v v Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings 1. Matter in our surroundings Matter Matter is anything that has mass and volume. oR Matter is anything that has mass, occupies space and can be felt by our one or more sense organs is called matter. Ex. Air, food, stone, cloud, stars, plants, animals, water, sand particles etc. Classification of Matter Early Indian philosophers classified matter into five basic elements, called the PanehTa jese are air, water, earth, sky and fire. According to them everything living or non-living, up of these five basic elements. Now days, matter is classified into groups according to their physical pr ind chemical nature. Based on particle arrangement or physical propertis Based on chemical nature: - Elements, Compounds and Physical Nature of Matter If we study, the physical composition of matter, {i) Every matter is made up of certain particles 6 matter. (ii) The particles of matter are very small or tiny. Characteristics of Particles of Matter ‘Some important characteristics of pa) Solid, Liquid/ndiGas shape, size and nature from other type of (i) Particles of matter have spa (ii) Particles of matter are j energy called thi increases an (iii) The par er haVe a tendency to diffuse, i.e. to intermix on their own with each other. They intofKe spaces between the particles. The intermixing of particles of two different known this for: Diffusion Diffusion is the process in which molecules of a substance move from higher concentration to lower concentration and goes on until a uniform mixture is formed. rermolecular force of attraction. This force keeps the particles together. The strength of of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another. Mo. 9898029608Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings Osmosis Osmosis is the process in which the solvent molecules move from the lower concentration to higher concentration through a semi permeable membrane. Give reasons for the following observati Que. The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell of cold food, you have to go close. Ans. Particles of matter are continuously moving. They possess kinetic energy. As the temperattke,rises, the rate of diffusion increase and the particles of the aroma of hot food mix wit! 5 of air and reach to us several metres away, but to get an aroma or smell of cold f96d we hayé to go close because the particles that carry smell of cold food diffuses slower as, '0 particles that carry smell of hot sizzling food. States of Matter Matter around us exists in three different states which are solid, I arise due to the variation in the characteristics of the a The Solid State Solid is defined as that form of matter which posse: shape and a definite volume. Some important properties of solid state art (i) Solids have definite shape, di: compressibility. Solids have a tendency to mi ir shape when subjected to outside force. A rubber band, changes shape under fgfcelind'eains the same shape when the force is removed. If excessive force is applied ait breaRs{ Sugar and salt also take the shape of the container in which they are placed but Pe c ‘ed a8 solids. This is because the shape of each individual sugar or salt crystal remait lo notiiiffuse or diffuse at a very slow rate. inder force, but it is difficult to change their shape, so they are rigid. lids have higher densities as compared to their liquid or gaseous forms. (iii) Solids ei (iv) bi fe is compressible, but considered as a solid. This is because a sponge has minute holes, which air is trapped. When it is pressed, the air is expelled out and we are able to compress it. The Liquid State Liquid is defined as that form of matter, which possesses a fixed volume, but has no fixed shape. Mo. 9898029608Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings ‘Some important properties of liquid state are as follows: (i) Liquids do not have a definite shape, i.e. they take up the shape of the container in which they are kept. (ii) Liquids flow and change shape, so they are not rigid, but can be called fluid. (iii) Liquids are almost incompressible. (iv) Solids, liquids and gases can diffuse into liquids. The gases from the atmosphere diffuse and dissolve in water. These gases, especially oxygen and carbon dioxide, are essential for the survival of aquatic animals and plants. The aquatic animals can breathe under water due to the presence oPissolved oxygen in water. (v) The attraction force between the particles of liquid is greater than that of gaes, bift les#'than that of solids. (vi) The rate of diffusion of liquids is higher than that of solids. This is due t0\the factthat in the liquid state, particles move freely and have greater space between each -ompared to particles in the solid state. (vii) Density of a liquid is generally less than that of its solid form.’ ‘eptions are also there, e.g. solid ice is lighter than water as it floats on water/ it OF solid form of water (ice) is less as compared to that of the liquid form of wat Ex, Water, milk, juice, oil, kerosene, petrol, alcohdl, . “are the examples of the substance which exists in the liquid state. The Gases can be defined as that form of mat definite shape nor definite volume, (ii) (iv) jaseous State hich possesses high compressibility and hence, has neither Gases have ten s liquids do. Therefore, they are also considered as fluids. Gases show the,prot f diffusing very fast into other gases due to high speed of particles and them, diffusion tendency of gases, the smell of hot cooked food reaches us in seconds. cooking or the oxygen supplied to hospitals in cylinders is compressed gas. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is used as a fuel these days in vehicles. Due to its higher compressibility, large volumes of a gas can be compressed into a small cylinder and transported easily. Al living creatures need to breathe for sur |. So, solids, liquids and gases can diffuse into liquids. Mo. 9898029608Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings (v) (vi) In gaseous state, the particles move about randomly at high speed, Due to this random movement, gases exert pressure on the walls of the container, in which they are kept. Ex. Air is a mixture of gases like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, inert gases, etc. Other examples of gases are hydrogen, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, etc. ‘The density of gases is minimum. A gas is much lighter than the same volume of a solid or a liquid, Que. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density (Density = Mass/Volume). Arrange the following in the order of increasing density. Air, exhaust from chimneys, honey, water, chalk, cotton and iron. ‘The increasing order of density is: Air < exhaust from chimneys < cotton < water ) Though, ice is solid, but it has a cage-like structul /hich some spaces are present between the particles of water (these spaces ‘These spaces are trapped by the’ spaces present between the partic Hence, the density of ice is | float on water. Thus, i . Thus, the volume of ice is greater than that of water. of water. A substance with lower density than water can er. Interconversion Wertible. The phenomenon of change of matter from one state to another tate by altering the conditions of temperature and pressure is called of matter. Following two factors (or any one of these) make it possible to convert (2) Change in pressure fine Following terms 1. Fusion or Melting and Melting Point The process of conversion of a matter from its solid state to its liquid state at specific conditions of temperature and pressure, is called fusion/melting. And the definite temperature at which a solid starts melting is called the melting point of that solid, e.g. melting point of ice is 0°C or 273.16 K. Higher the melting point of a substance, greater will be the force of attraction between its particles. Mo. 9898029608Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings 2. Boiling and Boiling Point The process of conversion of a matter from its liquid state to vapours (gaseous state) at specific conditions of temperature and pressure is called boiling. It is a bulk phenomenon. And the temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric pressure is known as its boiling point. 3. Sublimation The process of change of solid state directly into gaseous state without passing throughythe liquid state upon heating is known as sublimation, and the direct change of gas to solid withOUt.changing into liquid is called deposition. e.g. naphthalene, camphor, iodine, ammonium chloride, etc., are the solids, undergo sublimation. 4. Vapourisation ‘The process of conversion of a matter from its liquid state to gaseous stat@lat specific conditions of temperature and pressure is called vapourisation. 5. Freezing and freezing point state, to Solid state at specific conditions of prdcess of fusion/melting. And the definite iving out heat energy at 1 atm is called the The process of conversion of matter from i temperature and pressure, is called freezi temperature at which a liquid changes into solid freezing point. 6. Condensation ‘The process of conversion of temperature and pressure, i its gaseous state to liquid state at specific conditions of fensation. It is a reverse process of vapourisation. ic energy of its particles increases. Due to an increase in kinetic energy, greater speed. The energy supplied by the heat overcomes the forces of icles. ‘Ata certain temperature, a point is reached when the particles have enough energy to break free from the forces of attraction of each other. At this temperature (i.e. boiling point), the liquid starts changing into gas. In contrast, by decreasing the temperature (by cooling), a gas can be converted into a liquid state and a liquid can be converted into a solid state. Mo. 9898029608Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings \ Aen Saimin les of Measuring Tem; “x Three scales of measuring temperature are as follows: ol 1, Temperature on Kelvin scale = Temperature on Celsi K =°C+273.16 Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 0°C = 273.16 K For convenience, we are take 0 °C = 273 K 2. Temperature on Celcius scale = Temperature ale 273.16 °C = K~273.16 So, it can be concluded that the state of matter can be changed into another by changing the temperature. 3. Temperature on Fahrenheit scale: Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures are relate ‘other by the relation, Latent Heat ‘When a heat is given to a substanc ‘ature increases. However, when heat is supplied to change the physical state of a substar re increase in temperature of a substance. Thus, the heat energy which has to be supplied \ge fhe state of substance is called its latent heat. In actual, the word ‘atent’ means‘ nt loes not raise (or increase) the temperature. But latent heat is always statelefid substance. (Solid to Liquid Change) The am at €nergy that is required to change 1 kg of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure and at its point is known as the latent heat of fusion. Particles in water at 0°C (273.16 K) have more energy 4s compared to particles in ice at the same temperature. Latent Heat of Vapourisation (Liquid to Gas Change) ‘The amount of heat energy that is required to convert 1 kg of a liquid into gas (at its boiling point) without any rise in temperature is known as the latent heat of vapourisation. Particles in steam, i.e. water vapour at 373 K (100°C) have more energy than water at the same temperature. Mo. 9898029608Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings Note: - It has been found that burns caused by the steam are much more severe than those caused by boiling water though both of them are at the same temperature of 100°C. As particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of vapourisation. Thus, when steam falls on our skin and condense to produce water, it gives more heat than boiling water. & Chan The physical state of a substance can also be changed by changing the pressure. An increasgiin pressure brings the particles closer and increases the force of attraction between them, that brings about the change. E.g. when high pressure is applied to a gas and its temperature is reduced, tHe ga@is converted toa liquid, i. the gas is liquefied, Hence, we can say that pressure and temperatufedet the state of a substance, whether it will be solid, liquid or gas. ‘The pressure exerted by a gas is measured in atmosphere (atm) unit. Theypkesstire OPBir in atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is taken as Which is also normal atmospheric pressure. As we go higher, atmospheric pressure decréas latm =101 x10°Pa (Pa pressure) Que. What is the physical state of water at 250 °C Ans. At 250 °C water is in vapour or steam for! CHquid water as well as water vapour, as steam and water co-exist at 100°C. Que. For any substance, why does ti ;. During the change of state, the te for breaking the attraction forces bet ture remain constant during the change of state? semains constant because the heat provided is utilised \e particles of the substance. This happens at melting poi ling point) of the substance and the heat used is called the latent heat of fusion ;poUitSation). During condensation or solidification, the vice-versa happens. Jue. Suggest armethiod to atmospheric gases. Ans. and reducing temperature, helps to liquefy atmospheric (or any other) gases. conditions, the particles come closer, kinetic energy decreases and the gas is Evaporation The process of conversion of a liquid into its vapour state at any temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation. The particles of a liquid have different amount of kinetic energies. The particles present at the surface possess comparatively higher kinetic energy as compared to those present in the bulk. Mo. 9898029608Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings Therefore, particles at the surface with higher kinetic energy are able to break away from the forces of attraction of other particles and get converted into vapour. Water, when left uncovered, slowly changes into vapour. Wet clothes dry up, etc., are happen due to evaporation. Affecting E ‘The rate of evaporation of a liquid depends upon the following factor: (i) Surface area: - Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, if the surface area is increasedathe rate of evaporation ‘Temperature: - The rate of evaporation of a liquid increases with a ris ith the increase of temperature, more number of particles get enough kinetic er fo vapour state. That is why; evaporation is faster in a hot summer day than in wit cloudy day. Humidity: - It is the amount of water vapour present in air. The air arqundus hold more than a definite amount of water vapour at a given temperature. If the f water in air is already high, the rate of evaporation decreases. That is why, clothes faster on a dry day than on a wet (rainy) day. (iv) Wind speed: - It is known that clothes dry faster wind speed, the particles of water vapour is is because with increase in wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour in the surroundings. That is 'vaporation of a liquid increases with increasing wind speed. Note: - The liquids which evaporate fast are called Evaporation Causes Cooling Effect In an open vessel, the liquid kee} eVaporating. The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the ener iring evaporation. This absorption of energy from the surroundings makes the surroGndiRgs cold. Some daily life re Hect of evaporation are given below: ri (i) Whenice ~\ in a glass tumbler for some time, water droplets are observed on its outer surface. i's as the water vapours present in the air come in contact of the glass tumbler, get cool yndénsed to form these small water droplets. The formation of drops of water on the f a tumbler containing crushed ice, shows the presence of water vapour in air. i) Cotton clothes are used to wear during summer season. Explanation: - Cotton is a good absorber of water, so it helps to absorb sweat from our body. As it is, obvious, the person perspires more during summer due to auto temperature control mechanism. Hence, wearing of cotton clothes helps in the easy evaporation of sweat. When this sweat evaporates, it takes the latent heat of vapourisation from our body, which in turn, cools the body. Thus, a person feels comfortable. Mo. 9898029608Class 9 Science Ch:-1 Matter in our surroundings Que. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day? On a hot dry day, the temperature is high and humidity is low. The rate of evaporation increases with increase in temperature and decrease in humidity. A desert cooler functions on the principle of evaporation. The water takes heat from the hot desert cooler and evaporates. The evaporation of water cools the pads and the circulating water. As a result, the incoming air also gets cooled down. Que. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer? Ans. ;. Earthen pots contain tiny pores. During summer, when water is poured into an earthen Wot, some of the water seeps through pores to the outer surface. The water molecules on scape from the tiny pores of the earthen pot. The heat required for evaporation issaken ffom the earthen pot and the water in it. This results in lowering of the heat content of t \g Water and the water becomes cool. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it? Acetone or petrol are volatile liquids which evaporate readil hese liquids kept on palm, their particles gain energy from the palm or surroundingsiand e¥apgrate, thus causing the palm to cool. Wwe. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk fast (ron A saucer or plate has more surface area in col icefjrather a cup? jo cup. Therefore, evaporation of tea occur Que. What type of clothes should We should wear cotton clothes in absorbing the sweat and exp6si cooling sensation. e «© he atmosphere for easy evaporation thereby, causing Mo. 9898029608