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42 views27 pagesMachine Learning Notes
The document provides a comprehensive guide on selecting the right machine learning algorithms based on the problem type, data preparation, and performance metrics. It covers various algorithms such as regression, classification, and clustering, along with techniques for feature selection and model evaluation. Additionally, it discusses applications of machine learning in areas like image recognition, speech recognition, and self-driving cars.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views27 pagesMachine Learning Notes
The document provides a comprehensive guide on selecting the right machine learning algorithms based on the problem type, data preparation, and performance metrics. It covers various algorithms such as regression, classification, and clustering, along with techniques for feature selection and model evaluation. Additionally, it discusses applications of machine learning in areas like image recognition, speech recognition, and self-driving cars.
Uploaded by
NilayCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 27
@ aj Attemp! any Pour rom Pllowirg.
A+ How fo choose the right rt algorithm,
Ans 4c Understand the problem -
— First understind your -problem , what
you ove solving.
Is itOclossification C predicting categorie)
@ Regression C Predicting valued)
© clayering C grouping data) ar somettiry else.
— Tt will yehelp you fe narrow down the possible algo.
2» Prepare and Procets dalit
7 Ensure thar your dita is chun & ibis in vight terms!
— This include + handling missing values,
Nomalziny 3 Sati
Splittiry dakoset into training & teuting 8s
~ Tdentify which features are \mportant for the algorithm.
3. Expote and Analyze the Datae
— Perform Epp (Exploratory data ancelysis’) Using Visudleation
fe Ghelgticas Summories tO Understond putterns ,Coreation
and distribation jn dea.
- this can veveld the ingight which can help you 4
choase right olgorithms.Ceg. linea vs. Nen-Hnecr)
4+ Choose Patormance metrics:
— Pevide show you toll) evaluate the modes,
Pray 23 vas pee 23
Hpe of problem
for Reyretslon
line pr Omperisioh aS GJ Try mustiple gorithms-
— Test different models includ ing®
* Decision frees For clays Pication Aires ressiory
dom forats An ensemble of deni :
"ea R acurceey. eusion tree 40 impove
© keNeaveit Neighbors (kN)? A Simple argorithy thak cleysity
besed on pheximity 40 cHenad Pep
° Support Vector Machine? For complex clussrficeon -esdko |
* Neural W/o / Peep leamiryt For loge deloyet or Complex sejhy
J] Tune Hyperporameter ¢ 4
— Use methods like i fee nn eRonaen Serch fo Ane dune
okorithm purametas for “Tnodel mene ful
overfitieg. PerPrmone without
8) Cross valida on’
Apply teehniquay fike K-fol cress validation 40 tat the
model general \retH'on .
— I+ will help you 10 veduce the rich of ovat,
G\ Compare *lodés® the
ae Cries the peoforarunce— of ol +eted model.
(ee a send choose the beHer One.
ne J Consider Model complenity
plexity caith Performance.
enyy to Uddertkind and interpret,
Provide a beblen accurdy,
fe | he} batHoney 1 |
bound edsinn ono)
iy 20 a . |
42. ol4- ahem a. Explain Regression line , Scatter plob Erroy in predictioo and
© gost Bitiry Vine- i
ANS) Regression lines Tt is a Slodbical concepk which (red!
Oe germs, PManship ber” 4:00 or reve variable
A reresion line \s a straight line thet shows heno
+wo aking are velcted. See
- Tt helps to predict one thing boxed on another.
— for-evample, (eMS say yourwont fo knoto how Mech yous
might sme OP a tes bayed 6h how Many hours yote
studied You have bunch of data points Chourssudied &
test scoré) and When you pht them on graph , the weRVeK)
line Shows +he general txend af the relatonship.
LTE line ques UP jit means the Move your ote
300 297 368 4S < @ Evvor in PredicHons
=x} refers to difference betP Actual value & Predict vowlue.
in a medd. F
Ih the context of Machine learning ang Stoatics 6 imporkant
a ,
+o meosure & mininme this erroy ;
diction. ImProve the exceurauy
— Typer of Predicton Erres:
). Residual /Evvor Term: In the : retsion mode} , the residues)
is the ditterence bekween Actuett value
Formula® ervor= ¥- (Yu Predicted velue rt,
= Smaller Exror , the beter the male) fils the dat.
2. Mean Absolute Error: This Is the aversye of the
differen behueen Actucy & Pralided vehe
Fore Meee S eet
~ It gives overcet mesiure of fredidion accurey,
3. Mean squared Errore this js the averoye of the Squared
dfterene bekeeen Ackuuld Prelicded
Formula ¢ x values.
MELE Cropp
—Tt fs useful when big ersors one pantiqnory bead .
4. Root wenn served Evsat?
6 Bign& varlanle:
the oy in Predidions is key 4 builting
bo known o8 a trend line or linear
pralgst Tine thet Is ued 40 approvimesk
een too variables in a ser cog dear
job analysis +0 Shoco the relationshi
pe > 40 Mine the evvor oF
polar ond the fradicte{ value
to line \F meury betterfi
Unrcarehy Predicts Me ne Helps deater polit.
aor croeost aie vebasionshie
pHing, fine
ard, direction’.
— he besh Thon:
mek: ree she oo
"B. pain the concep} ap. #ikne Secon and apalyon.
Gren ie, ty et pam ae
TE y “eotfh CET OO eG vesshony , Cle ferirg.
att NG en i letting He mest ~relenans feature
~ Fetkne Selector and erpettion cre both techni,
> reduce te dlumber of feakirey portal at eee
dates 40 improve model rerforman(e v4
\. Feature SelecHon?
“at the process of sélethry a subse of the nny)
relevant perkwes from the Srigines dakegop how
in, model. snes tem be
— Tt hops jryerove mode cecur reduce Mr
and fey training. by rnc,
~ tony keeps mart important fethng which hewe
Strang rélatonship with forge variable,
— tt disturds irrehant and wenk Poutuvey,
— the Ovigined feature) are not modified “rgleud Some
Ore Gdlecred and others ore ‘ignored.
ATypa of Peotue setectton:
© filler_Method srt selecting features beyed on stastic!
aa 3 Properly suth of. thelr corelaton
with texget variable.
nes with high ranking orre selea-e.
seleats feafirer by training models
on different subseds and Snee thier
Performance.
EX Recumive Etimin feature Eliminahion.
= It select fesuure when model is
in trainirg Process.
cis}Or ree.
house (ices,
Of bedrooms &SRe YF the hacxe
le ixrelovant festhnay ihe
vbw 2. Feature Oa IPs
=I jpvoyver transforming the originay p -
of penisich I, \ sxe? Sak 7g into a new Set
malt ps aiprrocets oP! spoans forming the orig
1 adh ay t by ginaap
a. ne’ set op , wey (thal ore more carina
29) Aspe RROD “2 ro.
2 ensential information trom He
~ the! goa! Aw capire|
origina! rel. and represent tr in Jowerr-dimensiona/
v RoFeatore> eahadign techhiyuel’
Q Princi pesh=;fomponent, Anatysiss Redule dimensionwity by
; he gruclel, crewties new feaknes.
© Lineor Pisa miaanh Pode + Reduce dimensions ae
oF ok ary Hele ny
: Re ea elesces {in the date.
OESNE $A Darn Feth is used fo reduce dimensions
di Seer ;
wor? eho 2 high dimensional, cake ” 2D av3aD
Ge Explain Kemeurs algorithm: a
— tH 1s an upsuperviiel Rornirg: BKo.
= Tt is wed © groups tbe -unlobdlled daleset into Cluiteis.
= The goal: ‘Patton the date into K-cleyter where ettth peli]
balongs~ te the clyfer with the mearelt metth Ceenhotd)-
%*% How K-tmeuns voorkse PAR
weno data sek of items, with certain Pecures,
Boye peckive. [0 | ee
norize these 1eMS into JrOUPS. ~
ye uge K-mean gon tha, on unsugervived
‘on teahniquel’.
the algoritam vepresents rember of
4 to closs(hy our items into.
K poids. cobied Clyjter .
fo chret mean and ve uplure the
one Ane overayes oof the items
50 fer,
Giveh NOP Yerafory and ot the
eae compress (an, Ahor|y detec sp evar the concept OF logistic Yeyression,
— This a shatico! method vied for bincny clesciticuHap fPreblem
— Goa) ts 40 predict One BP +WO Possible surcomey Ces. aie
trup / folge). z,
— Logistic Reyaession Used Rr clots iconon Fetes) Ipoh eynestiol
How Logishe Regression Workss :
le Linear comblnaton of lnpotcs
= like linear vegresslon, logistic Tegresion stark by computing a linear
Combincution OP the inpur Peatires.
zebot by mit boXat... thy Xp
*X\X2.eAn are inpur features,
sboibr...bn ave the model una meters (coefficients)
"21s the linear combinah’on oP He Input features,
2+ Apply the sigmoid fandion*
—To convert the linear combination 2 into a Probability,
logistic veqression appli the sigmoid -Punction.
= = soles
PCED ee
2 PCY EI) gives the probes ity C Yyey"or positive” )
© The yelult 1c okwoys 18 & I.
2. Make PredicHon®
} is _qreter than 0.5 ,the model predict om
in 0.5 >the mode) predicts leis 0 Cneystive) .
e matholnatigl Pont wed to map the
Probubl liHey.
Pe) =
et
Bee ere values dose 12 0 mey
Values crete eo) meary high probshi liy
dypes —
sy Explain iutivaviate Linger Reyvessio
= Sh ) Vode).
> = is an eersion of Tagen oth . ultiple
independent variable 40 Predict oi single Bee se maltip
= This capproach heles capture more complex veletionshj
by considering meutiple factors thett inbluene the ae dake
ee Sant ‘% “Th simple linewr ‘
Bpaton? 9 y= + Pract & alice dep wor
Sigle ind voo 36. a
Ye depedent voriable
p= intercept
Biz codficient for 22.
€= Grrr term
Th MulHvoriale UR »We expand this to include maltiple inkeperdend-
values. = Bot ae
yy = Bot Pyoe, +220 + ... +Paaagn + €
ae \ndependent. Veeriesbles
SwWytkpye 2 Vc cecttident for Seder
+ Gather Data? aes
Colleat information on the fadiors you. think ove imporkant pr
Predidiny your outcome Clike houle Pride , cren, bedrooms, etc)
eTvain the Models
Feed this data fo mode? ,ofd if will figure out the bat weight
or eoth fudtor to yet-close 40 the athuct Prices.
* Woe Predictions:
Once faired, you can npr New date Corea, bed, et)
and model will calceHored Predicted Price. oe
— Ext Predicting house price bojed on:
- Sd.
i bedrooms
we
predi ion
amore accwate
together it forovide
ple rely on just one fetter,
ox $94-Ft) 429000x( Bed yond) -500%(Age)
eam bose Price,
Ft eddy fpo'to the (Ce
bel —-f20900
of eye dementes the Price by $500
a's «
00 ) + 0.0000 3)-C $00 Kio) SS OE RRR Te een ey creme gee
9- Rendom Forest Alyorithm. may 28
Drthls poworfial free lemring technique in yeekine Leanning
“Works by cresting a number of devision tree during the
Feaining phove.
* This an ensemble learning method ,
Yexrvesion joyk, Z ea elas akon, ©
s ; Training Data]
ae; stance
decision
ees
Algorithms :
}> Th the Yandom forey+ moder, A subsot of Detespoints ond subset ef
Pecrkirg is selbtted.
5 Tndividual decision freey are constructed far cxsah sample
an outpost.
mrojority volry Ard Avevcsyiry
Y& Disabvantezer
= Complexity ;
1 ~ Leas interprededdl tity
jute, Applications
- Eroil Spam deteltion
~ (oye, & doe clues fication
~ Pediding stock market velugy
3 re StlecHor aon Dover
Process*
© Pata samplry (Beoksbapirng)=-the 90 solocts difterent samples
from the. Ort ginap clase Sate, al foulty
repeuts |
— this means Cash sample (ied
bootstrap Sample) fs slighty dfte
might hewe some of the Same dole
poms multiple Amel,
@ Tree Buildiry:. foreach oP these campla, the G0 buildy dedston
free:
~ Gath Aree learn something different » bete to
Prevent over fitting.
B Voting & Averoying?
for clsstficoNont Each trees makes Praticich nd the\ote!
from most trees decide the Final less (obel.
— example: \P most Pree Say “Spam tren fhe
Orrail $3 chsstied os Spom.
For wegressions. Each tee givera pumerice) prediction ond the Pinu
= ae
result js the avereye of all he free Predictions,
Random rest bukb frany dwase bees ah random puts of
the data and thea combines tery prokichors for a mere
vest. 3. Corcept of Bayging £ Rosstry,
> * Boggirg
7 Boggiry builds many versioy of same med Clike deyion
Nee) odiry yandom pur of the origind desta, then tt
Combines” +hewr predictions get aleetter overall ansver.
ee / a ;
a sec Sia toy oP combining predictors thot a
Aim: Qocseye vortiance in dete, not a bles.
Each mode receives equse) weight.
— Each model is built indeped ly
g Boyging Avizy tO Solve overptiry Problem.
— Bose learner typel: Ho megenouy
— Rae earner troininy? Parwliel.
— kxample: Random Forest Model.
— Working ,
\. Tetke rondom samples from origina desteyet, adlowivg
‘Ye S
2-Troin a model an ectoh Separvedely.
3. Combine Predidory,
leg
, oe
© Os wiiferay Aches
ee
meld on different vandom Sample
conbininy fo get Finuy answer
4ea\ned in
odels
Root Srraphiny,
Agaregat
ee
37
Regis n F
3 Boosting : ;
B 7 Boosting fase on improvny accuracy by troinirg new mot
2 fo wrfest the esrers of Previoy ones. hiPhevent
js om ae ee combining predictors thot belong fe
pe.
g ~ I beestrg models ore weighted atcordivg te thelr Poretsat
zs > New model rears from Previous / \ej+ mode).
z Tero}ivaly _ beatin models Jor correstiy the enters op
=) the _ Previoed models.
5 Rooshirg bie3 fo reduce bjcsy
7 AP the classition is stable L high ther apply boast]
3 Bote lenrner typay homogenous .
z —Beye lesmner breinig © heguembicad, exe PdaBoost -
5S § working
£y Stork by priinay model on the detky,
See ® |ook at yhete it made mijteke, cnd focoy more oh Hough
v= examples in the net ynodel. i
So @D Repose the process, euth Hme pee Ni csttenHan
= cfrom she Previott Yound.
Then combine xredicHan:
trained at one
a
ML :
ay
© 9 Deseribe Multicles cleysfleston. © moy
S-Type of mashine leaving where ;
dala pein into anealian wag ne tee clessty
"Unlike Beary, ,clusification Clvhere there ave oe
Clossey ike “yes” or “Yo mudticls Cless diction eal;
woth mabkple closes. ex. cleasthy $ypey oP Pruiits like Apple,
bonana, k orange) OF typey of anlmak Like cub,dog For example. let's Say OU. haweq bunch of picture nd each
Pidures shows either cat, 409 or a yobbit.
syralfidess clegsificaton is When 2 gemputer Program
tearny fo look at new pichne, und denide WPIE showy a cost,
dog oF a ralpit “i
= Working :
Xo nay compestey how fo Charty picture) i-you qpotatd sheso|
Feb of amis.
Tom many lobélled picives , some labded cat
Je You: gue Fe P79
Some labeled dog and some fbeled voshbit
9. The compater learns putterns for eh claps. For cx, that
cat have painty E05, dogs have longer Snowts ge vobbits huer
longer CONS.
con procs look e+ & nero gidhive and
3. Once Aratned, the computer
decide i€ it shoud Cots, a. dog ov a yobbir.
mm can lean 1 clussity emails 2
Ore ly? or spar”
mily? or spam
Bi GB program mah
lant identfiastion onduritlen Diath: Reegatin, >
OS Fxplei ae concept of Expectation torgmeodfon Agoritht.
SEM algo ts a method where 7 *
Jo ure chon eum MCA tate
~ Th is on iterative ppr0aths which ; oe -
repessted skps. meary jt happens in
- Lets understund with oh example:
*Tmagine you have ane boy ith mined chodlotes & core
and fou ore tying Figure out hovo many chocoketey 2 hows
many Caramels ove rived in the bey.
= You cant tell witvar (coking 14 :
+ Howemer you Kmw ath candy has different weight dependiy
on uherthy HS a Chocslute or caramel}.
~ the EM algorithm hod fwo main steps 40 solve this Kind oP
Problem?
QO) Skpevotion steps :E-step) :
= Th ths Aust slep ve eas xf eth candy in the boy Wa
Chocolate ar 9 Caramel hoted on iis weight.
— For ex, if a candy js heavier ) 8 roan et !
iB iis lighter we might guess VE
QProvimpstin step 1-SiP) adevefunding of Fe
= Now swe We the guess f° ime Lemrenel)
avoraye wal ght of eath HIPS - ,
qe bet Hae eae! ques
5 ib fo see tr! a
cheating eae ety) a boyed on is weights.
EPS pe We +
= gepoutiry eI SIPS oy —quaning He imerevirg Uh
re or the unk e fach Hype SE CAME
Hy chocolate card Applicatong:
S peluslexan & mixture models.
Je process)
i Spode recs nilseny
Senta
> Medica Tmepirg .
Advantyese
> Works well with Incomplete dette,
~ Usefd Por complex duteyet,
> Widely applicatle where there ove complex deta pattem,
Disodvonteyed ;
— Bensive fo ini )esHon
Show convergence.
step1 Tnhetre
strep 22 £-steP
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‘ . i
i Ys y- presided outcome Clee ores stay
— Laue Y= mache en (rr Cenp g
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5 c= inteweept-
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e Ppphi cotton
= pedhicting erg
- crater Poeely
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» Padua
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— Requires lees data
* vl.
= only wars with [ine
—sensifrve Fo oudtrers Re Sta Discriminant Preolysts fo Reditic
yy Dimers
— Also eee s oy poise! Discrimineunt Prot oe frank
esi matty veduttion Jochnique talael Th suposed
~ is is 0
eager
a om onver a Supers
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= Pim fo on a a Vines combinewon cop Sexthure. thal optimally
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hove mubHple Peutwe. U8) only onea-feuter to
me wet
|
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lossy them qelult in SO
So ve will beer on incressiry op. esha) for
propar cPusticeh on.
6
overtop’)
—worki with example:
step by - rep cronies OOH Fouls with LDA
J Understand the potas
Suppor ee hve ce ltkesets of pruits with Flloei Peaster,
2 lor Crmesneed ga numericoy Telue like J for red, per yell
+ cre C meyured 10 cenkmelen)
. vlght C mesred in girs).
Hired of fe
lor 5, se zScm, vest +1909) ——J
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bedi
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WNuot LDA competey:
* Woithin-closs scatter: eoyurey jy A
. bath
© Betwaon- clexs gratters Cath frat yen? a rus a
* Mesures, bots dierent the mearg of the
el type ere from the ounal\ menn cf
ex TPaapples are closety peeked fo-ether
oreungey £ ‘baraney a vithin oa ae Creare
but high bekweeh chs).
4, findivy pasting.
La idenfifizy the oftimal line that sepratey the fri type
This can be visualeed e3 Pindiry a line thar bat spuaty the
apples oronqes Kboonangy on aqaph.
5. cheese imp Peaturel:
by mojedting the data onto the betttine LP reduey the
complexity Sf the dofuset , :
+ instead OP anetybirg si Cree: eae a
IF ogi Or, 0 djmenslory Capture
erate Brrdeion dor Atel ois M
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Ddwantey
ane Pr clots Hot
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Disdy
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CLES UM ‘on,
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OO Se =
~> Clustering: Tk is woy to groups similar jf abhor
Ge iP you hove bunched fruits, yous ml We P
applet “ogether, oranges oe wt wi
| Dascans Density hosel Spatial cleiteriny of Application with abe,
= Thisca popular cluttering algorithm wed in machine Jeurbing and mining
= This a methad vial to Find clyfery in set op dade polity that are
Close together into Chater which Points thot ome in jow-denvity
ove ci noise or outliers,
' R Rewuived Paramohers ¢
[ Je Epsilon(€) + The mesamnum distance bet” too points.
2 ne This is He _mininum no. of points requir yo fovin chater.
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& neighborhood.
4 Border point: B pint tak Is nota core paint buis in the €-néighborhed
a core point. ;
) B.Noinpoint: A point thet is nether a Core point Ney o border point. thee
poists ore considered of outliers.
}
Bower point Kinth = 4
eps =)
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,. ~~ Noise
nt- Start with an arbitoy pint in dateyet
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ink is a Core point, Cveatte a new chyter and jnckdd
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exidh point \a fhecluter, repeat the recess :
ia ancl expand he clster accordingly,
Par all @oints in the detleyet thot have Nor
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= paphcatfon
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3 i Accaraay? Ibis the Proporton oP coveety Predicted rene?
wi the tole Predictors made by model,
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