n – k , k ≠ 0 their the system is consistent and has infinitely many
solutions.
(iii) If r(A) ≠ r([A|B]), then the system is inconsistent and has no solution.

co
Homogeneous system of linear equations :
(i) If r(A) = r([A|B]) = n, their the system has a unique solution which is the trivial solution for
trivial solution, |A| ≠ 0
(ii) If r(A) = r([A|O]) < n, the system has a non – trivial solution.

s.
For non – trivial solution, |A| = 0.
1
 A–1 = ± ·adj A
adj A

 A=±
1
adj A

EXERCISE 1.1
·adj (adj A)
o ok  2 3 1
 
(ii)  3 4 1 
ab

1. Find the adjoint of the following :  3 7 2

 2 3 1  2 3 1
 −3 4  3 4 1
(i)  6 2 (ii)   Let A =  3 4 1
   
ur

 3 7 2  3 7 2
 2 2 1
1  4 1 3 1 3 4
(iii) −2 1 2 + +
3   7 2 3 2 _
3 7
 1 −2 2  
.s

 3 1 2 1 2 3
+
 −3 4 adj A =  7 2 
_ _
Sol. (i)  6 2  3 2 3 7
   − 3 4  3 1 2 1 2 3 
w

Let A =  + 
 6 2   4 1 _ 3 1 + 3 4 
 2 −4 é + (8 - 7 ) - ( 6 - 3) + ( 21 - 12 ) ù
T
adj A = 
 −6 −3 ê ú
w

[Interchange the elements in the leading = ê - ( 6 - 7 ) + ( 4 - 3) - (14 - 9 ) ú

ê ú
diagonal and change the sign of the elements in ë + ( 3 - 4 ) - ( 2 - 3) + ( 8 - 9 ) û
off diagonal]
w

 1 −3
T
9
=  1 1 − 5
 − 1 1 − 1
 1 1 − 1
adj A =  − 3 1 1

 9 − 5 − 1

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4
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

 2 2 1  −2 4
1 Sol. (i)
(iii) −2 1 2  1 −3
 
3 
 1 −2 2  −2 4
Let A =  1 −3
 
 2 2 1

m
 1
Let A = − 2 1 2 and l = −2 4
  3 |A| = =6–4=2¹0
 1 − 2 2 1 −3
Since adj (lA) = ln – 1(adj A) Since A is non – singular, A–1 exists

co
  2 2 1 2 1
 1 A–1 = adj A
we get adj   − 2 1 2 =  
1
3  3 A
  1 − 2 2
 é -3 -4 ù
æ 2 2 1ö Now, adj A = ê -1 -2 ú

s.
ë û
adj ç - 2 1 2÷ [Inter change the entries in leading diagonal and
ç ÷
è 1 - 2 1ø change the sign of elements in the off diagonal]
\ Required adjoint matrix

ok
1 é- 3 - 4ù
\ A–1 =
2 êë -1 - 2úû
T
é 1 2 -2 2 -2 1 ù
ê+ - + ú
ê -2 2 1 2 1 -2ú
5 1 1
ê 2 2 ú
2 1 2 1  1 5 1
= êê - - 2 2 + 1 2
1 - ú (ii)
o
1 -2 ú  
9  1 1 5
ê ú
ê + 2 1 -
2 1
+
2 2 ú
ab

ê - - 2 1 úû é5 1 1ù
ë 1 2 2 2
Let A = ê1 5 1ú
 ( 2 + 4) − ( − 4 − 2) + ( 4 − 1)
T ê ú
1   êë1 1 5úû
=  − ( 4 + 2) + ( 4 − 1) + ( − 4 − 2)
9
+ 4 − 1 − 4 + 2 + Expending along R1,
 ( ) ( ) (2 + 4) 
ur

5 1 1 1 1 5
 6 6 3
T
6 −6 3 |A| = 5 -1 +1
1 1 
=  −6 3 
6 = 6 3 −6 1 5 1 5 1 1
9  9  
 3 −6 6  3 6 6 = 5 (25 – 1) –1 (5 – 1) + 1 (1 – 5)
.s

 2 −2
1 = 5 (24) – 1 (4) + 1 (– 4 )
=
3 2
−2
 
1 = 120 – 4 – 4 = 120 – 8 = 112 ¹ 0
w

9
 1 2
2 Since A is non singular, A–1 exists.
[Taking 3 common from each entry] T
 2 −2 1 é 5 1 1 1 1 5ù
ê+ - + ú
w

1 
= 2 1 −2 ê 1 5 1 5 1 1ú
3  
ê 1
 1 2 2 1 5 1 5 1ú
adj A = ê - + - ú
2. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following ê 1 5 1 5 1 1ú
w

5 1 1 ê ú
 −2 4  1 5 1 ê+ 1 1 5 1 5 1ú
- +
(i)  1 −3 (ii)   ê 5 1 1 1 1 5 úû
  ë
 1 1 5
é + ( 25 - 1) - ( 5 - 1) + (1 - 5) ù
T
 2 3 1
 3 4 1 ê ú
(iii)   = ê - ( 5 - 1) + ( 25 - 1) - ( 5 - 1) ú
ê ú
ë + (1 - 5) + ( 5 - 1) + ( 25 - 1) û
 3 7 2

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 5

 24 −4 −4
T
 24 −4 −4 é 1 1 - 1ù
    ê ú
=  −4 24 −4 =  −4 24 −4 adj A = ê -3 1 1ú
 −4 −4 24  −4 −4 24 êë 9 -5 -1úû
Taking 4 common from every entry we get, 1
Now, A–1 = adj A

m
é6 -1 -1ù A
adj A = 4 êê -1 6 -1úú 1 
 1 1 −1
⇒ –1
A = −3 1 1
ëê -1 -1 6 ûú 2  
é 6 -1 -1ù  9 −5 −1

co
1
·4 ê -1 6 -1ú
–1 1
\A = adj A =
A 112 ê ú  cosα 0 sinα 
êë -1 -1 6 úû 
é 6 -1 -1ù 3. If F (a) =  0 1 0
1 ê 
= -1 6 -1 úú  −sinα 0 cosα 

s.
28 ê
êë -1 -1 6 úû Show that = F(a)–1 = F(– a)

 2 3 1  cos α 0 sin α 

ok
 3 4 1  0 .
(iii) Sol. Given F (a) =  0 1
 
 3 7 2  − sin α 0 cos α 
Expanding along R1 we get,
é2 3 1 ù
Let A = ê3 4 1 ú
o
ê ú 1 0 0 1
êë3 7 2 úû |F(a)| = cos a – 0 + sin a
0 cos α − sin α 0
ab

Expanding along R1 we get,

= cos a (cos – 0) + sin a ( 0 + sin a)
4 1 3 1 3 4
|A| = 2 -3 +1 = cos2 + sin2 a = 1≠ 0
7 2 3 2 3 7
= 2 (8 – 7) – 3 (6 – 3) + 1 (21 – 12) Since F (a) is a non-singular matrix, [F(a)]–1
ur

exists.
= 2 (1) – 3(3) + 1 (9)
Now, adj (F(a)) =
= 2 - 9 + 9 = 2 ≠ 0 T
Since A is a non-singular matrix, A–1 exists  1 0 0 0 0 1 
+ − +
.s


 4 1 3 1 3 4
T
 0 cos α sin α cosα − sin α 0 
+ − +   0 sin α cos α sin α cos α 0 
 7 2 3 2 3 7 − + − 
 0 cos α − sin α cos α sin α 0 
w

 3 1 2 1 2 3
adj A = − + −   
 7 2 3 2 3 7 + 0 sin α cos α sin α cos α 0 
− +
   1 
 0 0 0 0 1 
+ 3 1 2 1 2 3 
w

− +
 4 1 3 1 3 4  é + ( cos a - 0 ) - (0) + ( 0 + sin a ) ù
T

ê ú
é + (8 - 7 ) - ( 6 - 3) + ( 21 - 12 ) ù + ( cos 2 a + sin 2 a )
T
= ê- (0) - (0) ú
ê ú
w

ê ú
= ê - ( 6 - 7 ) + ( 4 - 3) + (14 - 9 ) ú êë + ( 0 - sin a ) - (0) + ( cos - 0 ) úû
ê ú
ë + ( 3 - 4 ) + ( 2 - 3) + ( 8 - 9 ) û écos a 0 + sin a ù écos a 0 - sin a ù
 1 −3 9
T = êê 0 1 0 ú= ê 0
ú ê 1 0 ú
ú
 1 1 −5 êë - sin a 0 cos a úû êë + sin a 0 cos a úû
=  
 −1 1 −1 1
\ F(a)–1 = adj (F(a))
F(a)

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

écos a 0 - sin a ù ⇒ AI – 3I = 7A–1

1 ê 1
[ F (a )] =
-1
0 1 0 úú ⇒ A–1 = [A – 3I] [\ AI = A]
1 ê 7
êë + sin a 0 cos a úû 1   5 3 1 0 
⇒ A–1 = =    − 3 
écos a 0 - sin a ù 7   −1 −2 0 1 
= êê 0 úú  ...(1)

m
0 1 1  5 − 3 3 − 0 1  2 3
⇒ A–1 = =  
êë + sin a 0 cos a úû 7  −1 − 0 −2 − 3 7  −1 −5
é cos (-a) 0 sin (-a) ù 1  2 3

co
\A–1 =
Now, F(– a) = ê 0 1 0 úú 7  −1 −5
ê
êë - sin (-a) 0 cos (-a) úû
 −8 1 4
écos a 0 - sin a ù 1 
5. If A =  4 4 7  , prove that A–1 = AT.
= êê 0 1 ú 9

s.
0 ú  1 −8 4
êësin a 0 cos a úû  −8 1 4
1
[ cosa is an even function, cos (–a) = cos a and Sol. Given A = 4 4 7 
9

ok
sin a is an odd function, sin (–a) = –sina]  1 −8 4
From (1) and (2)
é -8 4 1ù
[F(a)]–1 = F (–a) 1ê
AT = ê 1 4 -8úú  ...(1)
Hence proved. 9
o
êë 4 7 4 úû
 5 3 2 1 −1
4. If A=   , show that A – 3A – 7I2 = 02. We know that (lA)–1 = .A
ab

 −1 −2 λ
Hence find A–1. -1
ì é -8 1 4 ù ü T
é 5 3ù ï1 ê úï é -8 1 4ù
Sol. Given A = ê ú A–1 = í 9 ê 4 4 7úý
1
= · ê 4 4 7ú
ë -1 -2 û ï ê 1 -8 4 ú ï 1 ê ú
î ë ûþ
ur

 5 3 é 5 3 ù é 25 - 3 15 - 6 ù 9 ê
ë 1 -8 4 úû
A2 =   ê ú = ê ú
 −1 −2 ë -1 -2 û ë -5 + 2 -3 + 4 û where l =
1
 22 9 9
 −8 1 4
=  
 −3 1  4 4 7
.s

A–1=9 B–1
where B =   ...(2)
\ A2 – 3A – 7I2
 1 −8 4
 22 9  5 3 é1 0ù 4 7 4 7 4 4
w

=  −3 1 –3  −1 −2 –7
   
ê0
ë 1úû Now, |B| = –8 -8 4 - 1 1 4 + 4 1 -8
é 22 - 15 - 7 9 - 9 + 0ù é0 0ù
= = –8 (16 + 56 ) –1 (16 – 7) + 4 (–32 – 4)
ê -3 + 3 + 0
ë 1 + 6 - 7 úû = ê0 0 úû
= 02
w

ë
= –8 (72) –1 (9) + 4 (– 36) = – 576 –9 –144
Hence proved.
= – 729
\ A2 – 3A – 7I2 = 0
w

T
 4 7 4 7 4 4 
Post – multiplying by A–1 we get, + − + 
 −8 4 1 4 1 −8 
A2. A–1 – 3AA–1 – 7I2 A–1 = 0.A–1  1 4 −8 4 −8 1 
⇒ A(AA–1) – 3 (AA–1) –7(A–1) = 0 adj B =  − + − 
 −8 4 1 4 1 −8 
 [ I2 A–1 = A–1 and | (0)A–1 = 0]  
 + 1 4 − −8 4 + −8 1 
⇒ AI – 3I – 7A–1 = 0  [ AA–1 = I]  4 7 4 1 
 4 7

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 7

 + (16 + 56) − (16 − 7 ) + ( −32 − 4) é 24 - 20 -12 + 12 ù é 4 0 ù

  = ê ú = ê ú ...(2)
=  − ( 4 + 32) + ( −32 − 4) + (64 − 1) ë 40 - 40 -20 + 24 û ë 0 4 û
 + 7 − 16 − −56 − 166 + −32 − 4 
 ( ) ( ) ( ) é1 0 ù é 4 0 ù
|A| I2 = 4 ê ú = ê ú ...(3)
 72 −9 −36  72 −36 −9  ë0 1 û ë0 4 û
T

m
= −36 −36 −63 =  − 9 −36
  72  From (1), (2) and (3), it is proved that
 
 − 9 72 −36  −36 −63 −36 A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I2
 8 −4 −1  3 2  −1 −3

co
  7. If A =   and B =   verify that
= 9  −1 −4 +8  7 5  5 2
 −4 −7 −4 (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
 8 −4 −1
1 − 9  −1 −4 +8 é3 2ù é -1 -3ù
\ B–1 = adj B =

s.
B 729   Sol. Given A = ê ú and B = ê 5 2 ú
 −4 −7 −4 ë7 5 û ë û
 −8 4 1 é 3 2 ù é -1 -3ù é -3 + 10 -9 + 4 ù
1   AB = ê úê ú = ê ú
= 81  1 4 −8 ë7 5 û ë 5 2 û ë -7 + 25 -21 + 10 û

ok
 4 7 4
é 7 -5 ù
Substituting this in (2) we get, = ê18 -11ú
ë û
é -8 4 1ù é -8 4 1ù |AB| = –77 + 90 = 13 ≠ 0 ⇒ (AB)–1 exists
o
1 ê ú 1 ê ú
A–1 = 9 × ê1 4 -8ú = ê1 4 -8ú  ...(3) |A| = 15 – 14 = 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ A–1 exists
81 9
êë 4 7 4 úû êë 4 7 4 úû
ab

|B| = –2 + 15 = 13 ≠ 0 ⇒ B–1 exists

From (1) and (3) we get,
1 1 æ -11 5 ö
AT = A–1 (AB)–1 = adj (AB) = ç ÷ ...(1)
AB 13 è -18 7 ø
 8 −4
6. If A =   , verify that A(adj A) = 1 1æ 2 3ö
ur

 −5 3 ((adj B)
B–1 = adjB ) = ç ÷
(adj A) A = |A| I2. B 13 è -5 -1ø
é8 -4 ù 1
Sol. Given A = ê ú A–1 = (adj A)
adjA
ë -5 3û
A
.s

1 æ 5 -2 ö æ 5 -2 ö
é3 4 ù = ç ÷= ç ÷
adj A = ê ú 1 è -7 3 ø è -7 3 ø
ë5 8 û
1 æ 2 3 ö æ 5 -2 ö
w

[Interchange the elements in the leading diagonal \ B–1 A–1 = ç ÷ç ÷

13 è -5 -1ø è -7 3 ø
and change the sign of the elements in the off
diagonal] 1 æ 10 - 21 -4 + 9 ö
= ç ÷
w

|A| = 24 – 20 = 4 13 è -25 + 7 10 - 3 ø
é8 -4 ù é3 4 ù 1 æ -11 5 ö
\ A (adj A) = ê úê ú = ç ÷ ...(2)
ë -5 3û ë5 8 û 13 è -18 7 ø
w

é 24 - 20 32 - 32 ù é 4 0 ù From (1) or (2) it is prove that

= ê ú = ê ú ...(1)
ë -15 + 15 -20 + 24 û ë 0 4 û (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
é3 4 ù é 8 -4 ù
(adj A) (A) = ê úê ú
ë5 8 û ë -5 3 û

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8
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

 2 −4 2  0 −2 0
 −3 12 −7   6 2 −6
8. If adj (A) =   , find A. If adj(A) =  –1
9.  , find A .
 −2 0 2  −3 0 6
é 2 -4 2 ù é 0 -2 0ù
ê ú
Sol. Given adj A = ê -3 12 -7 ú ê -6 úú

m
Sol. Given adj (A) = ê 6 2
êë -2 0 2 úû êë -3 0 6 úû
1 1
We know that A = ± .adj (adj A) ...(1) We know that A–1 = ± (adj A) ...(1)

co
adjA adjA
6 -6
12 -7 -3 -7 -3 12 |adj A| = 0 + 2 +0
|adj A| = 2 0 2 + 4 -2 2 + 2 -2 0 -3 6
 [Expanded along R1]

s.
 [Expanded along R1] = 2 (36 – 18 ) = 2(18) = 36
= 2 (24 – 0) + 4 (– 6 – 14) + 2 (0 + 24)
é 0 -2 0 ù
= 2 (24) + 4 (– 20 ) + 2 (24) = 48 – 80 + 48 1 ê
6 2 -6 úú

ok
= 96 – 80 = 16 = ± ê \ A–1
36
êë -3 0 6 úû
Now, adj (adj A)
T é 0 -2 0 ù
é 12 -7 -3 -7 -3 12 ù 1ê ú
ê+ - + ú = ± ê 6 2 -6 ú
2 -2 2 -2 0 ú
o
ê 0 6
êë -3 0 6 úû
ê -4 2 2 2 2 -4 ú
= ê - + - ú
ab

ê 0 2 -2 2 -2 0 ú  1 0 1
ê ú  0 2 0
ê + -4 2 2 2 2 -4 ú 10. Find adj (adj (A)) if adj A =  .
- +
ê 12 -7 -3 -7 -3 12 úû  −1 0 1
ë é 1 0 1ù
é + ( 24 - 0 ) - ( -6 - 14 ) + ( 0 + 24 ) ù ê ú
ur

T
Sol. Given adj A = 0 2 0
ê ú ê ú
= ê - ( -8 - 0 ) + ( 4 + 4 ) - ( 0 - 8 ) ú êë -1 0 1 úû
ê ú é 2 0 0 0 0 2ù
T

ë + ( 28 - 24 ) - ( -14 + 6 ) + ( 24 - 12 ) û ê+ - + ú
1 -1 1 -1 0 ú
.s

é 24 20 24 ù
T
é 24 8 4 ù ê 0
ê ú ê 0 1 1 1 1 0 ú
= ê 8 8 ú
8 ú = ê 20 8 8 ú Now adj(adj A) = ê - + - ú
ê 1 -1 1 -1 0 ú
êë 4 8 12 úû êë 24 8 12 úû ê 0
w

ê ú
é6 2 1ù ê+ 0 1 1 1 1 0 ú
- +
ê ê 0 0 0 0 2 úû
= 4 ê5 2 2 úú  ...(3) ë 2
ëê6 3 úû
w

T
é+ ( 2 - 0) + ( 0 + 2)ù é2 0 2ù
T
2 - ( 0)
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get, = ê - ( 0 ) + (1 + 1) - ( 0 ) ú = êê 0
ê ú
2 0 úú
êë + ( 0 - 2 ) - ( 0 ) + ( 2 - 0 ) úû êë -2 0 2 úû
é6 2 1ù
w

. 4 êê5 2 2 úú
1
A = ± é 2 0 -2 ù
16 ê ú
êë6 2 3 úû adj (adj A) = ê 0 2 0 ú
é6 2 1ù é6 2 1 ù êë 2 0 2 úû
4ê
A = ± ê5 2 2 úú = ± ê5 2 2ú
4 ê ú
êë6 2 3 úû êë6 2 3 úû

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 9

é 1 tan x ù é5 3ù
11. A = ê , show that
ë - tan x 1úû Let B = ê -1 -2 ú and
ë û
cos 2 x −sin 2 x  é14 7 ù
AT A–1 =  . C = ê 7 7ú
 sin 2 x cos 2 x  ë û

m
 1 tan x  \ AB = C
Sol. Given A =  − tan x 1  Post multiply by B–1 we get

A (BB–1) = CB–1
|A| = 1+ tan2 x

co
Þ A = CB–1  [ BB–1 = I]
1
\ A–1 = adjA 5 3
A |B| = -1 -2
1  1 − tan x 
=1  tan x
1 + tan x 
2 1  = –10 + 3 = –7 ¹ 0

s.
[Interchange the elements in the leading
\ B–1 exists
diagonal and change the sign of elements in the
off diagonal] 1 -1 é -2 -3ù

ok
 1 − tan x  B–1 = B adj B = 7 ê 1 5 ú
AT =  ë û
 tan x 1 
A = CB–1
\ AT A–1 é14 7 ù æ -1 ö é -2 -3ù
= ê 7 7ú. ç 7 ÷ ê 1 5 ú
o
 1 − tan x  1  1 − tan x  ë û è ø ë û
=  tan x  . 
1 1 + tan x  tan x
2 1
 é 2 1ù æ -1 ö é -2 -3ù
ab

1 - tan x ù é 1 - tan x ù = 7 ê1 1ú ç 7 ÷ ê 1 5 úû
1 é ë û è ø ë
= ê ú ê
1 + tan x ë tan x
2
1û ë tan x 1úû é 2 1ù é -2 -3ù
é 1 - tan 2 x - tan x - tan x ù = - ê1 1ú ê 1 5 ú
1 ë û ë û
= ê ú
é -4 + 1 -6 + 5ù é -3 -1ù
ur

1 + tan 2 x êë tan x + tan x - tan 2 x + 1úû

= - ê -2 + 1 -3 + 5 ú = - ê -1 2 ú
ë û ë û
é1 - tan 2 x -2 tan x ù
ê ú é3 1 ù
= ê1 + tan x 1 + tan 2 x ú
2
A = ê1 -2 ú
ë û
.s

ê 2 tan x 1 - tan 2 x ú
 1 −1  3 −2
ëê1 + tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x úû 13. Given A =   , B =  and
 2 0  1 1
écos 2 x - sin 2 x ù
w

AT A–1 = ê sin 2 x cos 2 x ú  1 1

ë û C=   , find a matrix X such that AXB = C.
 é  2 2
2 tan x 1 - tan 2 x ù
ê∵ sin 2 x = and cos 2 x = ú  1 −1 3 −2 é1 1 ù
1 + tan 2 x 1 + tan 2 x û
w

ë Sol. Given A =   , B =  1 1 and C = ê ú

 2 0   ë2 2û
Hence proved. Also, A X B = C
12. Find the matrix A for which Premultiply by A–1 we get,
w

 5 3 14 7  (A–1 A) X B = A–1 C

A  =  .
 −1 −2  7 7  Þ X B = A–1. C.  [ A–1 A = I]
Post Multiply by B–1 we get
é5 3ù é14 7 ù
Sol. Given A ê -1 -2 ú = ê 7 7 úû (X B) B–1 = (A–1 C) B–1
ë û ë
Þ X = (A–1 C) B–1

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10
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

1 −1  (0 − 1) − (0 − 1) + (1 − 0)
T
|A| = =0+2=2≠0
 
=  − (0 − 1) + (0 − 1) − (0 − 1)
2 0
1 1  0 1
\ A–1 = A adj A =   + (1 − 0) − (0 − 1) + (0 − 1)
2  −2 1
 −1 1 1  −1 1 1
T
3 −2
=  1 −1 1 =  1 −1 1

m
|B| = 1 1 = 3 + 2 = 5 ≠ 0 
1  1 1 −1  1 1 −1
1  1 2
\ B–1 = B adj B = 5  −1 3  −1 1 1
  1
1 −1 1 

co
\ A–1 = ...(1)
1  0 1  1 1
–1 2 
A C =   1 1 −1
2  −2 1  2 2
é0 1 1 ù é0 1 1ù
1  0 + 2 0 + 2 ê1 0 1 ú ê1
=  0 1 úú
2  −2 + 2 −2 + 2 Now A2 = ê ú ê

s.
êë1 1 0 úû êë1 1 0 úû
1 é2 2ù 1 é1 1ù
= 2 ê0 0 ú = 2 ( 2 ) ê0 0 ú é 0 +1+1 0 + 0 +1 0 +1+ 0 ù é 2 1 1ù
ë û ë û
ê 1+ 0 + 0 úú = êê1 2 1 úú

ok
é1 1ù = ê0 + 0 +1 1+ 0 +1
= ê0 0 ú êë0 +1+ 0 1+ 0 + 0 1+1+ 0 úû êë1 1 2 úû
ë û
\ X = Z (A–1 C). B–1 2 1 1 1 0 0
 1 2 1  − 3  0 1 0
 1 1 1  1 2 1  1−1 2 + 3 A2 – 3I =    
o
=  = 
0 + 0
   1 1 2 0 0 1
0 0 5  −1 3 5 0 + 0
1 é0 5 ù 1 é0 1 ù é0 1 ù 2 − 3 1 − 0 1 − 0   −1 1 1
( )
ab

ê ú = 1 − 0 2 − 3 1 − 0  =  1 −1 1  ...(2)
ê0 0 úû = êë0 0 úû
= 5 0 0 = 5 5
ë û ë  
1 − 0 1 − 0 2 − 3  1 1 −1
é0 1 ù 1 22
\ X = ê0 0 ú From (1) and (2), it is proved that A–1 = é A –-3I]
[A 3I ùû
ë û 2ë
ur

15. Decrypt the received encoded message

é 0 1 1ù
ê ú 1 [2 –3] [20 4] with the encryption matrix
14. If A = ê 1 0 1ú , show that A–1 = (A2 – 3I)
2  −1 −1
êë 1 1 0 úû  2 1 and the decryption matrix as
 
.s

é0 1 1 ù its inverse, where the system of codes are

ê ú described by the numbers 1 − 26 to the letters
Sol. Given A = ê1 0 1 ú
A – Z respectively, and the number 0 to a
êë1 1 0 úû
w

blank space.
1 1 1 0  −1 −1
|A| = 00–-11 1 0 +1 1 1 Sol. Let the encryption matrix be A =  
 2 1
w

= –1 (0 – 1) + 1 (1 – 0) = 1 + 1 = 2 |A| = – 1 + 2 = 1 ≠ 0
T
 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1  1 1  1 1
+ − + \ A–1 = A adj A = = 
w


 1 0 1 0 1 1 1  −2 −1 
 −2 −1
 1 1 0 1 0 1
adj A =  − + −  Hence the decryption matrix is  1 1
 1 0 1 0 1 1  −2 −1
 
 
+ 1 1
−
0 1
+
0 1
 0 1 1 1 1 0 

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 11

Coded é -1 3 ù
Decoding ê ú
row Decoded row matrix (ii) ê 4 -7 ú
matrix
matrix
êë 3 -4 úû
é 1 1ù
[2 – 3] ê -2 -1ú = [2 + 6 2 + 3] = [8 5] é -1 3ù
ë û Let A = ê 4 -7 ú

m
ê ú
é 1 1ù êë 3 -4 úû
[20 4] ê -2 -1ú = [20 – 8 20 – 4] = [12 16] A is a matrix of order 3 × 2
ë û
\ r(A) ≤ min (3, 2) = 2

co
So, the sequence of decoded row matrices is The highest order of minor of A is 2
[8 5], [ 12 16] -1 3
It is = 7 – 12 = – 5 ≠ 0
th
Now the 8 English alphabet is H. 4 -7

s.
5th English alphabet is E. \ r(A) = 2.
12th English alphabet is L.
é 1 -2 -1 0 ù
and the 16th English alphabet is P. (iii) ê 3 -6 -3 1ú

ok
Thus the receiver reads the message as “HELP”. ë û
é1 -2 -1 0 ù
Let A = ê3 -6 -3 1 ú
EXERCISE 1.2 ë û
A is a matrix of order (2 × 4)
o
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by \ r(A) ≤ min (2, 4) = 2
minor method:
The highest order of minor of A is 2
ab

é -1 3 ù 1 -2
é 2 -4 ù ê 4 -7 ú It is = –6+6=0
(i) ê -1 2 ú (ii) ê ú 3 -6
ë û êë 3 -4 úû -1 0
é 1 -2 -1 0 ù Also, = – 1 + 0 = – 1 ≠ 0.
(iii) -3 1
ê 3 -6 -3 1ú
ur

ë û \ r(A) = 2.
é 1 -2 3 ù é 0 1 2 1ù
ê 2 4 -6 ú ê0 2 4 3ú é 1 -2 3 ù
(iv) ê ú (v) ê ú ê 2 4 -6 ú
(iv) ê ú
.s

êë 5 1 -1úû êë8 1 0 2 úû
êë 5 1 -1úû
é1 -2 3 ù
é 2 -4 ù Let A = 2 4 -6 ú
ê
Sol. (i) ê -1 2 ú ê ú
w

ë û êë 5 1 -1úû
 2 −4
Let A =  A is a matrix of order 3 × 3
 −1 2
\ r(A) ≤ min (3, 3) = 3
w

A is a matrix of order 2 × 2
The highest order of minor of A is 3.
\ r(A) ≤ min (2, 2) = 2
1 -2 3
The highest order of minor of A is 2 It is 2 4 -6 = 1 4 -6 + 2 2 -6 + 3 2 4
w

2 −4 1 -1 5 -1 5 1
It is = 4–4=0 5 1 -1
−1 2
 [Expanded along R1]
So, r(A) < 2
Next consider the minor of order 1 |2| = 2 ≠ 0 = 1 (– 4 + 6) + 2 (– 2 + 30) + 3 (2 – 20)
\ r(A) = 1 = 1 (2) + 2 (28) + 3 (– 18)
= 2 + 56 – 54 = 58 – 54 = 4 ≠ 0
\ r(A) = 3.

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12
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

é 0 1 2 1ù The last equivalent matrix is in row echelon form

ê0 2 4 3ú it has two non-zero rows
(v) ê ú
êë8 1 0 2 úû \ r(A) = 2.
é0 1 2 1 ù
ê ú é 1 2 -1ù
Let A = ê0 2 4 3 ú ê 3 -1 2 ú

m
êë8 1 0 2 úû (ii) ê ú
ê 1 -2 3 ú
A is a matrix of order 3 × 4 ê ú
\ r(A) ≤ min (3, 4) = 3 ë 1 -1 1û é1 2 -1ù

co
The highest order of minor of A is 3 ê3 -1 2 ú
Let A = ê ú
0 1 2 ê1 -2 3 ú
ê ú
It is 0 2 4 = 0 + 0 – 8 (4 – 4) = 0 ë1 -1 1 û
8 1 0 é 1 2 -1ù R 2 ®R 2 -3R1 é1 2 -1ù

s.
ê3 -1 2 ú R 3 ® R3 - R1 ê0 -7 5 ú
 [Expanded along C1]
A = êê ú ¾ ¾¾¾ ¾ ¾® ê ú
0 2 1 1 -2 3ú R 4 ®R 4 - R1 ê0 -4 4 ú
2 1 ê ú ê ú
ë 1 -1 1û ë0 -3 2 û

ok
Also, 0 4 3 =0+0–8 4 3
8 0 2 é 1 2 -1ù
 [Expanded along C1] R 3 ®R 3 ÷4 ê0 -7 5ú
= – 8 (6 – 4) = – 8 (2) = – 16 ≠ 0 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ®ê ú
ê0 -1 1ú
\ r(A) = 3 ê ú
ë0 -3 2 û
o
2. Find the rank of the following matrices by
é 1 2 -1ù
row reduction method :
R 4 ®R 4 -3R 3 ê0 -7 5ú
ab

é 1 2 -1ù ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê ú
é 1 1 1 3ù ê 3 -1 2 ú ê0 -1 1ú
ê 2 -1 3 4 ú ê ú
(i) ê ú (ii) ê ú ë0 0 -1û
ê 1 -2 3 ú
êë 5 -1 7 11úû ê ú é 1 2 -1ù
ë 1 -1 1û R 3 ®7R 3 - R 2 êê0 -7 5úú
ur

é 3 -8 5 2 ù ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ®
ê0 0 2ú
ê ú ê ú
(iii) ê 2 -5 1 4 ú ë 0 0 -1û
êë -1 2 3 -2 úû é 1 2 -1ù
R 4 ®2R 4 - R 3 ê0 -7 5ú
.s

é 1 1 1 3ù ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ®ê ú
ê 2 -1 3 4 ú ê0 0 2 ú
Sol. (i) ê ú
ê ú ë0 0 0 û
êë 5 -1 7 11úû
The last equivalent matrix is in row echelon form
w

é1 1 1 3 ù It has three non-zero rows.

ê ú
Let A = ê 2 -1 3 4 ú \ r(A) = 3
êë 5 -1 7 11úû
w

é 3 -8 5 2 ù
é1 1 1 3 ù é1 1 1 3 ù ê ú
ê 2 -1 3 4 ú ¾R 2 ® R 2 - 2R1 ê ú (iii) ê 2 -5 1 4 ú
 A= ê ú ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 -3 1 -2 ú
êë 5 -1 7 11úû êë5 -1 7 11 úû êë -1 2 3 -2 úû
w

é 3 -8 5 2ù
é 1 1 1 3ù
R 3 ®R 3 -5R1 ê Let A = ê 2 -5 1 4 úú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 -3 1 -2 úú ê
êë0 -6 2 -4 úû êë -1 2 3 -2 úû

é 1 1 1 3ù é -1 2 3 -2 ù
R 3 «R1 ê
R3®R3- 2R2 ê
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 -3 1 -2 úú A ¾¾¾¾® ê 2 -5 1 4 úú
êë0 0 0 0 úû êë 3 -8 5 2 úû

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 13

R 2 ®R 2 +2R1 ê
é -1 2 3 -2 ù é 1 -1 0 ù
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® 0 -1 7 0 úú (ii)
ê 1 0 -1ú
R 3 ®R 3 +3R1 ê ê ú
êë 0 -2 14 -4 úû
êë6 -2 -3 úû é 1 -1 0 ù
é -1 2 3 -2 ù ê 1 0 -1ú
R 3 ®R 3 ÷2 ê
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® ê 0 -1 7 0 úú Let A = ê ú
êë6 -2 -3úû

m
êë 0 -1 7 -2 úû
é -1 2 3 -2 ù Applying Gauss – Jordan method, we get
R 3 ®R 3 - R 2
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® êê 0 -1 7 0 úú
é 1 -1 0 1 0 0 ù

co
êë 0 0 0 -2 úû ê ú
The last equivalent matrix is in row-echelon [A|I3] = ê 1 0 -1 0 1 0 ú
form. It has three non-zero rows. êë6 -2 -3 0 0 1 úû
é 1 -1 0 1 0 0 ù

\ r(A) = 3 R 2 ®R 2 - R1 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -1 -1 1 0 ú

s.
3. Find the inverse of each of the following by êë6 -2 -3 0 0 1úû
Gauss – Jordan method :
é 1 -1 0 1 0 0 ù
é 1 -1 0 ù R 3 ®R 3 -6R1 ê ú
é 2 -1ù ê ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -1 -1 1 0 ú

ok
(i) ê 5 -2 ú (ii) ê 1 0 -1ú êë0 4 -3 -6 0 1úû
ë û êë6 -2 -3 úû
é 1 -1 0 1 0 0 ù
é 1 2 3ù R 3 ®R 3 - 4R 2 ê
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾
® ê0 1 -1 -1 1 0 ú
ú
ê ú
(iii) ê 2 5 3 ú êë0 0 1 -2 -4 1úû
o
êë 1 0 8 úû é 1 0 -1 0 1 0ù
R1®R1 +R 2 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -1 -1 1 1ú
é 2 -1ù
ab

êë0 0 1 -2 -4 1úû
Sol. (i) ê 5 -2 ú
ë û é 1 0 0 -2 -3 1ù
é 2 -1ù R1®R1 +R 3 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -1 -1 1 1ú
Let A = ê 5 -2 ú
ë û êë0 0 1 -2 -4 1úû
ur

Applying Gauss – Jordan method, we get é1 0 0 -2 -3 1ù

R 2 ®R 2 +R 3 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 1 0 -3 -3 1ú
é 2 -1 1 0 ù
[A|I2] = ê ú êë0 0 1 -2 -4 1úû
ë 5 -2 0 1 û
é -2 -3 1ù
.s

é 1 1 ù
R1®R1 ÷ 2 ê 1 - 0ú ê 1úú
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ®
ê 2 2 ú So, we = ê -3 -3
get A–1
êë5 -2 0 1úû êë -2 -4 1úû
w

é 1 1 ù é 1 2 3ù
1 -
R 2 ®R 2 -5R1 ê
0ú
ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê 2 2 ú (iii) ê 2 5 3 ú
ê0 1
-
5
1 úú êë 1 0 8 úû é1 2 3ù
w

êë ê
û 5 3úú
2 2
é 1 1 ù Let A = ê 2
R 2 ®R 2×2 ê 1 - 0ú êë1 0 8úû
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® 2 2
ê ú
w

êë 0 1 -5 2 úû Applying Gauss Jordan method, we get

1
R1®R1 + R 2 é1 0 -2 1 ù é1 2 3 1 0 0 ù
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ 2 ® ê ú
ê ú [A|I3] = ê 2 5 3 0 1 0 ú
ë0 1 -5 2 û
êë1 0 8 0 0 1 úû
é -2 1ù
\ We get A–1 = ê -5 2 ú
ë û

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14
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

R 2 ®R 2 - 2R1 2 5
é 1 2 3 1 0 0ù
R 3 ®R 3 - R1
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾
ê
® ê0
ú
1 -3 -2 1 0 ú
|A| = 1 2 = 4 – 5 = – 1 ≠ 0.
êë0 -2 5 -1 0 1úû 1 1 é 2 -5ù
é 1 0 8 0 0 1ù \ A–1 = A adj A = -1 ê -1 2 ú
ë û
R1®R1 +R 3 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -3 -2 1 0 ú

m
é -2 5ù
êë0 -2 5 -1 0 1úû = êë 1 -2 úû
é 1 0 8 0 0 1ù é -2 5ù é -2 ù
R 3 ®R 3 +2R 2 ê ú \ X = A–1 B = ê
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -3 -2 1 0 ú úê ú

co
ë 1 -2 û ë -3û
êë0 0 -1 -5 2 1 úû
é 4 - 15ù é -11ù
é1 0 8 0 0 1ù = ê ú = ê 4ú
R 2 ®R 2 -3R 3 ê
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 0 13 -5 -3ú
ú ë -2 + 6 û ë û
êë0 0 -1 -5 2 1úû \ Solution set is {–11, 4}.

s.
é 1 0 0 -40 16 9 ù (ii) 2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = – 2
R1®R1 +8R 3 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 0 13 -5 -3ú
The matrix form of the system is
êë0 0 -1 -5 2 1úû

ok
é 2 -1ù é xù é 8ù
é1 0 0 -40 16 9 ù ê yú
R 3 ®R 3× (-1) ê
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 0 13 -5 -3ú
ú êë 3 2 úû ë û
= ê -2 ú
ë û
êë0 0 1 5 -2 -1úû é 2 -1ù
é -40 16 9 ù Þ AX = B where A = ê 3 2ú ,
ë û
o
So, we get A = êê 13 -5 -3úú
–1
é 8ù
êë 5 -2 -1úû B = ê -2 ú
ab

ë û

Þ X = A–1 B.
EXERCISE 1.3
é 2 -1ù
1. Solve the following system of linear equations Now, |A| = ê 3 2 úû = 4+3=7
ë
ur

by matrix inversion method. 1

(i) 2x + 5y = – 2, x + 2y = – 3 \ A–1 = A adj A
(ii) 2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = – 2
1 é 2 1ù
=
.s

(iii) 2x + 3y – z = 9, x + y + z = 9, 3x – y – z = –1 ê -3 2 úû
7 ë
(iv) x + y + z – 2 = 0, 6x – 4y + 5z – 31 = 0,
1é 2 1ù é 8ù
5x + 2y + 2z = 13. \ X = A–1 B = 2 úû êë -2 úû
7 êë -3
w

Sol. (i) 2x + 5y = – 2, x + 2y = – 3
1 é 16 - 2 ù
The matrix form of the system is = 7 êë -24 - 4 úû
æ 2 5öæ x ö é 14 ù
w

æ -2 ö 1 é 14 ù é 2ù
= ç 1 2 ÷ ç y ÷ = ç -3 ÷ ê ú
è øè ø è ø = ê -28ú = ê 7 ú = ê -4 ú
7ë û ë û
ê -28 ú
Þ AX = B where êë 7 úû
w

æ 2 5ö \ x = 2, y = – 4
æ -2 ö
A = ç1 2÷ , B = ç ÷, Hence, the solution set is {2, – 4}
è ø è -3 ø
æ xö
X = ç y÷
è ø
Þ X = A–1 B

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 15

(iii) 2x + 3y – z = 9, x + y + z = 9, 3x – y – z = – 1. é 0 + 36 - 4 ù é32 ù é 2 ù
1 ê ú 1 ê ú ê ú
The matrix form of the system is = 36 + 9 + 3ú = 48 = 3
16 ê 16 ê ú ê ú
é 2 3 -1ù é x ù é 9ù êë -36 + 99 + 1úû êë64 úû êë 4 úû
ê 1 1 1ú ê y ú ê 9ú
ê úê ú = ê ú \ x = 2, y = 3, z = 4
êë -1úû

m
êë 3 -1 -1úû êë z úû
\ Solution set is {2, 3, 4}
é 2 3 -1ù
ê 1 1 1ú x + y + z – 2 = 0, 6x – 4y + 5z – 31 = 0,
(iv)
Þ AX = B where A = ê ú, 5x + 2y + 2z = 13

co
êë 3 -1 -1úû
The matrix form of the system is
é xù é 9ù
ê yú ê 9ú é1 1 1 ù é xù é2ù
X = ê ú and B = ê ú ê6 -4 5 ú ê ú ê ú
êë z úû êë -1úû ê ú ê y ú = ê31ú

s.
êë5 2 2 úû êë z úû êë13úû
Þ X = A–1 B
é 1 1 1ù
2 3 -1 ê ú
AX = B where A = ê6 -4 5ú ,

ok
1 1 1 1 1 1
|A| = 1 1 1 = 2 -3 -1
-1 -1 3 -1 3 -1 êë 5 2 2 úû
3 -1 -1
 [Expanded along R1] é xù é2ù
ê yú ê31ú
= 2 (– 1 + 1) – 3 (– 1 – 3) – 1 (– 1 – 3) X = ê ú ,B= ê ú
o
êë z úû êë13úû
= 0 – 3 (– 4) = 12 + 4 = 16.
T
Þ X = A–1 B
ab

é 1 1 1 1 1 1ù
ê+ - + ú
ê -1 -1 3 -1 3 -1 ú 1 1 1
ê 3 -1 2 -1 2 3ú -4 5 6 5 6 -4
adj A = ê - + - ú |A| = 6 -4 5 = 1 -1 +1
2 2 5 2 5 2
ê -1 -1 3 -1 3 -1 ú 5 2 2
ur

ê ú
ê+3 -1 2 -1 2 3 ú = 1 (– 8 – 10) – 1 (12 – 25) + 1 (12 + 20)
- +
ê 1 1 1 úû
ë 1 1 1 = 1 (– 18) – 1 (– 13) + 1 (22) = – 18 + 13 + 32= 27
é + ( -1 + 1) - ( -1 - 3) + ( -1 - 3) ù
T
.s

T
é -4 5 6 5 6 -4 ù
ê ú ê+ - + ú
= ê - ( -3 - 1) + ( -2 + 3) - ( -2 - 9 ) ú ê 2 2 5 2 5 2 ú
êë + ( 3 + 1) - ( 2 + 1) + ( 2 - 3) úû ê 1 1 1 1 1 1 ú
w

adj A = ê - + - ú
é 0 4 -4 ù é 0 4 4ù
T
ê 2 2 5 2 5 2 ú
ê ê ú ê ú
= ê4 1 11úú = ê 4 1 -3ú ê+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ú
- +
ê 6 -4 úû
w

êë 4 -3 -1úû êë -4 11 -1úû ë -4 5 6 5
é 0 4 4ù
é + ( -8 - 10 ) - (12 - 25) + (12 + 20 ) ù
T
1 1 ê
\ A–1 = A adj A = 4 1 -3úú ê ú
w

= ê - ( 2 - 2) + ( 2 - 5) - ( 2 - 5) ú
16 ê
êë -4 11 -1úû
êë + ( 5 + 4 ) - ( 5 - 6 ) + ( -4 - 6 ) úû
é 0 4 4ù é 9ù
é -18 13 32 ù
T
1 ê
4 1 -3úú êê 9 úú ê
\ X = A–1 B =
16 ê = ê 0 -3 3úú
êë -4 11 -1úû êë -1úû
êë 9 1 -10 úû

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16
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

é -18 0 9ù é -5 + 7 + 2 1 + 1 - 2 3 - 5 + 2 ù
ê 13 -3 1úú ê -15 + 14 + 1 3 + 2 - 1 9 - 10 + 1ú
= ê = ê ú
êë 32 3 -10 úû êë -10 + 7 + 3 2 + 1 - 3 6 - 5 + 3úû

é -18 0 9ù é4 0 0ù
ê ú

m
1 1 ê
\ A–1 = A adj A = 13 -3 1úú = ê 0 4 0 ú = 4. I3.
27 ê
êë 32 3 -10 úû êë 0 0 4 úû
\ X = A–1 B So, we get AB = BA = 4. I3

co
é -18 0 9ù é 2 ù æ1 ö æ1 ö
1 ê
= ê 13 -3 1úú êê31úú Þ ç 4 A÷ B
è ø
= B ç 4 A÷ = I
è ø
27
êë 32 3 -10 úû êë13úû
1
Þ B–1 = =I

s.
é -36 +0 +117 ù é 81ù é 3ù 4
1 ê
=
1 ê
26 -93 +13ú =ú -54 úú = êê -2 úú Writing the given set of equations in matrix form
27 ê 27 ê
êë 64 +93 -130 úû êë 27 úû êë 1úû we get,

ok
\ x = 3, y = – 2, z = 1 é1 1 2 ù é x ù é1 ù
ê3 2 1ú ê ú ê ú

\ Solution set is {3, – 2, 1} ê ú ê yú = ê7 ú
êë 2 1 3 úû êë z úû êë 2 úû
é -5 1 3 ù é 1 1 2ù
o
ê
If A = ê 7 1 -5 úú and B = ê 3 2 1ú é xù é1 ù
2. ê ú , find
B êê y úú
ê ú
êë 1 -1 1úû êë 2 1 3 úû Þ = ê7 ú
ab

êë z úû êë 2 úû
the products AB and BA and hence solve the
é xù é1 ù é1 ù
system of equations x + y + 2z = 1, 3x + 2y + z = 7, ê ú -1 ê7 ú é1 ù ê ú
2x + y + 3z = 2. Þ ê yú = B ê ú = êë 4 A úû ê7 ú
êë z úû êë 2 úû êë 2 úû
ur

é -5 1 3ù é1 1 2 ù
ê 7 ú ê ú
Sol. Given A = ê 1 -5ú , B = ê 3 2 1 ú é -5 1 3ù é1 ù
1ê
êë 1 -1 1úû êë 2 1 3 úû = 7 1 -5úú êê7 úú
4ê
êë 1 -1 1úû êë 2 úû
.s

é -5 1 3ù é1 1 2 ù
ê 7 1 -5úú êê 3 2 1 úú
AB = ê é -5 + 7 + 6 ù é 8 ù é 2ù
êë 1 -1 1úû êë 2 1 3 úû 1ê ú 1ê ú ê ú
= ê 7 + 7 - 10 ú = 4 = 1
w

4 4ê ú ê ú
é -5 + 3 + 6 -5 + 2 + 3 -10 + 1 + 9 ù êë 1 - 7 + 2 úû êë-4 úû êë -1úû
ê 7 + 3 - 10 7 + 2 - 5 14 + 1 - 15ú \ x = 2, y = 1, z = – 1
= ê ú
w

êë 1 - 3 + 2 1- 2 +1 2 - 1 + 3úû Hence, the solution set is {2, 1, – 1}.

é4 0 0ù 3. A man is appointed in a job with a monthly
ê0 4 0ú
= ê ú = 4. I3 salary of certain amount and a fixed amount
w

êë 0 0 4 úû of annual increment. If his salary was

` 19,800 per month at the end of the first
é1 1 2 ù é -5 1 3ù month after 3 years of service and ` 23,400
ê3 2 1ú ê 7 1 -5úú per month at the end of the first month after
BA = ê úê 9 years of service, find his starting salary and
êë 2 1 3 úû ëê 1 -1 1úû
his annual increment. (Use matrix inversion
method to solve the problem.)

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 17

Sol. Let the man’s starting salary be ` x and his 1

annual increment be ` y. and 2s + 5t =
4
By the given data x + 3y = 19800 and The matrix form of the system of equation is
x + 9y = 23,400. é1ù
é4 4ù é s ù ê3ú
The matrix form of the given system of equations ê2 5ú ê t ú = ê 2 ú Þ AX = B where

m
is ë ûë û ê ú
êë 4 úû
é1 3ù é x ù é19800 ù
ê1 9 ú ê y ú = ê 23400 ú é1ù
ë ûë û ë û ê3ú

co
é4 4ù
é1 3ù é19800 ù A = ê2 5ú and B = ê 2 ú
ë û ê ú
Þ AX = B where A = ê ú and B = ê ú êë 4 úû
ë1 9 û ë 23400 û
Þ X = A–1 B X = A–1 B

s.
1 3
|A| = 1 9 = 9 – 3 = 6 ≠ 0 4 4
1 1 é 9 -3ù Now |A| = 2 5 = 20 – 8 = 12 ≠ 0
\ A–1 = A adj A = 6 ê -1 1ú

ok
ë û 1 1 é 5 -4 ù
\ A–1 = A adj A = 12 ê -2 4 ú
\ X = A–1 B ë û
1 é 9 -3ù é19800 ù é1ù
= 6 ê -1 1ú ê 23400 ú 1 é 5 -4 ù ê3ú
ë ûë û \ X = A–1 B = ê -2 4 ú ê ú
o
12 ë û ê1ú
1 é 178200 -70200 ù 1 é108000 ù êë 4 úû
= ê -19800 +23400 ú = 6 êë 3600 úû é 5 ù
ab

6 ë û -1ú
1 ê 3
= ê ú
é18000 ù 12 ê -2
= ê 600 ú +1ú
ë û êë 3 úû
\ x = 18000, y = 600. é2ù é2 1 ù é 1 ù
ur

ê
1 3 ú ê 3 × 12 ú ê 18 ú
Hence the man’s starting salary is ` 18000 and = ê ú = ê ú = ê ú
his annual increment is ` 600. 12 ê 1 ú ê1× 1 ú ê 1 ú
êë 3 úû êë 3 12 úû êë 36 úû
4. Four men and 4 women can finish a piece
.s

1 1 1
of work jointly in 3 days while 2 men and 5 \ s = Þ = Þ x = 18
women can finish the same work jointly in 4 18 x 18
days. Find the time taken by one man alone 1 1 1
w

and that of one woman alone to finish the t= Þ y = Þ y = 36.

36 36
same work by using matrix inversion method. Hence, the time taken by 1 man alone is 18 days
Sol. Let the time by one man alone be x days and one and the time taken by 1 woman alone is 36 days.
w

woman alone be y days 5. The prices of three commodities A, B and C

\ By the given data, are ` x, y and z per units respectively. A person
4 4 1 P purchases 4 units of B and sells two units
w

+
x y = 3 of A and 5 units of C. Person Q purchases 2
units of C and sells 3 units of A and one unit of
2 5
and x + y =
1 B. Person R purchases one unit of A and sells
4 3 unit of B and one unit of C. In the process,
1 1 PQ and R earn ` 15,000, ` 1,000 and ` 4,000
put = s and y = t
x respectively. Find the prices per unit of A, B
\ 4s + 4t =
1 and C. (Use matrix inversion method to solve
3 the problem.)

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18
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

Sol. Let the prices per unit for the commodities A, B é 7 19 3ù

and C be ` x, ` y and ` z. 1 1 ê
–1
\ A = A adj A = ê -1 7 19 úú
By the given data, 68
êë10 -2 14 úû
2x – 4y + 5z = 15000 é 7 19 3ù é15000 ù
1 ê
3x + y – 2z = 1000 -1 7 19 úú êê 1000 úú

m
\ X = A–1 B =
68 ê
–x + 3y + z = 4000 êë10 -2 14 úû êë 4000 úû
The matrix form of the system of equations is é105000 + 19000 + 12000 ù
1 ê
-15000 + 7000 + 76000 úú

co
é 2 -4 5ù é x ù é15000 ù = ê
68
ê 3 ê ú êë 150000 - 2000 + 56000 úû
ê 1 -2 úú êê y úú = ê 1000 ú
é136000 ù é 2000 ù
êë -1 3 1úû êë z úû êë 4000 úû 1 ê ú ê1000 ú
= 68000 ú =
68 ê ê ú

s.
é 2 -4 5ù é xù êë 204000 úû êë 3000 úû
ê 3 ê yú
AX = B where A = ê 1 -2 úú , X = ê ú , \ x = 2000, y = 1000, z = 3000.
êë -1 3 1úû êë z úû

ok
Hence the prices per unit of the commodities
é15000 ù A, B and C are ` 2000, ` 1000 and ` 3000
ê ú respectively.
and B = ê 1000 ú
êë 4000 úû EXERCISE 1.4
o
Þ X = B A–1
2 -4 5 1. Solve the following systems of linear equation
ab

1 -2 by Cramer’s rule:
|A| = 3
(i) 5x – 2y + 16 =0, x + 3y – 7 = 0
-1 3 1
3 2
1 -2 3 -2 3 1 (ii) + 2y = 12, + 3y = 13
= 2 +4 +5 x x
-1 1 -1 3
ur

3 1
(iii) 3x + 3y – z = 11, 2x – y + 2z = 9,
= 2 (1 + 6) + 4 (3 – 2) + 5 (9 + 1) 4x + 3y +2z = 25
= 2 (7) + 4 (1) + 5(10) = 14 + 4 + 50 = 68. 3 4 2 1 2 1
(iv) - - – 1 = 0, + + - 2 = 0 ,
.s

é 1 -2 3 -2 3 1 ù
T
x y z x y z
ê+ - + ú 2 5 4
ê 3 1 -1 1 -1 3 ú - - +1= 0
ê -4 2 -4 ú x y z
w

5 2 5
adj A = ê - + - ú Sol. (i) 5x – 2y = – 16, x + 3y = 7
ê 3 1 -1 1 -1 3 ú
ê ú
ê + -4 5
-
2 5
+
2 -4 ú 5 -2
w

ê -2 3 -2 3 1 úû Given D = = 15 + 2 = 17
ë 1 1 3
é + (1 + 6 ) - (3 - 2) + ( 9 + 1) ù
T
-16 -2
ê ú D1 = = – 48 + 14 = – 34
= ê - ( -4 - 15) + ( 2 + 5) - ( 6 - 4 ) ú
w

7 3
êë + (8 - 5) - ( -4 - 15) + ( 2 + 12 ) úû 5 -16
T
D2 = = 35 + 16 = 51
é 7 -1 10 ù é 7 19 3ù 1 7
ê19 7 -2 ú ê ú D1 - 34
= ê ú = ê -1 7 19 ú \x = = 17 = – 2
êë 3 19 14 úû êë10 -2 14 úû D

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 19

D2 51 3 11 -1
y = = =3
D 17 D2 = 2 9 2
\ Solution set is {– 2, 3} 4 25 2
3 2 9 2 2 2 2 9
(ii) + 2y = 12, + 3y = 13 = 3 –11 –1

m
x x 25 2 4 2 4 25
1 = 3(18 – 50) – 11(4 – 8) – 1(50 – 36)
Let = z
x = 3(– 32) – 11(– 4) – 1(14)

co
\ 3z + 2y = 12, 2z + 3z = 13 = – 96 + 44 – 14 = – 66
3 2 3 3 11
\D = = 9 – 4 = 5 D3 = 2 -1 9
2 3
4 3 25

s.
12 2
D1 = = 36 – 26 = 10 -1 9 2 9 2 -1
13 3 = 3 –3 + 11
3 25 4 25 4 3
3 12
D2 = = 39 – 24 = 15

ok
= 3(– 25 – 27) – 3(50 – 36) + 11(6 + 4)
2 13
= 3(– 52) – 3(14) + 11(10)
D1 10 1 1
\z= = =2Þ =2Þx= = –156 – 42 + 110 = – 88
D 5 x 2
D - 44
D2 15 \x = 1 = =2
o
y = = =3 D - 22
D 5
1 D2 - 66
ab

\ Solution set is { , 3} y = = =3
2 D - 22
D - 88
(iii) 3x + 3y – z = 11, 2x – y + 2z = 9, z = 3= =4
4x + 3y +2z = 25 D - 22
ur

3 3 -1 \ Solution set is {2, 3, 4}

D = 2 -1 2
4 3 2 3 4 2 1 2 1
(iv) - - – 1 = 0, + + – 2 = 0,
x y z x y z
.s

-1 2 2 2 2 -1
= 3 –3 –1
3 2 4 2 4 3 2 5 4
- - +1 = 0
x y z
= 3(– 2– 6) – 3(4 – 8) – 1(6 + 4)
w

1 1 1
= 3(– 8) – 3(– 4) – 1(10) Put = u, = v, = w,
x y z
= – 24 + 12 – 10 = – 22 We get 3u – 4v – 2w = 1, u + 2v + w = 2,
w

11 3 -1 2u – 5v – 4w = – 1
D1 = 9 -1 2 3 -4 -2
2 1 1 1
w

25 3 2 \D=1 2 1 = 3 +4
-5 -4 2 -4
-1 2 9 2 9 -1 2 -5 -4
= 11 –3 –1 1 2
3 2 25 2 25 3  –2
= 11(– 2– 6) –3(18 – 50) – 1(27 + 25) 2 -5
= 3(– 8 + 5) + 4(– 4 – 2) – 2(– 5 – 4)
= 11(– 8) –3(– 32) –1(52)
= 3(– 3) + 4(– 6) – 2(– 9)
= – 88 + 96 – 52 = – 44
= – 9 – 24 + 18 = – 15

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20
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

1 -4 -2 2. In a competitive examination, one mark is

1
D1 = 2 2 1 awarded for every correct answer while
4
-1 -5 -4 mark is deducted for every wrong answer. A
student answered 100 questions and got 80
2 1 2 1 2 2
marks. How many questions did he answer

m
=1 +4 –2
-5 -4 -1 -4 -1 -5 correctly ? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the
= 1(– 8 + 5) + 4(– 8 + 1) – 2(– 10 + 2) problem).
= 1(– 3) + 4(– 7) – 2(– 8) Sol. Let x represent the number of question with

co
correct answer and y represent the number of
= – 3 – 28 + 16 = – 15 questions with wrong answers.
3 1 -2
By the given data, x + y = 100 and  ... (1)
D2 = 1 2 1 1
1.x – y = 80

s.
2 -1 -4 4
2 1 1 1 1 2 Multiplying by 4 we get,
=3 –1 –2 4x – y = 320 ... (2)
-1 -4 2 -4 2 -1

ok
From (1) and (2)
= 3(– 8 + 1) – 1(– 4 – 2) – 2(– 1 – 4)
1 1
= 3(– 7) – 1(– 6) – 2(– 5) D = =–1–4=–5
4 -1
= – 21 + 6 + 10 = – 5
o
3 -4 1 D1 =
100 1
= –100 – 320 = – 420
D3 = 1 2 2 320 -1
ab

2 -5 -1 1 100
D2 = = 320 – 400 = – 80
2 2 1 2 1 2 4 320
=3 +4 +1 D1 -420
-5 -1 2 -1 2 -5 \x = = = + 84
D -5
ur

= 3(– 2 + 10) + 4(– 1 – 4) + 1(– 5 – 4) D2 -80

and y = = = 16
= 3(8) + 4(– 5) + 1(– 9) D -5
Hence, the number of questions with correct
= 24 – 20 – 9 = – 5
.s

answer is 84.
D1 -15 1
\ u = = = 1Þ =1Þx=1 3. A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid
D -15 x
and another solution which is 25% acid. How
w

D2 -5 1
v= = =
1 1
Þ y = Þy=3 much each should be mixed to make 10 litres
D -15 3 3 of a 40% acid solution ? (Use Cramer’s rule
D3 -5 1 1 1 to solve the problem).

w= = = Þ = Þz=3
w

D -15 3 z 3 Sol. Let the amount of 50% acid be xl and the amount
of 25% acid be y litre
\ Solution set is {1, 3, 3} By the given data, x + y = 10 ... (1)
w

æ 50 ö æ 25 ö æ 40 ö
and x ç ÷ +y ç ÷ = 10 ç ÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 ø

Þ 50x + 25y = 400 Þ 2x + y = 16... (2)

é1 1ù é x ù é10 ù
The matrix from of the equation is ê ú ê ú= ê16 ú
ë 2 1û ë y û ë û

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 21

é1 1ù 1
Þ AX = B where A = ê ú, 1
ë 2 1û 10
-1 1
D1 = 1 = -
é xù é10 ù -1 10 30
X = ê ú,B = ê ú 30
ë yû ë16 û
-3 - 1 -4 -2

m
1 1 = = =
Þ X = A–1B | A | = =1–2=–1 30 30 15
2 1
1
1 1
1- 3
Þ X= adj A .B 1 1

co
10
A D2 = = - =
1 30 10 30
1
é 1 -1ù é10 ù 30
X=–1 ê
Þ ú ê16 ú -2 -1
ë -2 1 û ë û = =
30 15
é 10 - 16 ù -2

s.
= – ê D1 1 1 1
ú
\a= = 15 = Þ = Þ x = 15
ë -20 + 16 û D 15 x 15
-2
é -6 ù é6 ù
Þ X= – ê ú = ê ú D -1 1

ok
1 1
ë -4 û ë 4 û b = 2 = = Þ y = Þ y = 30
D 15 30 30
Thus, the amount of 50% acid is 6 litre and the -2
amount of 25% acid is 4 litre. Hence the pump A can fill the tank in 15 minutes
4. A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes and the pump B can fill the tank in 30 minutes.
o
using both pumps A and B simultaneously. 5. A family of 3 people went out for dinner in a
However, pump B can pump water in or out restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three idlies
ab

at the same rate. If pump B is inadvertently and two vadais is ` 150. The cost of the two
run in reverse, then the tank will be filled dosai, two idlies and four vadais is ` 200. The
in 30 minutes. How long would it take each cost of five dosai, four idlies and two vadais is
pump to fill the tank by itself ? (Use Cramer’s ` 250. The family has ` 350 in hand and they
rule to solve the problem). ate 3 dosai and six idlies and six vadais. Will
ur

Sol. Let the pump A can fill the tank in x minutes, and they be able to manage to pay the bill within
the pump B can fill the tank in y minutes the amount they had ?
1 Sol. Let the cost of one dosa be ` x
In 1 minute A can fill units and in 1 minute B
x
.s

1 The cost of one idli be ` y

can fill units and the cost of one vadai be ` z
y
1 1 By the given data,
w

+ = 10
\ 2x + 3y + 2z = 150
x y
1 1 2x + 2y + 4z = 200
and – = 30
x y 5x + 4y + 2z = 250
w

1 1 2 3 2
Put = a and =b
x y \D = 2 2 4
w

1 5 4 2
Þ a+b =  ... (1)
10 2 4 2 4 2 2
1 = 2 –3 +2
and a – b =  ... (2) 4 2 5 2 5 4
30
= 2(4 – 16) – 3(4 – 20) + 2(8 – 10)
1 1
D = = – 1– 1 = – 2 = 2(– 12) – 3(– 16) + 2(– 2)
1 -1

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22
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

= – 24 + 48 – 4 = 20 = 90 + 60 + 180 = ` 330
150 3 2 Since the family had ` 350 in hand, they will be
D1 = 200 2 4 able to manage to pay the bill.
250 4 2
Taking 50 common from C3 we get,

m
EXERCISE 1.5
3 3 1
= 100 4 2 2 1. Solve the following systems of linear equations
by Gaussian elimination method.

co
5 4 1
2 2 4 2 4 2 (i) 2x – 3y + 3z = 2, x + 2y – z = 3, 3x – y + 2z = 1.
= 100 3 –3 +1 (ii) 2x + 4y + 6z = 22, 3x + 8y + 5z = 27,
4 1 5 1 5 4
= 100[3(2 – 8) – 3(4 – 10) + 1(16 – 10)] –x + y + 2z = 2
Sol. Transforming the augmented matrix to echelon

s.
= 100[3(– 6) – 3(– 6) + 6] form, we get
= 100[– 18 + 18 + 6] = 600.
é 2 -2 3 2 ù
ê ú R1 « R 2

ok
2 150 2 2 3 1
ê1 2 -1 3 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾
®
D2 = 2 200 4 =100 2 4 2 êë 3 -1 2 1 úû
5 250 2 5 5 1
é1 2 -1 3 ù R 2 ®R 2 - 2R1 é1 2 -1 3 ù
4 2 2 2 2 4 ê ú R 3 ®R 3 -3R1 ê ú
= 100 2 –3 +1 ê 2 -2 3 2 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 -6 5 -4 ú
o
5 1 5 1 5 5 êë 3 -1 2 1 úû êë0 -7 5 -8úû
= 100[2(4 – 10) – 3(2 – 10) + 1(10 – 20)]
ab

é1 2 -1 3 ù
= 100[2(– 6) – 3(– 8) + 1(– 10)] R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê ú R 3 ®6 R 3 - 2 R 2
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -6 5 -4 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ¾¾ ®
= 100[– 12 + 24 – 10] = 100 [2] = 200. êë0 -1 0 -4 úû
2 3 150 2 3 3 é1 2 -1 3 ù
ur

ê ú
D3 = 2 2 200 = 50 2 2 4 ê0 -6 5 -4 ú
ê0 0 -5 -20 ú
5 4 250 5 4 5 ë û
é 2 4 2 4 2 2ù
.s

= 50 ê 2 -3 +3 ú Writing the equivalent equations from the row-

ë 4 5 5 5 5 4û echelon matrix, we get,
= 50 [2(10 – 16) – 3(10 – 20) + 3(8 – 10)] x + 2y – z = 3 ... (1)
w

= 50[2(– 6) – 3(– 10) +3(– 2)] – 6y + 5z = – 4 ... (2)

= 50 [– 12 + 30 – 6] = 50 [12] = 600. -20
– 5z = – 20 Þ z = = 4.
D -5
w

600
\x= 1 = = 30 Substituting z = 4 in 2 we get,
D 20
– 6y + 5(4) = – 4
D 200
y= 2 = = 10 Þ – 6y + 20 = – 4 Þ – 4 – 20 = – 24
w

D 20
D 600 -24
z= 3 = = 30. Þ y = = 4.
D 20 -6
Hence, the price of one dosa be ` 30, one idli be `10 Substituting y = z = 4 in (1) we get
and the price of 1 vadai be ` 30. x + 2(4) – 4 = 3
Also the cost of 3 dosa, six idlies and six vadai is Þ x+8–4 =3
= 3x + 6y + 6z = 3(30) + 6(10) + 6(30)

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 23

Þ x+4 = 3 2. If ax2 + bx + c is divided by x + 3, x − 5, and

x − 1, the remainders are 21, 61 and 9
Þ x = 3 – 4 = – 1. respectively. Find a, b and c. (Use Gaussian
\ Solution set is {–1, 4, 4} elimination method.)
(ii) 2x + 4y + 6z = 22, 3x + 8y + 5z = 27, Sol. Let P(x) = ax2 + bx + c
–x + y + 2z = 2

m
Given P(–3) = 21
Reducing the augmented matrix to an
[ P(x) ¸ x + 3, the remainder is 21]
equivalent row echelon form by using
elementary row operations, we get Þ a (–3)2 + b(–3) + c = 21

co
Þ 9a – 3b + c = 21 ...(1)
é 2 4 6 22 ù é -1 1 2 2 ù
ê ú R1 « R 3 ê ú Also, P(5) = 61
ê 3 8 5 27 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® ê 3 8 5 27 ú
Þ a(5)2 + b(5) + c = 61
êë -1 1 2 2 úû êë 2 4 6 22 úû
 [using remainder theorem]

s.
R 2 ®R 2 +3R1 Þ 25a + 5b + c = 61 ...(2)
é -1 1 2 2ù and P(1) = 9
R 3 ®R 3 +2R1 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê 0 11 11 33 ú Þ 2
a(1) + b(1) + c = 9

ok
êë 0 6 10 26 úû Þ a + b + c = 9  ...(3)
R 2 ®R 2 ÷ 11 Reducing the augment matrix to an equivalent
é -1 1 2 2ù
R 3 ®R 3 ÷ 2 ê ú row-echelon form using elementary row
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê 0 1 1 3ú
operations, we get
êë 0 3 5 13úû
o
é 9 -3 1 21ù é1 1 1 9ù
é -1 1 2 2 ù ê ú R1 «R 3 ê ú
R 3 ®R 3 -3R 2 ê ê 25 5 1 61ú ¾ ¾¾¾® ê 25 5 1 61ú
ab

ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê 0 1 1 3 ú êë -1 1 1 9 úû êë 9 -3 1 21úû
êë 0 0 2 4 úû
R 3 ®R 3 -9R1
é1 1 1 9 ù
é -1 1 2 2 ù R 2 ®R 2 - 25R l ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -20 -24 -164 ú
ur

R 3 ®R 3 ÷2 ê ú
êë0 -12 -8 -60 ûú
¾ ¾¾¾¾® ê 0 1 1 3 ú
êë 0 0 1 2 úû R 2 ®R 2 ÷4
é1 1 1 9 ù
R 3 ®R 3 ÷4 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -5 -6 -41ú
Writing the equivalent equations from the row
.s

êë0 -3 -2 -15úû
echelon matrix we get,
–x + y + 2z = 2  ...(1) é ù
y + z = 3 ...(2) 3 ê 1 1 1 9ú
R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê
w

z = 2 ...(3) ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ 5 ® 0 -5 -6 -41ú

ê ú
Substituting (3) in (2) we get, y + 2 = 3 ê 8 48 ú
Þy=3–2=1 ê0 0 ú
w

ë 5 5û
Substituting y = 1 and z = 2 in (1) we get,
–x + 1 + 2 (2) = 2 Þ –x + 1 + 4 = 2 é 1 1 1 9ù
R 3 ®5R 3 ê ú
Þ –x + 5 = 2 Þ –x = 2 – 5 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -5 -6 -41ú
w

Þ –x = –3 Þ x = 3 êë0 0 8 48úû
\ Solution set is {3, 1, 2}
Writing the equivalent equations from the
row-echelon matrix we get,
a + b + c = 9 ...(1)
– 5b – 6c = – 41 ...(2)

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24
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

8c = 48 é1 1 1 65000 ù
R 2 ®R 2 - 6R1 ê ú
Þ c =
48
=6 ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 2 3 90000 ú
8 êë0 -8 9 60000 úû
Substituting c = 6 in (2) we get,
Þ –5b – 6(6) = –41 é1 1 1 65000 ù
R 3 ®R 3 +4R2 ê ú

m
Þ –5b = 36 – 41 ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 2 3 90000 ú
Þ –5b = – 41 + 36 = –5 êë0 0 21 420000 úû
-5 Writing the equivalent from the row echelon

co
Þ b =
=1
-5 matrix we get,
Substituting b = 1, c = 6 in (1) we get, x + y + z = 65000 ...(1)
a + 1 + 6 = 9 2y + 3z = 90000 ...(2)
Þ a+7 = 9
21z = 42000

s.
Þ a = 9–7
Þ a = 2 420000
Þ z = = 20000
\ a = 2, b = 1, and c = 6 21

ok
3. An amount of ` 65,000 is invested in three Substituting z = 20,000 in (2),
bonds at the rates of 6%, 8% and 9% per 2y + 3(20,000) = 90000
annum respectively. The total annual income Þ 2y + 60,000 = 90,000
is ` 4,800. The income from the third bond Þ 2y = 90,000 – 60,000
is ` 600 more than that from the second = 30,000
o
bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use 30, 000
Þ y = = 15,000
Gaussian elimination method.) 2
ab

Sol. Let the price of bond invested in 6%, 8% and 9% Substituting y = 15,000 and z = 20,000 in (1) we
rates be let ` x, ` y and ` z respectively get,
∴By the given data, x + y + z = 65000 ...(1) x + 15,000 + 20,000 = 65000
6 ´ x ´1 8 ´ y ´1 9 ´ z ´1 Þ x + 35,000 = 65000
+ + = 4800
ur

100 100 100 Þ x = 65,000–35,000

PNR Þ x = 30,000
 [ Interest = ]
100
6x 8y 9z Thus the price of 6% bond is ` 30,000 the price
Þ + + = 4800
.s

100 100 100 of 8% bond is ` 15,000 and the price of 9% bond

6x + 8y + 9z = 480000
Þ ... (2) is ` 20,000.
9z 8y 4. A boy is walking along the path y = ax2 + bx+c
Also, = 600 +
w

100 100 through the points (–6, 8),(–2 – 12) and (3,8).
-8 y 9 z He wants to meet his friend at P(7,60). Will he
Þ + = 600 meet his friend? (Use Gaussian elimination
100 100
method.)
w

Þ –8y + 9z = 60000 ...(3) Sol. Given y = ax2 + bx + c...(1)

Reducing the augmented matrix to an equivalent
row-echelon form by using elementary row (–6, 8) lies on (1)
w

operation, we get Þ 8 = a(–6)2 + b(–6) + c

Þ 8 = 36a – 6b + c...(2)
é1 1 1 65000 ù
ê ú (–2, –12) lies on (1)

ê6 8 9 480000ú Þ –12 = a(–2)2 + b(–2) + c
êë0 -8 9 60000 úû
Þ –12 = 4a – 2b + c...(3)
Also (3, 8) lies on (1)

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 25

Þ 8 = a(3) 2 + b(3) + c Since his friend is at P(7, 60),

Þ 8 = 9a + 3b + c ...(4) 60 = (7)2 + 3(7) –10
Reducing the augment matrix to an equivalent Þ 60 = 49 + 21 – 10
row-echelon form by using elementary row
operations, we get, Þ 60 = 70 – 10 = 60

m
R 2 ® 9R 2 - R1 Þ 60 = 60
é36 -6 1 8ù é36 -6 1 8ù
  ê ú R 3 ® 4R 3 - R1 ê ú Since (7, 60) satisfies his path , he can meet his
ê 4 -2 1 -12 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê 0 -12 8 -116 ú
êë 0 3 1 8úû êë 0 18 3 24 úû friend who is at P(7, 60)

co
R 2 ®R 2 ÷ 4
é36 -6 1 8ù EXERCISE 1.6
R 3 ®R 3 ÷ 3 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê 0 -3 2 -29 ú
êë 0 6 1 8úû 1. Test for consistency and if possible solve the

s.
following system of equations by rank method.
é36 -6 1 -8ù (i) x – y + 2z = 2, 2x + y + 4z = 7,
R 3 ®R 3 + 2R 2 ê ú 4x – y + z = 4
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê 0 -3 2 -29 ú

ok
êë 0 0 5 -50 úû (ii) 3x + y + z =2, x –3y + 2z = 1,
7x – y + 4z = 5.
Writing the equivalent equation from the row
(iii) 2x + 2y + z = 5, x – y + z = 1,
echelon matrix, we get 36a – 6b + c = 8 ...(1)
3x + y + 2z = 4
o
–3b + 2c = –29 ...(2)
(iv) 2x – y + z = 2, 6x – 3y + 3z = 6,
5c = –50 4x – 2y + 2z = 4.
ab

-50
Þ c = = –10
5 x – y + 2z = 2, 2x + y + 4z = 7, 4x – y + z = 4
Sol. (i)
Substituting c = –10 in (2) we get, The matrix form of the system is AX = B
–3b + 2(–10) = –29 é xù
ur

é 1 -1 2 ù é 2ù
ê ú ê ú ê7 ú
Þ –3b – 20 = –29 where A = 2 1 4 , X = ê y ú and B = ê ú
ê ú
Þ –3b = –29 + 20 êë 4 -1 1úû êë z úû êë4úû
.s

Þ –3b = –9 Applying elementary row operations on the

-9 augment matrix [A|B] we get,
Þ b = =3
-3 é 1 -1 2 2 ù
Substituting b = 3 and c = –10 in (1) we get,
w

ê ú
[A|B] = ê 2 1 4 7 ú
36a – 6(3) – 10 = 8 êë 4 -1 1 4 úû
Þ 36a – 18 – 10 = 8
R 2 ®R 2 - 2R1
w

Þ 36a – 28 = 8 é 1 -1 2 2 ù
R 3 ®R 3 - 4R1 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 3 0 3ú
Þ 36a = 8 + 28 = 36 êë0 3 -7 -4 úû
w

36
Þ a = =1 é 1 -1 2 2 ù
36
\ a = 1, b = 3, c = –10 R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 3 0 3ú
Hence the path of the boy is êë0 0 -7 -7 úû
y = 1(x2) + 3(x) –10 Here r(A) = 3 and r[A|B] = 3
Þ y = x2 + 3x – 10 \ r(A) = r[A|B] = 3 = number of unknowns

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26
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

Hence the system is consistent with unique z = t ...(3)

solution. (2) we comes 10y – 5t = –1
Writing the equivalent equations from the row- Þ 10y = 5t –1
echelon matrix, we get 1
Þ y = [5t – 1]
x – y + 2z = 2 ...(1) 10

m
3
3y = 3 Þ y = 1 ...(2) Also, from (1), x – [5t – 1] + 2t = 1
-7 10
–7z = –7 Þ z = =1 ...(3)
-7 3 15t -3 -20t + 10
Þx= [5t – 1] –2t + 1 =

co
Solutions y = 1 and z =1 in (1) we get, 10 10
x –1 + 2(1) = 2 1
Þx= [–5t + 7]
Þ x –1 + 2 = 2 10
Hence the solution set is
Þ x+1 = 2

s.
1 1
Þ x = 2–1=1 { (7 – 5t), (5t – 1), t } where t ∈ R.
10 10
Þ x = 1
(iii) 2x + 2y + z = 5, x – y + z = 1, 3x + y + 2z = 4
\ x = 1, y =1, z = 1

ok
Thus, solution set is{1, 1, 1}. The matrix form of the given system is
AX = B where
(ii) 3x + y + z =2, x –3y + 2z =1,
é2 2 1 ù é xù é5ù
7x – y + 4z = 5. ê ú ê yú ê ú
A = ê1 -1 1 ú , X = ê ú, B = ê1 ú
o
Then matrix form of the system in AX = B
êë3 1 2úû êë z úû êë 4 úû
é 3 1 1ù é xù é 2ù
ab

ê ú ê ú
where A = ê 1 -3 2 ú , X = ê y ú , B = ê1 úú
ê Applying elementary row operations on
the augmented matrix [A|B] we get,
êë7 -1 4 úû ëê z ûú ëê5ûú
é 2 2 1 5ù é 1 -1 1 1ù
 pplying elementary row operations on the
A ê ú R1 «R 2 ê ú
augment matrix [A|B] we get, [A|B] = ê 1 -1 1 1ú ¾ ¾¾¾® ê 2 2 1 5ú
ur

êë 3 1 2 4 úû êë 3 1 2 4 úû
é 3 1 1 2ù é 1 -3 2 1ù
ê ú R 2 «R1 ê ú R 2 ®R 2 - 2R 2
[A|B] = ê 1 - 3 2 1ú ¾ ¾¾¾ ® ê 3 1 1 2ú é 1 -1 1 1ù
êë7 -1 4 5úû êë 7 -1 4 5úû R 3 ®R 3 -3R1 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 4 -1 3ú
.s

R 2 ®R 2 -3R1 êë0 4 -1 -1úû

é 1 -3 2 1ù
R 3 ®R 3 -7 R1 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 10 -5 -1ú é 1 -1 1 1ù
w

êë0 20 -10 -2 úû R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 4 -1 3ú
é 1 -3 2 1ù êë0 0 0 -4 úû
R 3 ®R 3 - 2R 2 ê ú
w

¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 10 -5 -1ú Here r(A) = 2 [ There are 2 non-Zero rows]

êë0 0 0 0 úû
and r[A|B] =3 [ There are 3 non –zero rows]
Here r(A) = 2, and r[A|B] = 2 [since there
Here, (A) ¹ p[A|B]
w

only two non-zero rows]. So, r(A) = r[A|B]

= 2 < 3, the given system is consistent with one Hence, the given system is inconsistent and has
parameter family of solutions. So, put z = t, no solution.
x ∈R. Writing the equivalent equations from the (iv) 2x – y + z = 2, 6x – 3y + 3z = 6,
row echelon matrix we get,
4x – 2y + 2z = 4.
x – 3y + 2z = 1 ...(1)
The matrix form of the given system is
10y – 5z = –1 ...(2)
AX = B where

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 27

é2 -1 1ù Applying elementary row operation on the

ê augment matrix [A|B] we get,
A = ê6 -3 3úú
êë 4 -2 2 úû ék -2 1 1ù é 1 -2 k 1 ù
ê ú R1 «R 3 ê ú
é xù é 2ù [A/B] = ê 1 -2k 1 -2 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® ê 1 -2k 1 -2 ú
êë 1 -2 k 1úû ëê k -2 1 1 úû
X = êê y úú B = êê6úú

m

êë z úû êë4úû R 2 ®R 2 - R1 é1 -2 k 1ù
Applying elementary row operations on the R 3 ®R 3 - kR1 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê 1 -2k + 2 k -3ú

co
augment matrix[A|B], we get, ê0 -2 + 2k 1 - k 2 1 - k ú
R 2 ®R 2 -3R1
ë û
é 2 -1 1 2 ù é 2 -1 1 2 ù é1 -2 k 1ù
ê 6 -3 3 6 ú ¾R 3 ®R 3 - 2R1 ê ú
[A|B] = ê ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 0 0 0ú R 3 ®R 3 + R 2 ê ú
ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -2k + 2 1- k -3ú
êë 4 -2 2 4 úû êë 0 0 0 0 úû ê0 - k - 2 úû

s.
ë 0 1- k 2 +1- k
Here r(A) = 1[ only one non zero row] é1 -2 k 1ù
and r[A|B] =1[ only one-zero row] ê ú
® ê0 -2k + 2 1- k -3ú

ok
\ r(A) = r[A|B] = 1 < 3, the given system is ê0 0 - k 2 - k + 2 - k - 2 úû
ë
consistent and has two parameter family of
solutions. é1 -2 k 1ù
ê
® ê0 -2k + 2 1- k -3úú  ...(1)
So, z = t and y = s where s, t ∈ R.
o
êë0 0 (k + 2)(1 - k ) - k - 2 úû
Writing the equivalent equations from the row-
echelon matrix, we get
ab

Case (i) when k = 1

2x – y + z = 2 ...(1)
é 1 -2 1 1ù é 1 -2 1 1ù
y = s ...(2) ê0 0 0 -3ú ¾R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê0 0 0 -3ú
[A|B] ® ê ú ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê ú
z = t ...(3) êë0 0 0 -3úû êë0 0 0 0 úû
Substituting (2) and (3) in (1) we get,
ur

Here r(A) = 1 and r[A|B] = 2

2x – s + t = 2
So, r(A) ¹ r[A|B] Þ The system has no solution.
Þ 2x = s – t + 2
Case (ii) When k ≠ 1, k ≠ −2
1
.s

Þ x = [s – t + 2] é1 -2 k 1ù
2
1 [A|B] → êê0 -2k + 2 1- k -3ú
ú
\ Solution set is { (s – t + 2), s, t} êë0
2 0 not zero not zero úû
w

where s, t ∈ R
Þ ρ(A) = 3 and ρ[A|B] = 3
2. Find the value of k for which the equations
kx – 2y + z = 1, x – 2ky + z = –2, so, ρ(A) = ρ[A|B] = 3 = the number of unknowns
w

x – 2y + kz = 1 have Hence, the system has unique solution.

(i) no solution Case (iii) when k = –2
(ii) unique solution é1 -2 -2 1 ù
w

(iii) infinitely many solution r[A|B] ® êê1 6 3 -3úú

Sol. kx – 2y + z = 1, x – 2ky + z = –2, x – 2y + k = 1
ëê0 0 0 0 úû
The matrix form of the system is AX = B where Here r(A) = 2 and r[A|B] = 2
ék -2 1ù é xù é1ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú \ r(A) = r[A|B] = 2 < 3, the number of unknowns
A = ê 1 -2k 1ú , X = ê y ú , B = ê -2 ú so the system is consistent with infinitely many
êë 1 -2 k úû êë z úû êë 1 úû solutions.

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28
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

3. Investigate the values of λ and m the system of Case (iii) When λ = 5 and μ = 9
linear equations 2x + 3y + 5z = 9, 7x + 3y – 5z = 8, é7 3 -5 -8ù
2x + 3y + λz = μ, have ê ú
[A|B] = ê 0 15 45 47 ú
(i) no solution êë 0 0 0 0 úû
(ii) a unique solution
(iii) an infinite number of solutions.

m
Here ρ(A) =2, ρ[A|B] = 2
Sol. 2x + 3y = 9, 7x + 3y − 5z = 8, 2x + 3y + λz = μ
\ ρ(A) = [A|B] = 2 < number of unknowns
The matrix form of the system is AX = B where
\ The system is consistent and has infinite

co
é 2 3 5ù éxù é9 ù number of solutions.
ê7 3 -5ú ê ú ê ú
A= ê y
ú , X = ê ú , B = ê8 ú
êë 2 3 l úû êë z úû êëm úû EXERCISE 1.7
Applying elementary row operations on the 1. Solve the following system of homogeneous

s.
augmented matrix [A|B] we get, equations.
é2 3 5 9ù é7 3 -5 8ù (i) 3x + 2y +7z = 0, 4x – 3y – 2z = 0,
ê ú R1 «R 2 ê ú
[A|B] = ê - ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ®

ok
7 3 5 8 ú ê2 3 5 9ú 5x + 9y + 23z = 0
êë 2 3 l m úû êë 2 3 l m úû
(ii) 2x + 3y −z = 0, x − y – 2z = 0, 3x + y + 3z = 0.
2
R 2 ®R 2 - R1 Sol. (i) 3x + 2y +7z = 0, 4x – 3y – 2z = 0,
7 é7 3 -5 -8ù
ê ú 5x + 9y + 23z = 0
o
R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê 15 45 45 ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® 0 
Reducing the augmented matrix to
ê 7 7 7ú
ê0 0 l - 5 4 - 9ú row-echelon form we get,
ab

ë û é3 2 7 0ù
é7 3 -5 -8ù é 3 2 7 0 ù R ®R - 4 R ê ú
ê ú 2 2 1
17 -34
R 2 ®R 2 ´ 7 ê ú [A|0] = ê 4 -3 -2 0 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾
4 ® ê0 - 0ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê 0 15 45 47 ú êë 5 9 23 0 úû
ê 3 3 ú
ê5 23 0 úû
ë 9
êë 0 0 l - 5 m - 9 úû
ur

Case (i) When λ = 5 é2 2 7 0ù

5 ê
R 3 ®R 3 - R1 ê -34 ú
é7 3 -5 -8ù 17
ê ú 3 0 - 0ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê ú
[A|B] = ê 0 15 45 47 ú 3 3
ê ú
.s

êë 0 0 0 -4 úû ê5
17 34
0ú
ë 3 3 û
Here ρ(A) = 2 and ρ[A|B] = 3
w

So, ρ(A) ≠ ρ[A|B] é3 2 7 0ù

ê -34 ú
Hence the system is inconsistent and has no R 3 ®R 3 + R 2 ê 17
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® 0 - 0ú
solution ê 3 3 ú
w

ê5 0 0 úû
Case (ii) When λ ≠ 5, μ ≠ 9 ë 0

é7 3 -5 -8ù -3 é 3 2 7 0 ù
R 2 ®R 2 ´
ê ú 7 ® ê0 1 2 0ú
w

[A|B] = ê 0 15 45 47 ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ê ú
êë 0 0 not zero not zero úû êë0 0 0 0 úû
Here ρ(A) = 3 and ρ[A|B] = 3 Here ρ(A) = 2 and ρ[A|0] = 2
\ ρ(A) = ρ[A|B] = 3 = number of unknowns So, ρ(A) = ρ([A|0]) = 2 < 3 = number of unknowns
Here, the system is consistent and has one
Hence, the system is consistent with unique parameter family of solutions.
solution

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 29

So put z = t where t ∈ R. é 1 1 3 0ù
writing the equations using the echelon form, we
get [A|0] = êê 4 3 l 0 úú
3x + 2y + 7z = 0  ...(1) êë 2 1 2 0 úû
y + 2z = 0  ...(2)
put z = t, (2) becomes é1 1 3 0ù

m
R1 «R 3 ê ú
y + 2t = 0 ¾ ¾¾¾® ê 2 1 2 0 ú
Þ y = −2t êë 4 3 l 0 úû
\ (1) becomes, 3x + 2 (−2t) + 7t = 0

co
Þ 3x – 4t + 7t = 0 é1 1 3 0ù
Þ 3x + 3t = 0 R ® R - 2 R ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾
2 2 1¾
® 0 -1 -4 0 ú
R 3 ®R 3 - 4R1 ê
Þ 3x = −3t êë0 -1 l - 2 0 úû
Þ x = −t
\ Solution set is {−t, −2t, t} where t ∈ R

s.
é1 1 3 0ù
(ii) 2x + 3y −z = 0, x − y – 2z = 0, 3x + y + 3z = 0. R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 -1 -4 0 ú
Reducing the augmented matrix to row – êë0 0 l - 8 0 úû
echelon form we get

ok
é 2 3 -1 0 ù Case (i) when λ ≠ 8
é1 1 3 0ù
[A|0] = êê1 -1 -2 0 úú ê ú
[A|0] = ê0 -1 -4 0 ú
êë 3 1 3 0 úû
êë0 0 not zero 0 úû
o
é 1 -1 -2 0 ù
R « R ê ú Here ρ(A) = 3, ρ([A/O]) = 3
¾ ¾¾¾¾
1 2 ® ê 2 3 -1 0 ú
ab

êë 3 1 3 0 úû \ ρ(A) = ρ([A/0]) = 3 = the number of unknowns

R 2 ®R 2 - 2R1 \ The given system is consistent and has unique
é 1 -1 -2 0 ù solution.
R 3 ®R 3 -3R1 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 5 3 0 ú Case (ii) when λ = 8
êë0 4 9 0 úû
ur

é 1 1 3 0ù
ê ú
é 1 -1 -2 0 ù [A|0] = ê0 -1 -4 0 ú
R 3 ®R 3 - 4 R 2 ê 0 5 3 0 úú êë0 0 0 0 úû
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ 5 ®ê
.s

ê 33 ú Here ρ(A) = 2, ρ([A|0]) = 2

ê0 0 0ú
ë 5 û \ ρ(A) = ρ([A|0]) = 2 < 3, the number of
Here ρ(A) = 3 and ρ([A|0]) = 3
unknowns,
w

\ ρ(A) = ρ([A|0]) = 3 = Number of unknowns

Hence, the system is consistent with unique \ The system is consistent and has non-trivial
solutions. solutions.
Thus, the system has trivial solution only By using Gaussian elimination method,
w

3.
2. Determine the values of λ for which the balance the chemical reaction equation:
following system of equations C2H6 + O2 → H2O + CO2
w

x + y + 3z = 0, 4x + 3y + λz = 0, 2x + y + 2z =0 Sol. Given C2 H6 + O2 → H2O + CO2

has We have to find positive integers x1, x2, x3 and x4
(i) a unique solution such that
(ii) a non-trivial solution. x1 C2 H6 + x2 O2 → x3 H2O + x4 CO2 ...(1)
Sol. x + y + 3z = 0, 4x + 3y + λz = 0, 2x + y + 2z =0
The number of carbon atoms on the LHS of (1)
Reducing the augmented matrix to row – echelon should be equal to the number of carbon atoms
form we get, on the RHS of (1).

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30
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

\ 2x1 = 1x4 Here ρ(A) = ρ([A|B]) = 3 < 4, the number of

Þ 2x1 – x4 = 0  ...(2) unknowns
Considering hydrogen atoms we get, \ The system is consistent with one parameter
family of solutions, so let x4 = t
6x1 = 2x3
Writing the equations, from the row-echelon
Þ 6x1 − 2x3 = 0

m
form we get
Þ 3x1 – x3 = 0 ...(3) 2x1 − x4 = 0
Also, considering oxygen atoms we get, Þ 2x1 = x4
2x2 = 1x3 + 2x4 Þ 2x = t

co
t
Þ 2x2 – x3 – 2x4 = 0 ...(3) Þ x1 =
2
Equations (2), (3) and (4) form a homogeneous 4x2 − 7x4 = 0
system of linear equations in 4 unknowns
\ The augmented matrix [A|0] is Þ 4x2 = 7t

s.
7t
é 2 0 0 -1 0 ù Þ x2 =
ê 3 0 -1 0 0 ú 4
ê ú −2x3 + 3x4 = 0

ok
êë 0 2 -1 -2 0 úû Þ 2x3 = 3x4
By Gaussian elimination method, we get, 3t
Þ x3 =
é -1 ù 2
ê 1 0 0 0ú
R1®R1 ¸ 2 ê Since x1, x2, x3 and x4 are positive integers,
o
2
¾ ¾¾¾¾® ú
ê 3 0 -1 0 0 ú let us choose t = 4
ê0 2 -1 -2 0 ú
ab

ë û 4
\ x1 = =2
é -1 ù 2
ê 1 0 0 2 0ú 7 ( 4)
2 ® R 2 -3R1 ®
ê ú \ x2 = =7
¾R¾¾¾¾¾ ê0 0 1 3 0ú 4
ê ú
ur

2 2
ê ú 3( 4)
ë0 2 -1 -2 0 û
\ x3 = = 6 and x4 = t = 4
é -1 ù 2
ê1 0 0 0ú So, the balanced equation is
.s

2
ê ú 2 C2 H6 + 7O2 ® 6H2O + 4CO2.
R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 ê
0ú
3
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® 0 0 -1
ê 2 ú
ê ú
-7 EXERCISE 1.8
w

ê0 2 0 0ú
êë 2 úû
Choose the Correct or the most suitable
é -1 ù
ê1 0 0 0ú answer from the given four alternatives :
w

2
ê ú 1. If |adj (adj A) | = |A|9, then the order of the
R 2 «R 3 ê -7
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 2 0 0ú square matrix A is
ê 2 ú
ê ú (1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 5
w

ê0 0 3
-1 0ú
êë 2 úû  2
[Ans. (2) 4]
R1®2R1 |adj (adj)A| = |A| (n −1)
Hint :
é2 0 0 -1 0 ù
R 2 ®2R 2 ê ú \ (n−1)2 = 9
¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® 0 4 0 -7 0 ú
R 2 ®2R 3 ê Þ (n−1)2 = 32
êë 0 0 -2 3 0 úû
Þ n −1 = 3
Þ n = 4

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 31

2. If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that

é7 3ù
AAT = AT A and B = A–1AT, then BBT = 5. If A = ê ú , then 9I2 – A =
ë4 2û
(1) A (2) B (3) I3 (4) BT
A -1
 [Ans. (3) I3] (1) A–1 (2) (3) 3A–1 (4) 2A–1
2
Hint : BBT = (A−1AT)(A−1AT)T
[Ans. (4) 2A–1]

m

= (A−1AT) (AT)T·(A−1)T
= (A−1AT) (AA−1)T é 9 0 ù é 7 3ù
Hint : 9I – A = ê ú–ê ú
= A−1(A.AT)(A−1)T ë0 9 û ë 4 2 û

co
= (A−1A). AT (AT)−1 é 9 - 7 0 - 3ù
= ê ú
[ (A−1)T = (AT)−1] ë0 - 4 9 - 2 û
= I·I = I  [  AT·(AT)–1 = I] é 2 -3ù
= ê ú = adj A
é3 5ù ë -4 7 û

s.
adj B
3. A= ê ú , B = adj A and C = 3A, then = 1
ë1 2û |C| But A–1 = adj A
A
1 1 1 1

ok
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1 = Þ adj A = 2A–1
3 9 4 2
1
 [Ans. (2) ] é2 0ù é 1 4ù
9 6. If A = ê ú and B = ê ú then |adj (AB)| =
adjB adj(adj A) ë 1 5û ë2 0û
Hint : =
3A (1) –40 (2) –80 (3) –60 (4) –20
o
C
( n-1)2 12
A A A 1  [Ans. (2) –80]
= = = =
ab

2
3 .A B .A
2 9. A 9 é 2+0 8 + 0 ù é 2 8ù
Hint : AB = ê1 + 10 4 + 0 úû = êë11 4 úû
é1 -2 ù é6 0 ù ë
4. If A ê ú = ê ú , then A =
ë1 4 û ë0 6 û é 4 -8ù
adj (AB) = ê
ë -11 2 úû
ur

é1 -2 ù é 1 2ù
(1) ê ú (2) ê ú |adj (AB)| = 8 − 88 = −80
ë1 4 û ë -1 4 û
é 4 2ù é 4 -1ù 1 x 0
(3) ê ú (4) ê ú
.s

ë -1 1û ë 2 1û é 4 2 ù 7. If P = 1 3 0 is the adjoint of 3 × 3 matrix

 [Ans. (3) ê ú] 2 4 -2
ë -1 1û
Hint : AX = B A and |A| = 4, then x is
w

⇒ A = BX−1 where (1) 15 (2) 12 (3) 14 (4) 11

é1 -2 ù é6 0ù  [Ans. (4) 11]
X = ê ú ,B= ê ú
ë1 4 û Hint : |adj A| = |A| n−1
w

ë0 6û
é6 0ù 1
A = ê ú· · adj (X) 3 0 1 0
ë0 6û X 1 –x + 0 = 43–1
4 -2 2 -2
w

é1 0ù 1 é 4 2ù
= 6 ê · Þ −6 –x (−2) = 42
ë0 1úû 6 êë -1 1úû
Þ −6 + 2x = 16
= éê
1 0ù é 4 2ù
= éê
4 2ù Þ 2x = 22
ú ê ú 1úû Þ x = 11
ë0 1û ë -1 1û ë -1

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32
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

é3 1 -1ù é a11 a12 a13 ù é 12 -17 ù é 3 1ù

êa = ê
8.
ê 2 -2 0 ú
If A = ê –1
ú and A = ê 21 a22 a23 úú ú
ë -19 27 û
ê 2 1ú
ë û
êë 1 2 -1úû êëa31 a32 a33 úû é 36 - 34 12 - 17 ù é 2 -5ù
=ê ú= ê ú
then the value of a23 is ë -57 + 54 -19 + 27 û ë -3 8û

m
(1) 0 (2) −2 (3) −3 (4) −1 11. If AT. A–1 is symmetric, then A2 =
 [Ans. (4) –1] (1) A−1 (2) (AT)2
-2 0 2 0 2 -2 (3) AT (4) (A−1)2

co
Hint : |A| = 3 –1 –1 
2 -1 1 -1 1 2 [Ans : (2) (AT)2]
= 3 (2) –1 (–2) –1 (4 + 2) Hint : Þ AT A –1 = (AT A–1)T
= 6 + 2 – 6 = 2 = (A–1)T (AT)T = (A–1)T A
1 Þ A = AT Þ A is symmetric

s.
a23 = co-factor of a32
A \ A2 = (AT)2
1 3 -1
= ×– 12. If A is a non-singular matrix such that
2

ok
2 0
é 5 3ù
1 -2 A–1 = ê ú , then (AT)–1 =
= – (0 + 2) = = –1 ë -2 -1û
2 2
9. If A, B and C are invertible matrices of some é -5 3ù é 5 3ù
order, then which one of the following is not (1) ê ú (2) ê ú
ë -2 -1û
o
ë 2 1û
true?
é -1 -3ù é5 -2 ù
(1) adj A = |A|A–1 (3) ê ú (4) ê ú
ab

(2) adj (AB) = (adj A) (adj B) ë 2 5û ë 3 -1û

é 5 -2 ù
(3) det A–1 = (det A)–1  [Ans : (4) ê 3 -1ú ]
ë û
(4) (ABC)–1 = C–1B–1A–1 é5 -2 ù
 [Ans. (2) adj (AB) = (adj A) (adj B)] Hint : (AT)–1 = (A–1)T = ê3 -1ú
ë û
ur

é 12 -17 ù é 1 -1ù é3 4ù
10. If (AB)–1 = ê –1
ú and A = ê , ê5 5ú
ë -19 27 û ë -2 3 úû ê ú
then B–1 = 13. A = ê 3 ú and AT = A–1, then the value of
x
êë 5 úû
.s

é 2 -5ù é8 5ù
(1) ê ú (2) ê x is
ë -3 8û ë3 2 úû
-4 -3 3 4
é 3 1ù é 8 -5ù (1) (2) (3) (4)
w

(3) ê (4) ê 5 5 5 5
ú 2 úû -4
ë 2 1û ë -3  [Ans: (1) ]
é 2 -5 ù 5
 [Ans. (1) ê ú]
w

Hint : Since AT = A–1, AAT = AT A = I [\ they are

ë -3 8 û
orthogonal]
Hint : Since (AB)−1 = B−1A−1, we get,
é 12 -17 ù 1 -1ù é3 4ù é3 ù
–1 é
ê -19 27 ú = B ê -2 3ú ê 5 5 ú ê 5 x ú é1 0 ù
w

ë û ë û Þ ê úê ú = ê ú
ê x 3 ú ê 4 3 ú ë0 1 û
Let X = B−1 Y êë 5 úû êë 5 5 úû
é 12 -17 ù 1 é 9 16 3 x 12 ù
B–1 =XY–1 = ê ú· .(adj Y)
ë -19 27 û Y ê 25 + 25 5 + 25 ú é1 0 ù
Þ ê ú = ê0 1 ú
é 12 -17 ù 1 é 3 1ù ê 3 x + 12 x 2 + 9 ú ë û
= ê ú · 1 ê 2 1ú
ë -19 27 û ë û êë 5 25 25 úû

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 33

3 x 12 - l é -2 -3ù é2 3ù
Þ + = 0 [Equating a12 both sides] Þ = ê ú
ê ú
5 25 19 ë -5 2 û ë 5 -2 û
3x -12 -12 5 -4 3ù
Þ = Þx= × = l é2 3ù é2
Þ = ê ú
19 êë 5 -2 úû
5 25 25 3 5
é q ù ë 5 -2 û
1 tan ú

m
ê 2 l
14. If A = ê ú and AB = I2, then B = Þ = 1 Þ l = 19
19
ê - tan q 1ú
êë 2 úû é2 3ù é 1 -2 ù

co
17. If adj A = ê ú and adj B = ê -3 then
æ qö æ qö T ë 4 -1û ë 1úû
(1) ç cos 2 ÷ A (2) ç cos 2 ÷ A
è 2ø è 2ø adj (AB) is
æ qö
(3) (cos2 θ)I (4) ç sin 2 ÷ A é -7 -1ù é -6 5ù
è 2ø (1) ê ú (2) ê ú

s.
ë 7 -9 û ë -2 -10 û
æ qö T é -7 7 ù é -6 -2 ù
[Ans: (2) ç cos 2 ÷ A ] (3) ê
è 2ø ú (4) ê ú
1 ë -1 -9 û ë 5 -10 û

ok
Hint : B = A–1 = A adj A é -6 5ù
[Ans: (2) ê ú]
é qù ë -2 -10 û
ê 1 - tan ú Hint : adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
1 2 = 1 . AT
= ê ú
2q ê q 2q é 1 -2 ù é 2 3ù
1ú sec
o
1 + tan = ê
1úû êë 4 -1úû
tan
2 êë 2 úû 2 ë -3
æ 2 qö T é 2 - 8 3 + 2 ù é -6 5ù
ab

= ç cos ÷ A = ê ú=ê
è 2ø ë -6 + 4 -9 - 1û ë -2 -10 úû
é cos q sin q ù ék 0ù é 1 2 3 4ù
15. A = ê - sin q cos q ú and A (adj A) = ê0 kú, ê ú
ë û ë û 18. The rank of the matrix ê 2 4 6 8 ú is
ur

then = k êë -1 -2 -3 -4 úû
(1) 0 (2) sin θ (3) cos θ (4) 1 (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 3
 [Ans: (4) 1]  [Ans: (1) 1]
.s

Hint : We know A (adj A) = (adj A)A = |A| I R 2 ® R 2 - 2R1

é 1 2 3 4ù é 1 2 3 4ù
Hint : ê 2 4 6 8ú ¾R 3 ®R 3 + R1 ê0 0 0 0 ú
Þ |A| = K ê ú ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê ú
êë -1 -2 -3 -4 úû êë0 0 0 0 úû
cos q sin q
w

\ K = - sin q cos q = cos2q + sin2q = 1 \ Rank is 1 [\ only one non – zero row]
ém bù éa m ù
é2 3ù 19. If xa yb = em, xc yd = en, Δ1= ê ú Δ2 = ê ,
n dû c n úû
w

16. If A = ê 5 -2 ú be such that lA–1 = A, then a b ë ë

ë û Δ3 = , then the value of x and y are
l is c d
respectively,
(1) 17 (2) 14 (3) 19 (4) 21
w

(D / D (D / D
 1 [Ans: (3) 19] (1) e 2 1) , e 3 1)
Hint : l. adj A = A (2) log (Δ1/Δ3), log(Δ2/Δ3)
A
1 é -2 -3ù é2 3ù (3) log (Δ2/Δ1), log(Δ3/Δ1)
Þ l. = ê
( -4 - 15) ë -5 2û ë 5 -2úû
ú
.ê ( D1 / D3)
(4) e , e ( D 2 / D3 )
( D1 / D 3)
 [Ans: (4) e , e( D 2 / D 3 ) ]

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34
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

Hint : xa yb = em -1 1 cos q 1 cos q -1

Þ a log x + b log y = m Þ1 - sin q - cos q =0
1 -1 sin q -1 sin q 1
 [Taking log both sides]
Þ 1(1 – 1) – sin q (– cos q – sin q) – cos q (cos q
x . y = en
c d
+ sin q) =0
Þ c log x + d log y = n Þ sin q cos q + sin2 q – cos2 q – cos q sin q = 0
a b

m
Þ cos2 q – sin2 q = 0 Þ cos2 q = 0
put D3 =
c d p é p ù
Þcos2 q = cos  ê∵cos = 0 ú
m b a m 2 p ë 2 û
D1 = , D2 = p
n d c n Þ 2q = Þq=

co
2 4
D1 D2 23. The augmented matrix of a system of linear
log x = D and log y = D
3 3 é1 2 7 3ù

\x= e
D1
and y = e
D2 ê0 1 4 6 úú .The system
D3 D3
equations is ê

s.
êë0 0 l - 7 m + 5 úû
20. Which of the following is/are correct?
has infinitely many solutions if
(i) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also a
symmetric matrix. (1) l = 7, m ≠ –5 (2) l = –7, m = –5

ok
(ii) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is also a (3) l ≠ 7, m ≠ –5 (4) l = 7, m = –5
diagonal matrix.  [Ans: (4) l = 7, m = – 5]
(iii) If A is a square matrix of order n and λ is a Hint : When l = 7 and m = – 5,
scalar, then adj (λA) = ­λn adj (A).
(iv) A(adjA) = (adj A) A = |A|I é1 2 7 3 ù
o
(1) Only (i) (2) (ii) and (iii) ê ú
[A|B] = ê0 1 4 6 ú
(3) (iii) and (iv) (4) (i), (ii) and (iv)
êë0 0 0 0 úû
ab

 [Ans: (4) (i) (ii) and (iv)] r(A) = r([A|B]) = 2 < 3, the number of
unknowns.
21. If ρ(A) = ρ ([A|B]), then the system AX = B of \ The system is consistent and has infinitely
linear equations is many solutions.
ur

(1) consistent and has a unique solution

é 2 -1 1ù é 3 1 -1ù
(2) consistent ê -1 2 -1ú ê ú
(3) consistent and has infinitely many solution 24. Let A= ê ú and 4B = ê 1 3 x ú .
(4) inconsistent [Ans: (2) Consistent] êë 1 -1 2 úû êë -1 1 3 úû
.s

If B is the inverse of A, then the value of x is

22. If 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and the system of equations
x + (sin θ)y – (cos θ)z = 0, (cos θ)x – y + z = 0, (1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 1
(sin θ)x + y – z = 0 has a non-trivial solution  [Ans: (4) 1]
w

then θ is
2p 3p 5p p Hint : A = B–1 Þ A . B = B-1.B Þ AB = I
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 4 6 4 é 2 -1 1 ù é 3 1 -1ù é1 0 0 ù
w

p ê ú1ê ú ê ú
 [Ans: (4) ] \ ê -1 2 -1ú ê 1 3 x ú = ê0 1 0 ú
é 1 sin q - cos q ù 4 4
ê êë 1 -1 2 úû êë -1 1 3 úû êë0 0 1 úû
Hint : A = êcos q -1 1úú
w

êë sin q 1 -1úû 1
The system has non – trivial solution if |A| = 0 a = 0
4 13
é 1 sin q - cos q ù 1
êcos q -1 1úú = 0 Þ .[ -2 - x + 3] = 0
ê 4
êë sin q 1 1úû Þ – x +1 = 0 ´ 4 = 0
Þ x = 1

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 35

é 3 -3 4 ù Hint : adj (adj A) = |A| n–2 A = |A|.A

ê ú 3 -3 4
25. If A = ê 2 -3 4 ú , then adj (adj A) is
êë 0 -1 1úû |A| = 2 -3 4
0 -1 1
é 3 -3 4 ù é 6 -6 8ù -3 4 2 4 2 -3
ê 2 -3 4 ú ê ú

m
(1) ê (2) ê 4 -6 8ú = 3 +3 +4
ú -1 1 0 1 0 -1
êë 0 -1 1úû êë 0 -2 2 úû = 3 (– 3 + 4) + 3 (2 – 0) + 4 (– 2 – 0)
é -3 3 -4 ù é 3 -3 4 ù = 3 (1) + 6 – 8 =1

co
ê -2 3 -4 ú ê ú
(3) ê ú (4) ê 0 -1 1ú é 3 -3 4 ù
êë 0 1 -1úû êë 2 -3 4 úû \ adj (adj A ) = 1 – A = A = ê 2 -3 4 ú
ê ú
é 3 -3 4 ù êë 0 -1 1 úû
ê ú
[Ans: (1) ê 2 -3 4 ú ]

s.

êë 0 -1 1úû

ok
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
⇒ 1[1 – a2] + c [–c – ab] – b [ac + b] = 0

1 MARK
⇒ 1 – a2 – c2 – abc – abc – b2 = 0

o
I. 
Choose the Correct or the most 3. Let A be a 3 ´ 3 matrix and B its adjoint
suitable answer from the given four matrix If |B| = 64, then |A| =
ab

alternatives :
(1) ± 2 (2) ± 4 (3) ± 8 (4) ± 12
1. The system of linear equations x + y + z = 6,  [Ans: (3) ± 8]
x + 2y + 3z = 14 and 2x + 5y + lz = m (l, m ΠR) 1 1
is consistent with unique solution if Hint : A–1 = adj A = B
A A
ur

(1) l = 8 (2) l = 8, m ¹ 36
⇒ |A|A–1 = B
(3) l ¹ 8 (4) none[Ans: (3) l ¹ 8]
⇒ |A|3 |A–1| = |B| = 64
R1®R 2 - R1
é 1 1 1 6ù é1 1 1 6ù ⇒ |A|2 = 64
.s

Hint : ê 1 2 3 14 ú ¾R 3 ®R 3 - 2R1 ê
ê ú ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 1 2 8úú
êë 2 5 l m úû êë0 3 l - 2 m - 12 úû
⇒ |A| = ± 8
T
4. If A is the transpose of a square matrix A,
é1 1 1 6ù
then
w

R 3 ®R 3 -3R 2 ê
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 1 2 8úú
(1) |A| ¹ |AT| (2) |A| = |AT|
êë0 0 l - 8 m - 36 úû
(3) |A| + |AT| = 0 (4) |A| = |AT| only
w

2. If the system of equations x = cy + bz,

When A is symmetric [Ans: (2) |A| = |AT|]
y = az + cx and z = bx + ay has a non – trivial
solution then 5. The number of solutions of the system of
w

(1) a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 (2) abc ¹ 1 equations 2 x + y = 4, x – 2y = 2, 3x + 5y = 6 is

(3) a + b + c = 0 (4) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc =1 (1) 0 (2) 1
 [Ans: (4) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc =1] (3) 2 (4) infinitely many
 [Ans: (2) 1]
1 - c -b
Hint : c -1 a = 0
b a -1

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36
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

é 1 -2 2 ù R 2 ®R 2 - 2R1 é 1 -2 2 ù Hint : A (adj A) = ç

æ cos x
֍
sin x ö æ cos x - sin x ö
÷
R 3 ®R 3 -3R 2 ê
Hint : êê 2 1 4 úú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® 0 5 0ú
ê ú
è - sin x cos x ø è sin x cos x ø

êë 3 5 6 úû êë0 11 0 úû æ 1 0ö
= ç ÷
è 0 1ø
R 3 ®R 3 - R 2 é 1 -2 2 ù
11

m
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ 5 ® ê0 5 0ú 11. If A is a matrix of order m ´ n, then r(A) is
ê ú
êë0 0 0 úû (1) m (2) n
(3) £ min ( m,n) (4) ³ min (m,n)

co
6. If A is a square matrix that |A| = 2, than for
any positive integer n, |An| =  [Ans: (3) £ min ( m,n)]
(1) 0 (2) 2n (3) 2n (4) n2 12. The system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 1,
 [Ans: (3) 2n] x – y + 4z = 0, 2x + y + 7z = 1 has

s.
Hint : |An| = |A| |A| ... times (1) One solution (2) Two solution
n

= (2) (2) ... times = 2
(3) No solution
7. The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2,

ok
(4) Infinitely many solution
2x + y – z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = has a unique
solution if  [Ans: (3) Infinitely many solution]
(1) k ¹ 0 (2) –1 < k < 1
Hint :
(3) – 2 < k < 2 (4) k = 0[Ans: (1) k ¹ 0] é 1 2 3 1ù R 2 ®R 2 - R1 é 1 2 3 1ù
o
ê 1 -1 4 0 ú ê0 -3 1 -1ú
1 1 1 ê ú ¾R 3 ®R 3 - 2R1
¾¾¾¾¾ ®ê ú
Hint : 2 1 -1 ¹ 0 êë 2 1 7 1úû êë0 -3 1 -1úû
ab

3 2 k é 1 2 3 1ù
⇒ 1[k + 2] – 1[2k + 3] + 1 [4 – 3] ¹ 0 R 3 ®R 3 - R 3 ê0 -3 1 -1ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ®ê ú

⇒ k + 2 – 2k – 3 + 1 ¹ 0 êë0 0 0 0 úû
ur

⇒ –k + 0 ¹ 0 ⇒ k ¹ 0
13. If r(A) = r([A/B]) = number of unknowns,
8. If A is a square matrix of order n, then |adj A| = then the system is
(1) |A|n–1 (2) |A|n–2 (3) |A|n (4) None (1) consistent and has infinitely many solutions
.s

 [Ans: (1) |A|n–1]

(2) consistent
Hint : adj A = |A| A–1
(3) inconsistent

⇒ |adj A| = |A|n |A–1| = |A|n –1
(4) consistent and has unique solution.
w

9. If the system of equations x + 2y – 3x = 2,

(k +3) z = 3, (2k + 1) y + z = 2 is inconsistent  [Ans: (4) consistent and has unique solution]
then k is
14. Which of the following is not an elementary
w

(1) – 3, –
1 1
(2) – transformation?
2 2 (1) Ri « Rj (2) Ri ® 2 Ri + Rj
1
(3) 1 (4) 2 [Ans: (1) – 3, – ]
w

2 (3) Cj ® Cj + Ci (4) Ri ® Ri + Cj

æ cos x sin x ö
10. If A = ç ÷ and A (adj A) = l  [Ans: (4) Ri ® Ri + Cj]
è -sin x cos x ø
æ 1 0 ö then l is
ç ÷
è 0 1ø
(1) sin x cos x (2) 1
(3) 2 (4) none [Ans: (2) 1]

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 37

15. If r(A) = r then which of the following is 5.In a homogeneous system if r(A) = r([A|0])
correct? < the number of unknouns then the system
(1) all the minors of order n which do not has.............
vanish (1) trivial solution
(2) ‘A’ has at least one minor of order r which (2) only non – trivial solution
does not vanish and all higher order minors

m
vanish (3) no solution
(3) ‘A’ has at least one (r + 1) order minor (4) trivial solution and infinitely many non –
which vanish trivial solutions

co
(4) all (r + 1) and higher order minors should [Ans: (4) trivial solution and infinitely many
not vanish  non-trivial solutions]
 [Ans: (b) ‘A’ has at least
one minor of order r which does not vanish and 6. In the system of equations with 3 unknowns,
all higher order minors vanish] if D = 0, and one of Dx, Dy of Dz is non zero then

s.
the system is...................
II. Fill in the blanks : (1) Consistent
(2) inconsistent
1. Every homogeneous system...................

ok
(3) consistent with one parameter family of
(1) Is always consistent
solutions
(2) Has only trivial solution
(4) consistent with two parameter family of
(3) Has infinitely many solution solutions [Ans: (b) inconsistent]
(4) Need not be consistent
o
7. In the system of liner equations with 3
 [Ans: (1) Is always consistent] unknowns if r(A) = r([A|B]) = 1, the system
has...................
ab

2. If r(A) ≠ r([A|B]), then the system is............ (a) unique solution

(1) consistent and has infinitely many (b) inconsistent
solutions
(c) consistent with 2 parameter family of
(2) consistent and has a unique solution solution
ur

(3) consistent (d) consistent with one parameter family of

(4) inconsistent [Ans: (4) inconsistent] solution.
3. In the non – homogeneous system of equations  [Ans: (c) consistent with 2 parameter family of
with 3 unknowns if r(A) = r([A|B]) = 2, then
.s

solution]
the system has..............
(1) unique solution 8. If A = [2 0 1] then the rank of AAT is ..............
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 0
w

(2) one parameter family of solution

(3) two parameter family of solutions  [Ans: (1) 1]
(4) in consistent é2ù
Hint : AA = [2 0 1] êê 0 úú = [5]
w

T
 [Ans: (2) one parameter family of solution]
êë 1úû
4. Cramer’s rule is applicable only when.......... ∴(AAT) = 1
w

(1) D ¹ 0 (2) D = 0 9. If A is a non-singular matrix then |A–1|=

(3) D = 0, Dx = 0 (4) Dx = Dy = Dz = 0
1
 [Ans: (1) D ¹ 0] (1)
1
(2) 2 (3)
1
(4)
1

A2 A A A
1
 [Ans: (4) ]
A

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38
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

10. In a square matrix the minor Mij and the 3. If A is a non - singular matrix of order n, then
co-factor Aij of and element aij are related by
List - I List - II
(1) Aij = – Mij 2
i. |adj A| a) |A|(n – 1)
(2) Aij = Mij
ii. (adj A)T b) |A|n – 1
(3) Aij = (– 1)i + j Mij

m
iii. adj (adj A) c) adj (AT)
(4) Aij = (– 1)i – j Mij
iv. |adj (adj A)| d) |A|n–2.A
 [Ans: (3) Aij = (– 1)i + j mij] The Correct match is

co
III. Match the following : (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(1) a b c d
1. List - I List - II (2) c d a b
i. Trivial solution of a) |A| = 0
(3) d a b c
(4) b c d a

s.
AX = 0
 [Ans : (4) i – b ii – c iii – d iv – a]
ii. Non – trivial solution b) Non – trivial
of AX = 0 solution 4. If A is a non - singular matrix of order n, then

ok
iii. ρ(A) = ρ[(A/0)] < n c) Trivial solution List - I List - II
iv. ρ(A) = ρ([A/0]) = n d) |A| ¹ 0 i. (adj A)–1 a) (adj B) (adj A)
The Correct match is ii. (lA)–1 b) ln–1 adj (A)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) iii. adj (lA) c) adj (A–1)

o
(1) a b c d 1 -1
(2) b c d a iv. adj (AB) d) A
l
ab

(3) a d b a
(4) c d a b The Correct match is
 [Ans : (2) i – d ii – a iii – b iv – c] (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2. List - I List - II (1) c d b a
ur

i. r(A) = r([A|B]) a) Consistent with

(2) a b c d
= 3 = number of one parameter (3) b c d a
unknowns family of solution (4) c a b d
.s

ii. r(A) = r[A|B]) b) In consistent and  [Ans : (1) i – c ii – d iii – b 4 – a]

= 2 <number of has no solution 5. List - I List - II
unknowns T)–1
i. (A (a) A
w

iii. r(A) = r[A|B]) c) Unique solution

ii. A (adj A) (b) (A–1)T
= 1 <number of
unknowns iii. (AB)–1 (c) |A|. In
w

iv. r(A) ¹ r ([A|B]) d) Consistent with iv. (A–1)–1 (d) B–1 A–1
two parameter
The Correct match is
family of solution
w

The Correct match is

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (1) b c d a
(1) c d a b (2) a b c d
(2) a b d c (3) c d a b
(3) c a d b (4) b a c d
(4) c d a b  [Ans : (1) i – b ii – c iii – d iv – a]
 [Ans : (3) i – c ii – a iii – d iv – b]

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 39

IV. Choose the odd man out : 2. Which of the following elementary
transformation is not correct?
1. The rank of any 3 ´ 4 matrix is
(1) Ri ® Ri + 2Rj (2) Ci ® Ci – Cj
(1) May be 1 (2) May be 2
(3) May be 3 (4) May be 4 5
(3) Ri ® 7Ri +
R (4) Ci ® Ci – Rj
[Ans: (4) May be 4] 3 j

m


Hint [r(A) £ min (3, 4)⇒ r(A) £ 3 and it cannot [Ans: (4) Ci ® Ci – Rj]
 be 4] 3. It A is an invertible matrix, then which of the
2. If A is symmetric then following is not true.

co
(1) AT = A (2) adj A is symmetric (1) (A2)–1 = (A–1)2 (2) |A–1| = |A|–1
T –1
(3) (A ) = (A )–1 T (4) |A| ¹ 0
(3) adj (A ) = (adj A)T
T
[Ans: (1) (A2)–1 = (A–1)2]
(4) A is orthogonal
Hint :[ 1, 2, 3 are properties of symmetric matrix] é 5 10 3 ù

s.
[Ans: (4) A is orthogonal] ê ú
4. The matrix ê -2 -4 6 ú is a singular
3. If A is a non-singular matrix of odd order êë -1 -2 x úû
them matrix if the value of x is

ok
(1) Order of A is 2m + 1
(1) 3 (2) non- existent
(2) Order of A is 2m + 2
(3) All values of x (4) Any value of x
(3) |adj A| is positive (4) |A| ¹ 0
[Ans: (1) 3]
[Ans: (2) Order of A is 2m + 2]


Hint (2m + 2) is even 5. The number of solutions of the system
o
4. If A is a orthogonal matrix, then of equations 2x + y – z = 7, x – 3y + 2z = 1,
x + 3y – 3z = 5 is
(1) AAT = ATA = I (2) A is non-singular
ab

(1) 0 (2) 3
(3) |A| = 0 (4) A–1 = AT
(3) No-solution (4) Inconsistent
[Ans: (3) |A| = 0]
[Ans:(2) 3]


Hint |A| = 0 which is not true for orthogonal matrix
A matrix which is obtained from an identity 2 MARKS
ur

5.
matrix by applying only one elementary
transformation is é10 0 ù
1. For any 2 × 2 matrix, if A (adj A) = ê ú
(1) Identity matrix (2) Elementary matrix ë 0 10 û
(3) Square matrix then find |A|.
.s

(4) Equivalent to identify matrix é10 0 ù é1 0 ù

[Ans: (1) Identity matrix] Sol. Given A (adj A) = ê ú = 10 ê ú  ...(1)
ë 0 10 û ë0 1 û
V. Choose the incorrect answer :
w

We know A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| .I2 ...(2)

1. In an echelon form which of the following is
incorrect ? Comparing (1) and (2), we get |A| = 10.
(1) Every row of A which has all its entries 0
For the matrix A, if A3 = I, then find A–1.
w

occurs below every row which has a non- 2.

zero entry. Sol. Given A3 = I
(2) The first non-zero entry in each non-zero Pre multiply by A–1 we get,
row is 1
w

(3) The number of zeros before the first non- A–1.A3 = A–1. I
zero element in a row is less than the number
Þ (A–1. A) A2 = A–1[ A–1 I = A–1]
of such zeros in the next row
(4) Two row can have same number of zeros Þ I. A2 = A–1[ A–1 A = I]
before the first non-zero entry
Þ A2 = A–1[ I.A2 = A2]
[Ans: (4) Two row can have same number
 of zeros before the first non-zero entry] \ A–1 = A2

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40
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

3. If A is a square matrix such that A3 = I, then 7. Show that the equations 3x + y + 9z = 0, 3x +

prove that A is non-singular 2y + 12z = 0 and 2x + y + 7z = 0 have non-
Sol. Given A3 = I Þ |A3| = |I| trivial solutions also.
Þ |A.A.A| = 1 Sol. The matrix form of the system is
Þ |A|. |A|. |A| = 1 é 3 1 9 ù é x ù é0 ù
ê 3 2 12 ú ê y ú ê0 ú

m
Þ |A|3 = 1 ê úê ú = ê ú
\ |A| ¹ 0 êë 2 1 7 úû êë z úû êë0 úû
Hence, A is non-singular. AX = B where

co
é 3 1 9ù é xù é0 ù
4. Show that the system of equations is ê ú ê ú ê ú
inconsistent. 2x + 5y = 7, 6x + 15y = 13. A = ê 3 2 12 ú , X = ê y ú , B = ê0 ú
Sol. Augmented matrix êë 2 1 7 úû êë z úû êë0 úû

é 2 5 7 ù R 2 ®R 2 -3R1 é 2 5 7 ù 3 1 9

s.
[A|B] ê ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê ú |A| = 3 2 12 = 3
2 12
-1
3 12
+9
3 2
ë 6 15 13û ë 0 0 -8û 1 7 2 7 2 1
Here r(A) = 2 and r([A|B]) = 3 2 1 7
= 3 (14 − 12) – 1 (21 −24) + 9 (3 −4)

ok
\ r(a) ¹ r([A|B])
= 3 (2) – 1 (−3) + 9 (−1)
Hence the system is inconsistent, =6+3–9=9–9=0
Since |A| = 0, the homogeneous system of
é 3 -1 1ù
ê ú equations have non-trivial solutions also.
5. Find the rank of the matrix ê -15 6 -5 ú .
o
8. Find k if the equations x + 2y + 2z = 0,
êë 5 -2 2 úû
é 3 -1 1 ù x – 3y – 3z = 0, 2x + y + kz = 0 have only the
ê ú trivial solution.
ab

Sol. Let A = ê -15 6 -5ú

Sol. Matrix form of the given system of equations is
êë 5 -2 2 úû
é 1 2 2ù é x ù é0 ù
6 -5 -15 -5 -15 6 ê 1 -3 -3ú ê y ú ê0 ú
Now |A| = +1 +1 ê úê ú = ê ú
-2 2 5 -2
1 k úû êë z úû êë0 úû
5 2 êë 2
ur

= 3 (12 – 10) + 1 (–30 + 25) + 1 (30 – 30)

= 3(2) + 1 (–5) + 0 = 6 – 5 = 1 ¹ 0 é 1 2 2ù
ê ú
\ Rank of A is 3. AX = B where A = ê 1 -3 -3ú
é 4 5 -6 1ù
6. Find the rank of the matrix A = ê ú. êë 2 1 k úû
.s

ë7 -3 0 8û Homogeneous system of equations has trivial

é 4 5 -6 1ù
solution only if |A| ≠ 0.
Sol. A = ê 7 -3 0 8ú
ë û é 1 2 2ù
w

R ® R - 2R 1® é
4 5 -6 1ù ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾
2 2
ê -1 \ ê 1 -3 -3ú ¹ 0.
ë -3 12 6 úû
êë 2 1 k úû
1 « R 2¾
é -1 -3 12 6 ù
¾R ¾¾¾ ®ê
w

-6 1úû Expanding along R1,

ë 4 5
-12 6 ù -3 -3 1 -3 1 -3
R1 +(-1)R1 é 1 13 1 -2 +2 ¹ 0.
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ®ê
ë4 5 -6 1úû 1 k 2 k 2 1
w

2 ®R 2 - 4R1¾
é 1 13 -12 -6 ù Þ 1 (−3k + 3) – 2 (k + 6) + 2 (1 + 6) ≠ 0
¾R
¾¾¾¾¾ ®ê
ë0 -47 42 25úû Þ −3k + 3 – 2k – 12 + 14 ≠ 0
The equivalent row-echelon matrix has two non- Þ −5k + 5 ≠ 0
zero rows -5
Þ −5k ≠ −5 Þ k ≠ =1
\ ρ(A) = 2 -5
Þk≠1

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 41

9. Solve : 2x – y = 3, 5x + y = 4 using matrices. D1 48 16

Sol. The equations can be written in matrix form as \x = = =
D 9 3
æ 2 -1ö æ x ö æ3ö D2 -2
ç ÷ ç ÷ = ç ÷ Þ AX = B where y = =
è 5 1 øè y ø è4ø D 9

{ }

m
æ 2 -1ö æ xö æ 3ö 16 -2
A = ç5 1 ÷ , X = ç ÷ ,B= ç ÷ \ Solution set is ,
è ø è yø è 4ø 3 9
\X = A B–1
2.  or what value of t will the system tx + 3y – z = 1,
F

co
2 -1 x + 2y + z = 2, – tx + y + 2z = – 1 fail to have
|A| = 5 1 = 2 + 5 = 7 ¹ 0 unique solution?
1 1 é 1 1ù t 3 -1
\ A–1 = A adj A= 7 ê -5 2 ú Sol. D = 1 2 1 =t
2 1
-3
1 1
-
1 2
ë û

s.
1 2 -t 2 -t 1
1 é 1 1 ù é3ù 1 é 3 + 4ù -t 1 2
\ X = 7 ê -5 2 ú ê 4 ú = 7 ê -15 + 8ú
ë ûë û ë û
= t (4 – 1) – 3(2 + t) – 1(1 + 2t)

ok
1 é 7ù é 1 ù
= 7 ê -7 ú = ê -1ú = 3t – 6 – 3t – 1– 2t = – 7 – 2t
ë û ë û
The system will fail to have unique solution if

\ Solution set is {1, –1}
-7
10. Solve 6x – 7y = 16, 9x – 5y = 35 using D = 0 Þ – 7 – 2t = 0 Þ – 2t = 7 Þ t =
o
2
(Cramer’s rule).
6 -7
ab

Sol. D = 9 -5 = – 30 + 63 = 33 -7
\t= .
16 -7 2
D1 = 35 -5 = – 80 + 245 = 165 3. Solve: 3x + ay = 4, 2x + ay = 2, a ¹ 0 by
Cramer’s rule.
ur

6 16
D2 = 3 a
9 35 = 210 – 144 = 66 Sol. D = = 3a – 2a = a
2 a
D1 165 4 a
\x = = =5 D1 = = 4a – 2a = 2a
D
.s

33 2 a
D2 66
y = = =2
D 33 3 4

D2 = =6–8=–2

\ Solution set is { 5, 2}
w

2 2

3 MARKS D1 2a D -2
\x = = =2⇒y = 2 =
D a D a
w

1. Solve : 2x + 3y = 10, x + 6y = 4 using Cramer’s

rule. -2
\ Solution set is {2, }
2 3 a
Sol. D = = 12 – 3 = 9 ¹ 0
w

1 6
10 3
D1 = = 60 – 12 = 48
4 6
2 10
D2 = = 8 – 10 = – 2
1 4

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42
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

é2 1ù é1 0 0 ù
4. Verify (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 for A = ê and ê0 h - 2 2 úú
ë 5 3 úû Sol. Let A = ê
é4 5ù ê0 h + 2ú
B= ê ú. ê
0
ú
ë3 4û ë0 0 3 û
 he rank of A will be less than 3 if every minor
T
é 2 1ù é 4 5 ù é 8 + 3 10 + 4 ù

m
Sol. AB = ê úê ú=ê ú of order 3 vanishes
ë 5 3û ë 3 4 û ë 20 + 9 25 + 12 û
1 0 0
é11 14 ù
= ê ú \ 0 h-2 0 = 0

co
ë 29 37 û
0 0 3
é11 14 ù
| AB | = ê ú h-2 0
ë 29 37 û Þ 1 + 0 + 0 = 0 Þ 3 (h – 2) = 0
0 3
= 407 – 406 = 1 ¹ 0

s.
1 Þ h – 2 = 0 Þ h = 2.
(AB)–1 = adj(AB)
AB 6. Find the rank of the matrix math
1 é11 14 ù é 4 4 0 3ù

ok
= ê
1 ë 29 37 úû ê -2 3 -1 5 ú
ê ú
é 37 -14 ù êë 1 4 8 7 úû é 4 4 0 3ù
= ê ú ...(1) ê ú
ë -29 11 û Sol. Let A = ê -2 3 -1 5 ú
é 2 1ù êë 1 4 8 7 úû
o
|A|= ê ú = 6–5=1
ë 5 3û é 1 4 8 7ù
R1 «R 3 ê ú
ab

é4 5ù A ¾ ¾¾¾® ê -2 3 -1 5ú
|B|= ê ú = 16 – 15 = 1
ë3 4û êë 4 4 0 3úû
1 é 4 -5ù
B–1 = adj B = ê ú R 2 ® R 2 + 2R1 é 1 4 8 7ù
B ë -3 4 û R 3 ®R 3 - 4R1 ê
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 11 15 19 úú
ur

1 é 3 -1ù êë0 -12 -32 -25úû

A–1 = adj A = ê ú
A ë -5 2 û
é 4 -5ù é 3 -1ù  is in row – echelon form and it has 3 non-zero
A
\ B–1A–1 = ê
rows.
.s

ú ê -5 2 ú
ë -3 4 û ë û
\ r(A) = 3.
é12 + 25 -4 - 10 ù
é -2 -3ù
= ê
ë -9 - 20 3 + 8 úû 7. Verify that (A–1)T = (AT)–1 for A = ê ú.
w

ë 5 -6 û
é 37 -14 ù
= ê ú ...(2) é -2 -3ù
ë -29 11 û Sol. |A| = ê ú = 12 + 15 = 27
ë 5 -6 û
w

From (1) and (2), (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 1 1 é -6 3 ù

\ A–1 = adj A = ê ú
5. Under what conditions will the rank of the A 27 ë -5 2 û
w

é1 0 0ù
ê0 h - 2 1 é -6 -5ù
2 úú (A–1)T = ê ú ...(1)
matrix ê be less than 3? 27 ë 3 2 û
ê0 0 h + 2ú
ê ú é -2 5 ù
ë0 0 3û AT = ê ú
ë -3 -6 û

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 43

-2 5 é 1 1 3 4ù
|AT| = = 12 + 15 = 27 R 2 «R 3 ê
-3 -6 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -1 -5 2 úú
êë0 0 0 -1úû
1 1 é -6 -5ù
\ (AT)–1 = A T adj(AT) = ê ú Here r(A) = 2 [only 2 two-non zero rows]
27 ë 3 -2 û

m
 ...(2) And r([A|B]) = 3 [There are 3 non-zero rows]
From (1) and (2), (A–1)T = (AT)–1 \ r (A) ¹ r ([A|B])
\ The system is inconsistent.

co
8. Solve 2x – 3y = 7, 4x – 6y = 14 by Gaussian
Jordan method. 10. If the rank of the matrix
Sol. The matrix from of the system of equations is é l -1 0 ù
ê 0 l -1ú is 2, then find λ.
é 2 -3ù é x ù é 7 ù ê ú

s.
ê 4 -6 ú ê y ú = ê14 ú Þ AX = B where êë -1 0 l úû
ë ûë û ë û
é l -1 0 ù
é 2 -3ù é xù é7ù Sol. Given rank of 0
ê l -1úú is 2
A = ê , X = ê ú and B = ê ú

ok
ú ê
ë 4 -6 û ë yû ë14 û êë -1 0 l úû
Transforming augmented matrix to row-echelon
form we get Þ The value of the third order determinant is zero
l -1 0
é 2 -3 7 ù R 2 ® R 2 - 2R1 é 2 -3 7 ù
o
[A|B] = ê ú ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê 0 0 0 ú Þ 0 l -1 = 0
ë 4 -6 14 û ë û
Here r(A) = 1, r[A|B] = 1 -1 0 l
ab

\ r(A) = r[A|B] = 1< the number of unknowns, l -1 0 -1

Þλ +1 + 0= 0
the system is consistent and has one parameter 0 l -1 l
family of solutions Þ λ (λ2 − 0) + 1 (0 − 1) = 0
\ Put y = t, where t ΠR
Þ λ3 – 1 = 0 Þλ3 = 1 Þ λ = 1
ur

Writing the row-echelon form to equations we

get \λ = 1
2x – 3y = 7
\ 2x – 3t = 7 5 MARKS
.s

Þ 2x = 7 + 3t
1 1. Using determinants, find the quadratic
Þ x = (7 + 3t) defined by f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, if f(1) = 0,
2
w

f(2) = −2 and f(3) = −6.

1
\ Solution set is { ( 7 + 3t), t} where t ΠR. Sol. Given f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
2
f(1) = 0
w

9. Solve: x + y + 3z = 4, 2x + 2y + 6z = 7, Þ a (1)2 + b(1) + c = 0

2x + y + z = 10. Þ a + b + c = 0 ...(1)
é1 1 3 4ù f(2) = −2
w

ê ú
Sol. Augmented matrix [A|B] = ê 2 2 6 7ú 2
Þ a(2 ) + b(2) + c = −2
êë 2 1 1 10 úû Þ 4a + 2b + c = −2 ...(2)
R 2 ® R 2 - 2R1 é 1 1 3 4 ù f(3) = −6
R 3 ®R 3 - 2R1 ê
[A | B] ¾¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 0 0 -1úú 2
Þ a(3 ) + b(3) + c = −6
êë0 -1 -5 2 úû Þ 9a + 3b + c = −6 ...(3)

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44
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

1 1 1 = 2 (120 – 45) – 3 (−80 – 30) + 10 (36 +36)

2 1 4 1 4 2 = 150 + 330 + 720 = 1200
D= 4 2 1 = 1 -1 +1
3 1 9 1 9 3 4 3 10
9 3 1
= 1 (2 −3) – 1 (4 – 9) + 1 (12 −18) D1 = 1 -6 5
= − 1 + 5 – 6 = −2 ≠ 0 2 9 -20

m
0 1 1 -6 5 1 5 1 -6
-2 1 -2 2 =4 -3 + 10
D1 = -2 2 1 = 0 –1 +1 9 -20 2 -20 2 9
-6 1 -6 3
-6 3 1

co
= 4 (120 – 45) – 3 (−20 – 10) + 10 (9 +12)
= −1 (−2 + 6) + 1(−6 + 12) = − 1 (4) + 1 (6) = 2 = 300 + 90 + 120 = 600
1 0 1 2 4 10
-2 1 4 -2
D2= 4 -2 1 = 1
+ 0 +1 D2 = 4 1 5 =2 1 5
-4
4 5
+ 10
4 1
-6 1 9 -6

s.
9 -6 1 2 -20 6 -20 6 2
6 2 -20
−1 (−2 + 6) + 1(−24 + 18) = 4 − 6 = −2 = 2 (−2 – 10) – 4 (−80 – 30) + 10 (8 − 6)
1 1 0 = −60 + 440 + 20 = 400

ok
2 -2 4 -2
D3 = 4 2 -2 = 1 -1 2 3 4
3 -6 9 -6 -6 1 4 -6
9 3 -6 D3 = 4 -6 1 = 2 -3
4 1
+4
= 1 (–12 + 6) –1 (–24 + 18) = −6 + 6 = 0 6 9 2
9 2 6 2 6 9
\ By Cramer’s rule,
o
= 2 (−12 – 9) – 3 (8 – 6) + 4 (36 + 36)
D1 2
a = = -2 = –1 = − 42 − 6 + 288 = 240
ab

D D 600 1 1 1
\a= 1 = = Þ = Þx=2
D2 -2 D 1200 2 x 2
b = = -2 = 1 D
D 400 1 1 1
\b= 2 = = Þ = Þy=3
D 1200 3 y 3
ur

D3 0
c = = =0 D3 240 1 1 1
D -2 \c= = = Þ = Þz=5
D 1200 5 z 5
\ f(x) = (−1) x2 + 1x + 0
\ Solution set is {2, 3, 5}
.s

Þ f(x) = x2 + x
3. The sum of three numbers is 20. If we
2. Solve: multiply the third number by 2 and add the
first number to the result we get 23. By adding
w

2 3 10
+ +
4 6 5 6 9 20
= 4, - + =1, + - = 2 second and third numbers to 3 times the first
x y z x y z x y z number we get 46. Find the numbers using
1 1 1 Cramer's rule.
Sol. Put = a, = b, =c Sol. Let the required numbers be x, y and z
w

x y z
\ 2a + 3b + 10c = 4 ...(1) By the given data,
4a – 6b + 5c = 1  ...(2) x + y + z = 20 ...(1)
6a + 9b – 20c = 2 ...(3) 2z + x = 23 Þ x + 2z = 23 ...(2)
w

2 3 10 y + z + 3x = 46 Þ 3x + y + z = 46 ...(3)
D = 4 -6 5 1 1 1
0 2 1 2 1 0
6 9 -20
D= 1 0 2 =1 -1 +1
 0 1 1 1 3 1
-6 5 4 5 4 -6 3 1 1
=2 -3 + 10 = −2 + 5 + 1 = 4
9 -20 6 -20 6 9

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Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants 45

20 1 1 Þ (λ – 1) (λ – 2) = 0Þ λ = 1 or λ = 2
D1 = 23 0 2 = 20
0 2
-1
23 2
+1
23 0 \ The given system is consistent when the
1 1 46 1 46 1 values of λ are 1 and 2.
46 1 1
= −40 + 69 + 23 = 52 5. Show that the equations −2x + y + z = a,
x − 2y + z = b, x + y −2z = c are consistent only

m
1 20 1
D2 = 1 23 2 if a + b + c = 0.
3 46 1 é -2 1 1 a ù
ê ú
Sol. Augmented matrix [A|B] is ê 1 -2 1 b ú

co
23 2 1 2 1 23
= 1 - 20 +1 ê 1 1 -2 c ú
46 1 3 1 3 46 ë û
= −69 + 100 – 23 = 8 é 1 -2 1 bù
R « R ê ú
1 1 20 [A|B] ¾ ¾¾¾¾ 1 2 ® ê -2 1 1 aú

s.
D3 = 1 0 23 êë 1 1 -2 c úû
3 1 46 R 2 ®R 2 + 2R1
é 1 -2 1 bù
R 3 ®R 3 - R1 ê ú
0 23 1 23 1 0 ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 -3 3 a + 2b ú

ok
= 1 -1 + 20
1 46 3 46 3 1 êë0 3 -3 c - b úû
= −23 + 23 + 20 = 20 é 1 -2 1 bù
R 3 ®R 3 +R 2 ê ú
D 52 ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 -3 3 c + 2b ú
\x = 1= = 13
êë0 0 0 a + b + c úû
o
D 4
D 8 D3 20 Here ρ(A) = 2
y = 2 = = 2 and z = = = 5.
D D
ab

4 4 The given system is consistent only when

Hence the required numbers are 13, 2 and 5. ρ([A|B]) = 2 ρ([A|B]) = 2 only if a + b + c = 0
4. For what value of λ, the system of equations Hence proved.
x + y + z =1, x + 2y + 4z = λ, x + 4y + 10z = λ2 6. Using Gaussian Jordan method, find the
is consistent values of λ and μ so that the system of
ur

é1 1 1 1ù equations 2x – 3y + 5z = 12, 3x + y + λz = μ,
ê ú x – 7y + 8z = 17 has (i) unique solution
1 2 4 lú
Sol. Augmented matrix = [A|B]= ê (ii) infinite solutions and (iii) no solution.
ê1 4 10 2 ú
l û
.s

ë é 2 -3 5 12 ù
R 2 ®R 2 - R1 é
1ù
ê ú
1 1 1 Sol. The augmented matrix [A/B] is ê 3 1 l mú
® - ê ú
[A|B]= ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾® ê0 1 3 l - 1ú
R 3 R 3 R1
ê 1 -7 8 17 úû
é 1 -7 8 17 ù ë
w

ê0 3 9 2 ú
ë l - 1û R1 «R 3 ê ú
é1 1 1
¾ ¾¾¾ ® ê3 1 l mú
1ù
R 3 ®R 3 -3R 2 ê ú êë 2 -3 5 12 úû
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 3 l - 1ú
w

ê0 0 0 2 ú R 2 ®R 2 -3R1
ë l - 1 - 3l + 3û é 1 -7 8 17 ù
é1 1 1 R 3 ®R 3 - 2R1 ê ú
1ù ¾ ¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 22 l - 51 m - 51ú
ê ú
® ê0 1 3 l - 1ú êë0 11 -11 -22 úû
w

ê0 0 0 2 ú R 2 ®R 2 - 2R 3
ë l - 3l + 2 û é 1 -7 8 17 ù
Here ρ(A) = 2 R 3 ®R 3 ÷11 ê ú
¾ ¾¾¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 0 l - 2 m - 7ú
The given system of equations is consistent only êë0 1 -1 -2 úû
when ρ([A|B]) = 2 é 1 -7 8 17 ù
R 2 «R 3 ê ú
ρ([A|B]) = 2 only when λ2 – 3λ + 2 = 0 ¾ ¾¾¾¾ ® ê0 1 -1 -2 ú
êë0 0 l - 2 m - 7 úû

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46
Sura’s ➠ XII Std - Mathematics Unit 1 ➠ Application of Matrices and Determinants

Case (i) when λ ≠ 2, \ ρ(A) = ρ([A|B]) = 2 < number of unknowns

ρ([A|B]) = 3 and ρ(A) = 3 Thus the system is consistent with infinitely
\ ρ([A|B]) = ρ(A) = 3 = the number of unknowns many solutions.
\ The system has unique solution Case (iii) When λ = 2 and μ ≠ 7

m
Case (ii) When λ = 2, μ = 7, ρ(A) = 2 and ρ([A|B]) = 3
\ ρ(A) ≠ ρ([A|B])
é1 -7 8 17 ù
ê ú Thus, the given system of equations is
ê0 1 -1 -2 ú

co
[A|B] = inconsistent.
ê0 0 0 0 ú
ë û
Here ρ(A) = 2 and ρ([A|B]) = 2

s.


o ok
ab
ur
.s
w
w
w

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